EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

Students’ Names: 1. Rahul Deo 2016133767 Group: B1

2. Evleen Warsha Chand 2020003450
3. Peni Cikai 2016137860
4. Jona Vusoniceva 2015131346

Section Content Typical Mistakes Marks

[Mark] Deducted
1. Objective  Objective  Objective is not stated or not clear
[1 marks]  Significance of experiment
2. Theory  Explanation of theory  Inadequate explanation of theory
[2 marks]  Equations or symbols are incorrect or
not defined properly
3. Procedure  Outline the step by step  Past tense not used
[2 marks] procedure for the  Passive voice not used
experimental study  Important information and/or details on
data collection missing or stated
incorrectly
 Diagrams missing/not labeled/not clear
4. Observation  Show all relevant tables and  Observations/results are incorrect or
and results graphs illustrating results units are missing
[8 marks]  Provide appropriate error  Data tables or graphs are incorrect or not
analysis example calculations properly labeled and numbered
 Provide a comparison of  Example calculations are not included or
experimental results with the not clearly explained
accepted value  Clear contradiction between the
observed data and the
results/conclusions
 Percentage error calculations (if any) are
missing
9. Discussion and  Discuss the results (range,  Sources of errors (if any) are not clearly
Conclusions trends, sources of errors) explained
[4 marks]  Present conclusions based on  Conclusion is merely a repetition of
the results discussion
 Answer discussion questions  Conclusion not sensible/supported by
experimental evidence
 Discussion questions are
incorrect/partially correct/not answered
13. Referen  State complete references to  References are not used
ces any books, articles, websites,
[1 mark] etc. from which information  Incomplete references
is obtained
 Indicate in the appropriate
 References do not point to the place in
places in the body where
the report where the source were used
these references are used.
16. Gramma  The report should be neat and  Grammatical errors
r and Structure well structured
[2 mark]  Proper grammar should be  Structure of report is not as per template
used
8. Submission  Timely submission  Late submission s
Total Mark Awarded
[20 marks]

Title: RLC Series AC Circuits

_____________________________________________________________________________
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

Aim: To study the currents and voltages behavior across each component in a RLC series AC
circuit.

Introduction
Alternating current (AC) is an electric current which periodically reverses direction,
in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in one direction. Alternating current is the
form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and residences, and it is the form of
electrical energy that consumers typically use when they plug kitchen appliances,
televisions and electric lamps into a wall socket. A common source of DC power is a
battery cell in a flashlight. The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply
alternating
and direct, as when they modify current or voltage.
AC is produced by generators in power stations and can be found in homes, radio
equipment, car alternators, and even synthesizers. AC voltage has several advantages over DC
voltage (generation and transmission, transformer voltage increase / decrease, electromagnetic
emissions, etc.), but the analysis can more complex, involving imaginary numbers,
phasor diagrams, Laplace transforms, and even second-order differentiation equations
(oscillators).

Materials
Materials used for completing the lab:
• Resistors – 120 Ω
• Capacitor – 22 μF
• Inductor – 23 mH
• LCR Meter
• Digital Oscilloscope
• Signal/function Generator
• Cutter, Long Nose Pliers
• Breadboard & Connecting Wires

Procedure
The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 1.
_____________________________________________________________________________
1
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

Figure 1 Circuit Diagram

The signal generator was turned on and the frequency was set of the oscillating signal to be
approximately 250 Hz. The time varying voltages was studied using the oscilloscope. The
oscilloscopes allowed us to measure potential difference with respect to ground. As the first
exercise, it was observed d that the voltages on the oscilloscope, when the two sources
were in phase with each other. The leads were connected from channel 1 and channel 2 of the
oscilloscope across the resistor. Both channels had measured the voltage drop across the
resistor. It was ensured that both signals were visible on the display. The horizontal and vertical
scale knobs were adjusted to obtain a suitable display on the oscilloscope. The signals were
saved for the report. The channel 2 was disconnected from the circuit and was connected across
the source. At that position, channel 1was still measuring the voltage across the resistor (VR),
but channel 2 was measuring the voltage across all three components (VRLC). The vertical and
horizontal scales were adjusted to obtain the best display. The signals were saved for the report.
The above procedure was repeated by connecting channel 2 across the capacitor and inductor
(one at a time), with channel 1 still connected across the resistor. The signals were saved for the
report. Again the channel 2 was connected across the source with channel 1still measuring the
voltage across the resistor (VR). The frequency of the signal generator as changed (hint: you
may want to increase the frequency) while continuously observing the amplitude of VR. The
frequency was found where the amplitude of VR was a maximum. The vertical scale and the
vertical positioning were changed to help you accurately determine the frequency.. At that
frequency, the current in the circuit was also a maximum, since VR = IR. That was the resonant
frequency of the RLC circuit. The display setting was changed so that you again see both VR
from channel 1, and VRLC from channel 2. The reactance from the inductor (XL = ωL) and the
reactance from the capacitor (XC = 1/ωC) had cancelled each other so that the impedance of the
circuit just depends on the resistor. This means that VRLC should be in phase with VR. Is this
what you observe? If the figure does not quite show the shape necessary for the two signals to
be in phase, the necessary adjustments were made to the frequency until it was satisfied that
they are now in phase with each other. This frequency was recorded.

_____________________________________________________________________________
2
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

Results:

Figure 2 NI Multisim Oscilloscope Graph

Figure 3 Multimeter reading for Current in RLC Circuit

_____________________________________________________________________________
3
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

Figure 4 Multimeter Reading for Voltage for Resistor

Figure 5 Multimeter Reading for Voltage for Inductor

Figure 6 Multimeter Reading for Voltage for Capacitor

_____________________________________________________________________________
4
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

Figure 7 Oscilloscope Reading at Resonant Frequency

Discussion
ω= 2π f
= 2 π (250)
= 1570.796 rad/s

XL = ωL = 1570.796 (23)(10-3) = 36.128Ω

1 1
XC = = = 28.937Ω
ω C 1570.796 X 22 X 10−6

XL - XC = 36.128 – 28.937 = 7.191Ω

Since XL > XC therefore the circuit is inductive

XL−XC 7.191
ϴ = tan-1( ) = tan-1( ) = 3.428⁰
R 120
Therefore, the inductive circuit is leading the voltage by 3.428⁰

Z = √ ¿ ¿ = √ 7.1912+120 2 = 120.215Ω

V 5
I= = = 41.592mA
Z 120.215

VL = IXL = 41.592(10-3)(36.128) = 1.503V

_____________________________________________________________________________
5
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

VC = IXC = 41.592(10-3)(28.937) = 1.204V

VR = IR = 41.592(10-3)(120) = 4.991V

V = √ ¿ ¿= √ ¿ ¿ = 5.000V

1 1
Resonant Frequency = = 2 π √ ¿¿ ¿
= 223.74Hz
2 π √ LC

ω= 2π f
= 2 π (223.74)
= 1405.780 rad/s

XL = ωL = 1405.780 (23)(10-3) = 32.333Ω

1 1
XC = = = 32.333Ω
ω C 1405.780 X 22 X 10−6

XL - XC = 32.333-32.333= 0 Ω

Since XL = XC therefore the circuit is resistive

Z = R = 120Ω

V 5
I= = = 41.667mA
Z 120

VL = IXL = 41.667(10-3)(32.333) = 1.347V

VC = IXC = 41.667(10-3)(32.333) = 1.347V
VR = IR = 41.667(10-3)(120) = 5.000V

V = √ ¿ ¿= √ ¿ ¿ = 5.000V

Expected Result −¿ Multisim Result

Error % for Current = x 100
Expected Result
41.592−41.574
= x 100
41.592
= 0.0432 %

Conclusion
From the virtual experiment, the voltage across a capacitor, inductor and resistor was verified to
be accurate. This proves to show that the virtual experimentation can be useful in finding the
accurate results of RLC circuits in a less materialistic way. The experiment showed that the

_____________________________________________________________________________
6
EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 07

circuit was inductive in that the XL was greater than the XC and thus the voltage was leading the
current by a phase angle of 3.428 degrees. The virtual oscilloscope also shows the waves of the
250Hz ac supply flowing through the resistor. Also the multimeter gave us readings of the
current through the series circuit which was verified through calculations and the individual
voltages as well were verified.

References
Bird, J., 2007. Electrical And Electronic Principles. 3rd ed. Elsevier, pp.230,231,232.

Kumar, S., 2020. LABORATORY EXERCISE: 6. 1st ed. [ebook] Suva: FNU, pp.1,2,3.
Available at: < https://elearn.fnu.ac.fj/mod/resource/view.php?id=183725 > [Accessed 8
September 2020].

_____________________________________________________________________________
7