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Properties of Fluid

This document discusses key properties of fluids including states of matter, phase changes, pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension, and Archimedes' principle. It defines fluids as liquids or gases and describes their ability to flow and take the shape of their container. Properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension are explained. Common phase changes like evaporation, condensation, melting and freezing are also outlined.

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M. Raza
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60 views14 pages

Properties of Fluid

This document discusses key properties of fluids including states of matter, phase changes, pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension, and Archimedes' principle. It defines fluids as liquids or gases and describes their ability to flow and take the shape of their container. Properties like density, viscosity, and surface tension are explained. Common phase changes like evaporation, condensation, melting and freezing are also outlined.

Uploaded by

M. Raza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS

 States of Matter  Surface Tension


 Phase Changes
 Cohesion
 Properties of fluids
 Pressure  Adhesion
 Density  Capillary Effect
 Viscosity  Archimedes’
 Drag Force Principle
 Specific volume
 Specific Gravity
 Specific Weight 1
STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Molecules are Inter molecular Intermolecular


locked into rigid distance is more distance is Ionized gas
structure. than solids quite long
Can only
Most common
vibrate and it Easily
Incompressible form of matter
increases with compressible
in the universe.
heat
Types: Neither definite
Definite volume Inside of stars
Crystalline & shape nor
but no shape are plasma
Amorphous volume

Definite shape
& volume

2
PHASE CHANGES
Evaporation: Liquid  Gas
Condensation: Gas  Liquid
Melting: Solid  Liquid
Freezing: Liquid  Solid
Sublimation: Solid  Gas

Examples of sublimation: Dry ice (frozen CO2) goes directly from


the solid to the gaseous state (it sublimates).

A volatile liquid is one that evaporates quickly.


3
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
Any characteristic of a system is called a property.

Intensive Properties:
Independent of the mass of the system.
Examples: temperature, pressure, and density.
Extensive Properties:
Which depend on the size of the system.
Examples: Total mass, total volume, and total momentum
Specific Properties:
Extensive properties per unit mass . Examples: specific
volume v = V/m and specific total energy e=E/m. 4
PRESSURE
FExternal
P=
A

The S.I. unit for pressure is the pascal, which is a


Newton per square meter: 1 Pa = 1 N / m 2.
1 atm = 1.01 ·10 5 Pa = 760 torr = 14.7 psi
= 760mm of Hg = 10.3 m of water

5
DENSITY
= m
V
It varies slightly with temperature and pressure.
The S.I. unit : kg / m 3.

For water:
 = 1000 kg/m3
6
VISCOSITY
A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid
to motion.

v=0

DRAG FORCE
The force a flowing fluid
exerts on a body in the
flow direction is called the
drag force, and the
magnitude of this force
depends, in part, on
viscosity.

7
• Specific volume is defined as:
v = 1/ = V/m

• Specific gravity, or relative density is defined as


the ratio of the density of a substance to the density
of some standard substance at a specified
temperature (usually water at 4°C), i.e.,
SG= /H20
It is a dimensionless quantity.

• Specific weight is defined as the weight per


unit volume, i.e., gs = g
8
Units are N/m3.
SURFACE TENSION
 Liquid droplets behave like small
spherical balloons filled with
liquid, and the surface of the liquid
acts like a stretched elastic
membrane under tension.
 The pulling force per unit length
that causes this is
 due to the attractive forces
between molecules called
surface tension ss.
 Attractive force on surface
molecule is not symmetric.
 Repulsive forces from interior
molecules causes the liquid to
minimize its surface area and attain
a spherical shape. 9
COHESION
It is the clinging together of molecules/atoms within a
substance.
Ever wonder why rain falls in drops rather than
individual water molecules? It’s because water
molecules cling together to form drops.
ADHESION
It is the clinging together of molecules/atoms of two
different substances.
Adhesive tape gets its name from the adhesion between
the tape and other objects. Water molecules cling to
many other materials besides clinging to themselves
10
CAPILLARY EFFECT

It is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube.


• The curved free surface in the tube is call the
meniscus.
• Water meniscus curves up because water is a
wetting fluid.
• Mercury meniscus curves down because mercury is
a nonwetting fluid.

11
The meniscus in a graduated cylinder
of water is due to the adhesion
between water molecules the sides of
the tube. The adhesion is greater than H2O
the cohesion between the water
molecules.

The reverse is true about a column of


mercury: Mercury atoms are
attracted to each other more strongly
than they are attracted to the sides of
the tube. This causes a sort of Hg
“reverse meniscus.” 12
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
“Any object that is partially or completely submerged in a fluid
is buoyed up a force equal to the weight of the fluid that the
object displaces”
In the pic below, a hunk of iron, a chunk of wood, and a
vacuum are all submerged. Since each is the same size, they
all displace the same amount of fluid. Archimedes’ principle
says that the buoyant force on each is the weight of the fluid
that would fit into this shape:
iron wood vacuum
For the iron, mg > FB FB FB FB
(assuming iron is denser than
the fluid), so it sinks. For the
wood, mg < FB (assuming the
fluid is denser than wood), so mg
it floats to the surface. mg
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMMON FLUIDS
Water Air
Density, ρ 998.2 1.205
(kg m−3)
Kinematic 10−6 15 × 10−6
viscosity, ν
(m2 s−1)
Dynamic 0.998 × 10−3 1.808 × 10−5
viscosity, μ
(Pa s = kg m−1 s−1)

Surface or Oil: Water:


Interfacial 2.0 × 10−2 7.28 × 10−2
tension (Nm-1) Mercury: Mercury:
3.75 × 10−1 4.87 × 10−1
14

These values are taken at temperature T = 20°C and pressure P = 1 atm

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