EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Students’ Names: 1. Rahul Deo 2016133767 Group: B1

2. Evleen Warsha Chand 2020003450
3. Peni Cikai 2016137860
4. Jona Vusoniceva 2015131346

Section Content Typical Mistakes Marks

[Mark] Deducted
1. Objective  Objective  Objective is not stated or not clear
[1 marks]  Significance of experiment
2. Theory  Explanation of theory  Inadequate explanation of theory
[2 marks]  Equations or symbols are incorrect or
not defined properly
3. Procedure  Outline the step by step  Past tense not used
[2 marks] procedure for the  Passive voice not used
experimental study  Important information and/or details on
data collection missing or stated
incorrectly
 Diagrams missing/not labeled/not clear
4. Observation  Show all relevant tables and  Observations/results are incorrect or
and results graphs illustrating results units are missing
[8 marks]  Provide appropriate error  Data tables or graphs are incorrect or not
analysis example calculations properly labeled and numbered
 Provide a comparison of  Example calculations are not included or
experimental results with the not clearly explained
accepted value  Clear contradiction between the
observed data and the
results/conclusions
 Percentage error calculations (if any) are
missing
9. Discussion and  Discuss the results (range,  Sources of errors (if any) are not clearly
Conclusions trends, sources of errors) explained
[4 marks]  Present conclusions based on  Conclusion is merely a repetition of
the results discussion
 Answer discussion questions  Conclusion not sensible/supported by
experimental evidence
 Discussion questions are
incorrect/partially correct/not answered
13. Referen  State complete references to  References are not used
ces any books, articles, websites,
[1 mark] etc. from which information  Incomplete references
is obtained
 Indicate in the appropriate
 References do not point to the place in
places in the body where
the report where the source were used
these references are used.
16. Gramma  The report should be neat and  Grammatical errors
r and Structure well structured
[2 mark]  Proper grammar should be  Structure of report is not as per template
used
8. Submission  Timely submission  Late submission s
Total Mark Awarded
[20 marks]

Title: Transients in RC and RL Circuits

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Aim: To study the DC transient behaviors of RC and RL circuits.

Introduction
A capacitor is a device that stores energy in the electric field created by a pair of conductors on
which equal but opposite electric charges have been placed. The circuit symbol of a capacitor is
shown below.(Kumar, 2020)

Figure 1

For an ideal capacitor, the capacitor current iC is proportional to the time rate of change of the
voltage across the capacitor:

dVc(t )
ic(t)= C
dt

Where C is the proportionality constant and is known as capacitance.

An inductor is designed to store energy in its magnetic field. Any conductor of electric current
has inductive properties and may be regarded as an inductor. But in order to enhance the
inductive effect, a practical inductor is usually formed into a cylindrical coil with many turns of
conducting wire. The circuit symbol for an inductor is shown below

Figure 2

For an ideal inductor, the inductor voltage VL is proportional to the time rate of change of the
current through the inductor:

d iL (t)
VL(t)= L
dt

Where L is the proportionality constant and is known as inductance.

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Materials
Materials used for completing the lab:
• DC Power Supply
• Digital Multi-meter (DMM)
• Resistor – 100 kΩ, 10 kΩ and 100 Ω
• Capacitor – 220 μF 16V
• Inductor – 1.0 mH
• Digital Oscilloscope
• Signal/function Generator
• Cutter, Long Nose Pliers
• Breadboard & Connecting Wires
• Stop Watch
• Safety Glasses (1 per student)

Procedure
Part A: Capacitor Charging Curve

The circuit was connected as shown in figure 3 with the switch SW to position 2.

Figure 3 Circuit Diagram for Part A

With the stopwatch ready, the switch was switched from position 2 to 1 and at the same instant
the stop watch was started. The capacitor voltage was recorded at suitable intervals until the
capacitor is fully charged, as shown by a steady maximum voltage. The charging curve was
plotted.

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Part B: Capacitor Discharging Curve

The circuit was connected as shown below with the switch set to position 1.

Figure 4 Circuit Diagram for Part B

3 minutes elapsed till the capacitor was charging. The switch was changed from position 1 to 2,
and at the same instant the stop watch was started. The capacitor voltage was recorded at
suitable intervals to plot the decay curve of the capacitor voltage. The capacitor discharge
voltage curve was plotted.

Part C: Capacitor charging and discharging curve using oscilloscope

The circuit was connected as shown in Figure 5. A 300Hz square wave input (2V peak to peak)
was applied and the waveform observed on the oscilloscope was recorded.

Figure 5 Circuit Diagram from Part C

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Part D: Inductor Charging and discharging curve using the oscilloscope

The circuit was connected as shown in figure 6. When a step voltage V is applied across RL
series circuit the inductor current may be obtained by the relation : V= iLR + VL. The circuit in
figure 6 was used and the waveform of the inductor voltage, VL, was recorded as shown in the
CRO. The curve of the resistor voltage (iLR) by subtracting the VL curve from the DC step value
V=5V was obtained, hence the determination of the current growth in the inductor due to the
step voltage V.

Figure 6 Circuit Diagram from Part D

Results:
Table 1 Tabulated Data of Part A and B
No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Part A (V) 0.01352 9.2 12.47 13.50 13.97 14.25 14.43 14.56 14.67 14.755
Part B (V) 15.002 6.3 2.71 1.25 0.61 0.312 0.145 0.11015 0.07603 0.05665
Discussion

Charging Curve (Time Vs Voltage)

16
14
12
10
Voltage (V)

8
6
4
2
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Times (s)

Figure 7 Charging Curve of 220 μF Capacitor in Part A

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

T=RC = 100 X 103 X 220 X 10-6 = 22s.

Therefore, for 63.2% of the charging capacity the time taken should be close to 22 seconds.

63.2% X 16V = 10.112V.

The graph shows that at close to 10.1 V the time corresponding is 24 seconds which is similar to
22 seconds that is calculated.

Discharging Curve (Voltage Vs Time)

16

14

12

10
Voltage (V)

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Time (s)

Figure 8 Discharging Curve of 220 μF Capacitor in Part B

T=22s. Therefore, for 36.8% of discharging capacity the time should be 22s.
0.368 X 16V = 5.888V.
The graph shows that 5.8V the time is corresponding to 22 seconds hence proving that the
calculated T value is correct.

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Figure 9 Waveform for Part C

Figure 10 Waveform for Part D

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EEB501: Introduction to Electrical & Electronics Engineering Lab: 06

Conclusion
From the experiment, the voltage across a capacitor during charging varies non-linearly in an
exponential manner until the capacitor is fully charged before which it remains constant at a
value equal to the supply voltage. The time constant of the RC circuit is given by the
multiplication of the resistor and capacitor values which corresponds to the value of the voltage
after 63.2% charging or 36.8% discharging.

References

Kumar, S., 2020. LABORATORY EXERCISE: 6. 1st ed. [ebook] Suva: FNU, pp.1,2,3.
Available at: < https://elearn.fnu.ac.fj/mod/resource/view.php?id=183725 > [Accessed 8
September 2020].

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