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Lab Report: Instrumentation and Control

This lab report describes a level control trainer used to teach control engineering fundamentals. It contains a pump, storage tank, level-controlled tank with pressure transducer, digital controller, pneumatic control valve, and related components. The purpose is to study level control using a PID controller and analyze the system's stability and response to disturbances through experiments.

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210 views7 pages

Lab Report: Instrumentation and Control

This lab report describes a level control trainer used to teach control engineering fundamentals. It contains a pump, storage tank, level-controlled tank with pressure transducer, digital controller, pneumatic control valve, and related components. The purpose is to study level control using a PID controller and analyze the system's stability and response to disturbances through experiments.

Uploaded by

mjunaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAB REPORT

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL

2016-ch-404
UET LAHORE, FSD CAMPUS |
Level Control Trainer
Description of Equipment:

This trainer provides a comprehensive experimental introduction to the


fundamentals of control engineering using an example of level control.
A pump delivers water from a storage tank to the transparent level-controlled tank.
The liquid level is measured by a pressure transducer installed at the base of the
level-controlled tank.

The controller used is a state-of-the-art digital industrial controller. The


actuator in the control loop is a pneumatically operated control valve with an
electro-pneumatic positioner. A valve in the outlet line enables defined disturbance
variables to be generated. Alternatively, the variables can be tapped as analogue
signals at lab jacks on the switch cabinet. This enables external recording
equipment, such as an oscilloscope or a flatbed plotter, to be connected.

Diagram of equipment:
Function of every component of equipment:

Pressure transducer:

A pressure transducer, often called


a pressure transmitter, is a transducer that
converts pressure into an analog electrical
signal. Although there are various types of
pressure transducers, one of the most
common is the strain-gage base
transducer.

The conversion of pressure into an


electrical signal is achieved by the
physical deformation of strain
gages which are bonded into the
diaphragm of the pressure transducer and
wired into a wheatstone bridge configuration. Pressure applied to the pressure
transducer produces a deflection of the diaphragm which introduces strain to the
gages.
The strain will produce an electrical resistance change proportional to the pressure.

Centrifugal pump:

  Positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount


and forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side
and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the
cavity on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the discharge as the
cavity decreases. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.
A positive displacement pump must not operate
against a closed valve on the discharge side of the
pump, because it has no shutoff head like
centrifugal pumps. A positive displacement pump
operating against a closed discharge valve
continues to produce flow and the pressure in the
discharge line increases until the line bursts, the
pump is severely damaged, or both.
A pressure relief or safety valve on the discharge
side of the positive displacement pump is therefore
necessary. The relief valve can be internal or
external.

Pneumatic actuator:

A Pneumatic actuator mainly


consists of a piston which develops the
motive power. It keeps the air in the
upper portion of the cylinder, allowing
air pressure to force the diaphragm or piston to move the valve stem or rotate the
valve control element.

Valves require little pressure to operate and usually double or triple the input force.
The larger the size of the piston, the larger the output pressure can be. Having a
larger piston can also be good if air supply is low, allowing the same forces with
less input. These pressures are large enough to crush objects in the pipe.
The valves input is the "control signal." This can come from a variety of measuring
devices, and each different pressure is a different set point for a valve.

Rotameter:
Rotameter is variable area flow meter used to measure fluid flow. It works
on the principle of up thrust force exerted by fluid and force of gravity. The
buoyant force exerted on an immersed
object is equal to the weight of liquid
displaced by the object. Under this
principle, the rotameter works with float-
tapered tube system.

A rotameter is made up of a tapered tube


and a float inside it. The glass tapered
tube has a scale on the surface or a scale
is placed adjacent to it, according to
purpose.

Tapered tube:

The tapered tube is placed vertically in


the flow channel with a conical shape
inside. The quantity measured is defined
by the height of float going up. Glass
tubes are used for both liquid and gas
measurement. Metallic tubes are used where the
process fluid with high temperature and pressure.

Float:
Stainless steal floats are commonly used, there are different types of metals from
lead to aluminium used as floats. A float material, shapes are also varied according
to applications considering density.

Spherical shape floats are used for small flows.

Advantages:
 No external power needed
 Simple Reliable Design
 Can Measure Liquid or Gas Flows
 Scale is approximately linear
 It can measure flow rates of corrosive fluid
 Better rangeability
 Low cost and low pressure drop

Disadvantages:
 It should be mounted vertically
 And requires lining mounting
 Uncertainty of measurement
 Difficult to handle the glass type

Flow control valve:


A flow control valve regulates the flow or pressure of a fluid. Control
valves normally respond to signals generated by independent devices such as flow
meters or temperature gauges. Control valves are normally fitted
with actuators and positioners. Pneumatically-actuated globe valves and diaphragm
valves are widely used for control purposes in many industries, although quarter-
turn types such as ball and butterfly valves are also used.
Automatic control valves do not require an external power source, meaning that the
fluid pressure is enough to open and close them.
Automatic control valves include pressure reducing valves, flow control
valves, back-pressure sustaining valves, altitude valves, and relief valves.

Applications:
 Study of PID control

 Optimization of level control

 Operation and calibration of transmitter, converter and valve

 Study of stability of single loop level control system


 Study of cascade control

 Configuration of microcontroller based controllers

 Demonstrate the proportional control of level

Specifications:

Level/Flow controller:
Type: Microprocessor based
Input: 4 to 20mA
Output: 4 to 20mA
Controls: P, PI, PD, PID and ‘Self-Tunlng’
System dimensions: 
4.5 Ft. (L) x 1.5 Ft. (W) x 4.5 Ft. (H)
Electric supply: 
AC 230, 50 Hz
Clean, Dry & Dust Free Compressed Air Supply: 
2.1 Kg/cm3
Level Control Tank:
Capacity: 60-L
Material: Stainless Steel
Sump Tank:
Capacity: 120-L
Material: Stainless Steel

Line tracing:

ICA
01

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