MODULE 1, EPISODE 1 A.

Oral
B. In writing
Article 1156 of the Civil Code of the Philippines or the C. Partly oral and partly in writing
New Civil Code of the Philippines (August 30, 1950) Kinds of Obligation according to Subject Matter:
“An obligation is a juridical necessity to give, to do, or not to A. Real Obligation
do.”
- Latin word res = object = to give an object
- obligation = civil obligation yung tinutukoy sa
definition - obligation to give

- juridical necessity = pwede kang mademanda sa korte - magdeliver ng cellphone, magdeliver ng laptop

*A civil obligation is enforceable by court action, unlike B. Personal Obligations

natural obligations. a. Positive Personal Obligation
Natural Obligations - obligation to do
- after 10 years, pag siningil mo yung nangutang sayo - gumawa ng bahay, kumanta sa concert or sa
at ayaw kang bayaran, hindi mo na siya pwedeng debut
idemanda
b. Negative Personal Obligation
- nag-prescribe na yung karapatan mo
- obligation not to do
- pwede pa ring bayaran yung utang na nagprescribe na
- wag harangan yung right of way ng
lalo na kapag voluntary siyang nagbayad sayo
kapitbahay
- if nagbayad siya sayo, then need niya ulit yung pera,
Sources of Obligation:
hindi niya na pwedeng bawiin yung pera kasi valid
payment na yun since yung manner of payment Article 1157. Obligations arise from:
means na may kailangan nga siyang bayaran and 1. Law
inacknowledge yun
- It is a rule of conduct, just, and obligatory,
- di ka na required magbayad pero kung binayaran mo laid down by legitimate authority for
na, di na pwedeng mabawi common observance and benefit.
Requisites/Elements of an Obligation - lahat tayo ay dapat sumunod
a. Active Subject (creditor or obligee) – the party who - Article 1158. Obligations derived from law
has the right to demand performance of the obligation are not presumed. Only those expressly
- siya kasi yung active pagdating sa singilan determined in this Code or in special laws
are demandable, and shall be regulated by
b. Passive Subject (debtor or obligor) – the party who
the precepts of the law which establishes
is obliged to perform the obligation
them; and as to what has not been foreseen,
o hindi siya magbabayad unless siningil na by the provisions of this Book.
siya since as much as pwede niya pang ikeep
 not presumed – dapat may actual at
yung pera, ikekeep niya muna
specific law na napromulgate bago
c. Prestation (object or subject matter) – it may consist mo masabi na may obligation yung
of giving, doing, or not doing something isang tao or isang entity sayo
o ito yung bagay na kailangang gawin  Kapag yung obligation ay hindi
d. Efficient Cause (vinculum juris or juridical tie) – provided ng law, hindi masasabi na
that which binds the parties to an obligation nagg-eexist yung obligation kaya
it’s not demandable and
o ito yung reason kung bakit kailangan gawin enforceable
ni debtor yung something kay creditor
 Family Code of the Philippines –
Through a contract of loan (EFFICIENT CAUSE), Diego list ng obligations ng family
(PASSIVE) borrowed P1,000,000 (PRESTATION - *the members sa isa’t isa
giving of P1,000,000) from Cardo (ACTIVE) a year ago.
 obligasyon ng mga
Forms of an Obligation: magulang ang alagaan ang
 kanilang mga anak lalo na cage ng mga aso nila kaya yung
kapag menor de edad lalo ginawa mo, pinaayos mo yung cage
na yung pagsusustento sa ng aso nila without your neighbor’s
mga anak nila decision. Need pa rin magbayad ng
neighbor mo sayo kahit di sila
 Civil Obligation to ng mga
nagdecide or kahit walang consent
pamilya
coming from them no matter what.
 Criminal Liability na rin Yung consent mismo comes from
ang hindi pagbibigay ng the law since sinasabi ng law na if
sustento nandoon daw yung neighbor sa
2. Contracts situation na nasira yung cage ng
aso nila, ipapaayos rin naman nila
- It is the meeting of the minds between two or more
yun gaya lang nung ginawa mo.
persons whereby one binds himself with respect to
the other, to give something, or to render some  Solutio indebiti
service.  This refers to payment by mistake
- anytime na same ng pananaw ang customer at buyer of an obligation, in excess of what
sa iisang bagay, meron na silang kontrata should have been paid or payment
to a person not due to receive it.
- Article 1159. Obligations arising from contracts have
the force of law between the contracting parties and  Di ka pwedeng makinabang sa pera
should be complied with in good faith. ng ibang tao

 once na may contract na kayo like contract  Pag nagkamali ng bayad sayo,
of sale, yun na yung law na dapat niyong kailangan mong ibalik yung pera
sundin kasi di naman para sayo yung pera
na yun
 kung anong nakalagay sa contract, as long as
hindi siya contrary to law, pwede  Pag sobra yung binayad sayo, dapat
magstipulate kung anong gusto niyong ibalik mo yung excess amount sa
ilagay na provisions nagbigay sayo

3. Quasi-contracts 4. Delicts

- They refer to certain lawful, voluntary and unilateral - These are acts or omissions punishable by law. This
acts giving rise to a juridical relation to the end that refer to crimes or felonies defined under the law to
no one shall be unjustly enriched at the expense of be punishable as such.
another. - Revised Penal Code
- quasi = parang  Batas tungkol sa krimen
- parang contract; hindi siya full-pledged contract  Special Penal Loss, ...
- unliateral act which means na isa lang yung - Sa bawat isang crime, merong criminal liability and
nagdecide na magpush through with that kind of civil liability.
contract
 A person that is criminally liable is also
- The two most common examples are: civilly liable
 Negotiorum gestio  Most crimes kasi, if may ginawa ka,
 This refers to the voluntary makukulong ka, then may need kang
administration of the property, bayaran
business or affairs of another  Crime of arson – panununog mo ng bagay
without his consent or authority. na pagmamay-ari ng ibang tao. If guilty ka,
There is now an obligation to then kailangan mong makulong and
reimburse the gestor for the kailangan mo rin bayaran yung halaga nung
necessary and useful expenses. bagay na sinunog mo.
 Example: Umalis yung kapitbahay 5. Quasi-delict
mo tapos nasira yung bubong ng
 - These are acts or omissions that cause damage to o The delivery of the thing is the
another there being fault or negligence but without thing which transfers ownership.
any existing contractual relation between the parties. o Yung delivery ng subject matter
There is now an obligation to pay for damages. ang siyang nakakapagpalipat ng
- It is also known as tort or culpa aquiliana. ownership.
o Hindi yung pagbayad yung
- Ang meron sa delict na wala sa quasi-delict is yung
nakakapagpalipat ng ownership.
intent. Sa delict, may intention ka na makasira, while
Ang nakakapagpalipat ay yung
sa quasi-delict is wala kang intention.
delivery. ag nadeliver na ni seller
- Negligence ang dahilan kung bakit ka nakasira ng kay buyer.
bagay 3. To deliver the fruits of the thing.
- Example: Because of your negligence, may o Kinds of Fruits
nasagasaan kang tao, then you need to pay for the a. Natural Fruits
damagaes and expenses sa hospital nung nasagasaan - they are the
mo. spontaneous
products of the
soil and the
MODULE 1, EPISODE 2 young and other
products of
animals
Nature and Effect of Obligations - Example:
Article 1163. Every person obliged to give something is also halaman na
obliged to take care of it with the proper diligence of a good tumubo na lang
father of a family, unless the law or the stipulation of the kahit di naman
parties requires another standard of care. tinanim ng mga
tao
- Kapag may kailangan tayong ibigay, dapat alagaan
- Example: mga
natin yung bagay na yun gaya ng isang mabuting
hayop. Kahit may
tatay.
tulong ng vet
- Example: Nagtitinda ka ng mga aso tapos may bumili
yung
sayo. Idedeliver mo yung aso next week sa buyer.
pagpapaanak sa
Kahit nabayaran na ng buyer yung aso, dapat alagaan
animals, natural
mo pa rin yung aso hanggang nasa sayo yung aso.
fruit pa rin yun.
- “unless the law or the stipulation of the parties
b. Industrial Fruits
requires another standard of care” = contract of
- they refer to
carriage (about to sa transportation kineme which is
those produced
about sa pag-ingat ng mga public utility vehicles sa
by land of any
mga pasahero) under the law, ang care na yun is
kithrough
extraordinary diligence
cultivation or
Determinate/Specific thing vs Generic thing labor
 A thing is considered to be determinate if it is - kailangan pa ng
particularly designated and physically segregated help ng mga
from all other objects of the same class. magsasaka para
 must have specific details tumubo
 What are the obligations of a debtor - Example: palay,
obliged to give a determinate thing? corn
1. To take good care of the thing with the c. Civil Fruits
diligence of a good father of a family - they refer to
unless the law or agreement of the fruits that are the
parties requires another standard of result of a
care. juridical relation
2. To deliver the thing. - Example: Interest
income since fruit
siya from loan.
 - Example: like about sa pagdeliver agad sa dog. Yung
Nagparent ka ng karapatan lang is against that person.
building, then  Real right is the right or interest of a person over a
yung fruit is yung specific thing, without a definite passive subject
rent income. against whom the right may be personally enforced.
 A generic thing is identified only by its specie. The It is binding against the whole world.
debtor can give anything of the same class as long as  Example: Nagkakaroon ganto kapag
it is of the same kind. nadeliver na yung aso sayo. May real right
 cars, houses, ballpen ka na over sa aso. Hindi na pwedeng
 genus nunquam perit = never perishes makuha yun ng kahit kanino kasi nasa sayo
 Pag nagsabi ka na may ibibigay na yung aso eh.
kang aso, okay lang kahit pabayaan *Ownership over properties are acquired and
mo yung aso or kahit mamatay siya transmitted by delivery.
kasi madami pa namang aso na Accessions vs Accessories
pwedeng ipalit since di naman - Article 1166. The obligation to give a determinate
specific yung sinabi mo na ibibigay thing includes that of the delivering all its accessions
mo. and accessories even though they may have not been
mentioned.
Article 1164. The creditor has a right to the fruits of the thing
- To deliver its accessions and accessories even if they
from the time of obligation to deliver it arises. However, he
have not been mentioned.
shall acquire no real right over it until the same has been
- Kahit di nabanggit, kailangan kasama pa rin yung
delivered to him.
dalawa.
- Kailan ka magkakaroon ng right sa fruits ng binili a. Accessions – they are everything that is
mo? incorporated or attached to a thing, either
 Example: On August 1, Mr. A promised to naturally or artificially.
give a specific dog to Mr. B. Based on their  Pag tinanggal mo siya sa subject matter,
agreement, the dog should be delivered on kaya niya pa rin magstand on its own.
August 15. Unfortunately, the dog was only  Example: Kapag bumili ka ng lote kunyari
delivered on August 31. Unknown to Mr. B, sa probinsya tapos may puno ng mangga
the dog gave birth to 3 puppies on August doon sa lupa and wala namang napag-
21. usapan kung kasama ba yung puno ng
 Under the law, lahat ng magiging mangga na yun, automatic na sayo na yung
fruit mula August 15 or yung date puno na yun.
na pinangako, sa buyer na yung  Hindi lang masasama yung puno ng mangga
fruits na yun kahit pa kila Mr. A pa sa binili mong lupa kapag meron lang sinabi
nanganak yung aso. sa kontrata na hindi yun dapat kasama.
 Pag walang napag-usapan na date  Example: Case sa cellphone kasi hindi
of delivery, kailangang ideliver na naman siya ganun karelevant sa product
agad yung binili. This is because mismo. Kaya pa ring magstand ng phone on
due and demandable yung binili its own kahit walang case.
mo. Pag nanganak yung aso, sa b. Accessories – those joined to or included with
buyer na yun. the principal thing for the latter’s better use,
Personal Right vs Real Right perfection or enjoyment.
 Pag yung accessory tinanggal mo siya
 Personal right is the right to demand from another,
sa principal object, hindi mo na siya
the fulfillment of the latter’s obligation to give, to do,
magagamit nang maayos kasi need siya
or not to do.
para gumana yung bagay na yun.
 Example: Nagbenta si seller kay buyer ng
 Ito yung mga nilalagay or dinadagdag
specific dog. Hanggat hindi pa nadedeliver
mo lang sa gamit para mas maenjoy mo
kay buyer yung specific dog, ang tanging
lang yung bagay na yun.
meron lang kay buyer ay personal right.
 Example: Sa wristwatch, ang principal
Wala pang karapatan si buyer sa aso. Yung
thing ay ang watch mismo kasi yun
karapatan niya lang is kulitin lang yung tao
yung nagpapakita ng time tapos yung
strap naman is yung accessory kasi the
 strap made it easier for the wristwatch o If the debtor performs the obligation but
to be used. does it poorly, the creditor may have the
 Example: Pag umorder ka kunyari sa same be undone at debtor’s expense or he
Lazada or sa Shopee ng wristwatch and may also demand damages from the debtor.
hindi inispecify yung accessories, then  Example: Kapag di maayos yung
dapat iexpect mo na may kasamanng pinagawang hagdan, pwedeng
strap yung madedeliver sayo. ipagawa sa iba tapos bayaran na
 Example: Violin yung principal thing lang ng unang karpintero. Pwede
while yung bow yung accessory. rin naman na ibalik niya na lang
 Example: Battery ng phone kasi yung pera na binayad mo sa kanya
kailangan siya para gumana yung nung umpisa.
phone.  If the debtor does what has been forbidden him:
Remedies of the Creditor: o The creditor may demand that what has been
done be undone
 If the debtor (seller) fails to perform his obligation to  Example: Kapag kunyari may
deliver a determinate thing: agreement kayo ng neighbor mo na
o To compel the debtor to make the delivery wag maglagay ng bakod or fence,
 pilitin yung seller na magperform but the neighbor insisted and still
o To demand damages from the debtor put up the fence, kailangan
 pagbayarin mo siya sa damages na ipatanggal niya yun.
cinause niya o He may also demand damages from the
 If the debtor (seller) fails to perform his obligation to debtor
deliver a generic thing:  Pagbayarin sa cinause na damage
o To ask that the obligation be complied with
at the expense of the debtor
 sa iba na lang bumili pero MODULE 1, EPISODE 3
kailangan bayaran ng seller yung
expense na ipangbibili mo ng bago
 pwede mong hanapin sa ibang Article 1170. Those who in the performance of their
seller yung hinahanap mo tapos obligations are guilty of fraud, negligence, or delay, and those
ipabayad na lang sa original seller who in any manner contravene the tenor thereof, are liable for
yung binili mo damages.
o To demand damages from the debtor
- Dahil nakaperwisyo ka ng iba, kailangan mong magbayad
 pagbayarin mo pa rin dapat siya ng damages.
 If the debtor fails to perform his obligations to do: Damages vis-à-vis Injury
o If the debtor fails to perform his obligation - Damages refer to the harm done and the sum of
in obligations to do: contravenes the tenor money that may be recovered in reparation for the
thereof, the creditor may have the obligation harm done.
executed at the expense of the debtor  damages = sum of money na makukuha mo
expense or he may also demand damages kapalit sa perwisyo na nakuha mo
from the debtor.  damages = harm done
 Example: Pag ayaw na gawin ng - Injury refers to the wrongful, unlawful or tortuous
karpintero yung pinapagawa mong act which causes loss or harm to another. It is the
bahay, pwedeng sa ibang karpintero legal wrong to be redressed.
ka na magpagawa tapos yung  More focused sa karapatan mo na nayurakan
unang karpintero na lang and naviolate.
magbabayad. Pwede ring
What is the concept of “damnum absque injuria”?
magbayad na lang yung karpintero.
 Hindi pwedeng pilitin yung isang - It means “damages without injury”
tao para sa bagay na ayaw niyang  Example: Informal settler kayo tapos sinira
gawin kaya dapat kung ayaw niya yung mga may-ari talaga ng land yung
gawin yung contract, singilin na bahay niyo so nagkaroon ng damage pero
lang dapat siya. walang injury since the land was not yours
in the first place.
Kinds of damages: - It is intentional deception to secure unfair or unlawful
1. Actual/Compensatory Damages – these refer to the gain.
pecuniary loss that was actually incurred by the - Sa Filipino ay panloloko.
plaintiff. It includes the actual value of the loss  Article 1170 – refers to the fraud committed
suffered and profits not realized by the debtor at the time of the performance
 Example: Pag nakasagasa ka ng tao, yung of the obligation
gastos niya sa hospital is called actual  Once na may contract na and
damages since nakalagay naman sa receipt nabigay mo na yung consent mo,
kung magkano yung gastos. doon ka na maloloko.
2. Moral Damages – they include physical suffering,  Article 1338 – 1334 – refers to the fraud
mental anguish, fright, serious anxiety, besmirched employed in obtaining consent
reputation, wounded feelings, moral shock and social  Posibleng umpisa pa lang, niloloko
humiliation ka na
 Usually, ang mga humihingi nito are yung  Kailangan munang makuha yung
naka-experience ng krimen. consent mo simula pa lang ng
 Example: victims of abuse, harrassment contract.
 Hindi mo pwedeng idemanda AMV dahil Kinds of Fraud
nadamage ka since choice mo ang pumasok
sa AMV. A. Fraud in obtaining consent
3. Nominal Damages – Damages awarded to a party i. Causal Fraud or Dolo Causante – fraud of a
whose right has been violated serious kind, without which, consent would
 Ginagamit if di naman ganun kalaki yung not have been given. It renders the contract
damage voidable for it is a defect in one of the
 Example: Pag onti lang yung damage like essential elements of a contract, “consent”.
gasgas lang sa car, hindi na need ng resibo  Kung hindi mo niloko, hindi mo
and tinatantsa na lang makukuha yung consent niya
4. Temperate or moderate Damages – they are more  Kaya lang nakuha yung consent mo
than nominal but less than actual damages. The court kasi niloko ka niya
may award temperate damages if the court finds some  voidable
pecuniary loss has been suffered but its amount  Example: Gusto mong maglasing
cannot, from the nature of the case, be proved with kaya bumili ka ng alak pero ubos
certainty. na yung tinda kaya yung ginawa ng
 more than nominal, less than actual nagtitinda is binigyan ka ng vinegar
5. Liquidated Damages – damages agreed upon by the na nakalagay sa bottle ng alak.
parties to a contract, to be paid in case of breach. Saka mo lang nalaman na suka yun
 Example: If may contract kayo and noong nasa bahay ka na.
nakalagay agad kung ano yung magiging ii. Incidental Fraud or Dolo Incidente – this
damage if hindi ginawa yung obligation, refers to fraud without which consent would
dapat bayaran yun. have still been given but the person giving
6. Exemplary or corrective Damages - These are such consent would have agreed on 4
imposed by way of example or correction for public different terms. It would not render the
good, in addition to the moral, temperate, liquidated contract void but the party committing the
or compensatory damages. fraud shall be liable for damages.
 Example: Mga gumagawa ng karumal-  Ito yung klase ng panloloko na
dumal na krimen like massacre, murder kahit may ganon, ibibigay pa rin
 Kailangan magbayad para ipakita sa public naman yung consent through ibang
na wag dapat gawin yung ganung klaseng form ng contract
bagay  Example: Bumili ka ng alak tapos
tinanong mo siya kung magkano
Fraud tapos sabi ng nagtitinda na 10,000
- Fraud is the deliberate or intentional evasion by the yung isang bottle dahil 20 years old
debtor of the normal compliance of his obligation na yung alak. In reality, hindi
(Article 1170) naman talaga 20 years yung alak
and 2 months pa lang yun. Kahit
 sabihin ni ate yung totoong price at the obligation arising from a contract results to
age ng alak, bibilhin mo pa rin damages.
naman.  Pag pumasok ka sa contract of carriage,
B. Fraud in the performance of the obligation – this kasama sa obligation ng driver ang
is the deliberate act of evading fulfillment of an makarating ka ng safe sa pupuntahan
obligation in a normal manner. The party committing mo. Pag naaksidente kayo, culpa
fraud shall be liable for damages. contractual yun.
 Bumili ka ng alak tapos totoong alak na b. Culpa Aquiliana – (civil negligence, or tort or
yung binigay niya and siningil ka na ng quasi-delict or culpa extra contractual) – this is
tama. Naki-cr ka tapos habang wala ka, quasi delict where the negligence itself is the
tinikman ng tindera yung alak tapos para independent source of the obligation.
hindi mahalata na binasawan niya yung alak,  Pag may nasagasaan ka na dumadaan,
tinubigan niya. yung kailangan mong bayaran na
Rules in waiver of Fraud damages is called culpa aquiliana.
a. Past Fraud or fraud committed in the past can be c. Culpa Criminal (Criminal Negligence) – this is
waived. Such act is considered as liberality on the negligence that results in the commission of a
part of the creditor. crime.
 Naloko ka na dati pa.  Pag may intention ka para makasira
 Ito yung fraud na pwede mong patawarin talaga ng isang bagay or isang tao.
 Example: Pag niloko ka ng boyfriend mo Delay or Default or Mora
tapos pinatawad mo pa rin kasi marupok ka 1. Delay is the non-fulfillment of an obligation with
b. Future Fraud or fraud still to be committed cannot respect to time or delay in the fulfillment of an
be waived even if there is an agreement to that effect. obligation, contrary to what was agreed upon.
Such stipulation is void for being contrary to public - Pag may usapan kayo pero di agad nangyari
policy. or nafulfill yung usapan niyo
- Baka matake advantage ng ibang tao kapag 2. Kinds
pinayagan yung future fraud a. Mora Solvendi – delay on the part of the debtor
Negligence - lumagpas na yung deadline pero di pa rin
1. Negligence is the omission of that diligence which is nababayaran probably because wala pa
required by the nature of the obligation and siyang pera or ayaw pang pakawalan yung
corresponds with the circumstance of the person, of pera
the time, and of the place. It is the failure to observe b. Mora Accipiendi – delay on the part of the
the required degree of care, precaution and vigilance creditor. It exists when the creditor unjustly
that the circumstances justly demand. refuses to accept the thing
- Example: Walang masama sa pagtulog pero - ayaw pang tanggapin yung binabayad sa
kung security guard ka, hindi tama yun kasi kanya dahil gusto nila na tumakbo muna
ang duty mo ay magbantay ng certain place. yung interest pero dapat kung voluntary
- Example: Nasira yung ilaw ng jeep mo tapos silang nagbayad, kailangan mong tanggapin
bumyahe ka ng gabi kaya negligence yun. yun and hindi mo dapat tinatakasan lalo na
- Example: Okay lang magpatakbo ng 100kph kapag due date na
pero dapat sa mga expressway at hindi dapat c. Compensatio Morae – delay in reciprocal
sa tapat ng mga school or simbahan. obligations, both parties are in default. It is as if
2. Diligence to be observed – if the law or contract there is no delay.
does not state the diligence which is to be observed in - Hindi pa ready magbayad si buyer and hindi
the performance of the obligation, the debtor must pa ready si seller magbigay ng product.
observe the diligence of a good father of a family, 3. When is there delay?
as required by the nature of the obligation and which  As a rule, the debtor incurs delay from the time the
corresponds with the circumstances of the person, of creditor demands fulfillment of the obligation (either
the time or of the place. judicially or extra-judicially) and the debtor fails to
3. Kinds of Negligence comply with such demand. Hence, no demand, no
a. Culpa Contractual - negligence in the delay.
performance of a contract. It supposes a - Legal delay
preexisting contractual relationship between the - Ordinary delay lang kapag due date na tapos
parties. This is negligence in the performance of di pa rin nagbabayad. Example: December
 31 yung usapan ng bayaran tapos di pa rin usapan, magiging liable na si seller
nakabayad so sa January 1, ordinary delay kahit fortuitous yung event.
lang yun. Magiging legal delay kapag after b. On the part of the creditor:
mo siyang pagbigyan and hindi pa rin siya i. He shall bear the risk of loss and shall
nagbabayad, legal delay na yun. Magsstart shoulder the expenses for the
yung damage kung kailan k nagdemand. preservation of the thing
4. Exceptions to the no demand, no delay rule:  Kailangan bayaran ni buyer lahat ng
a. When the law or the obligation so provides ginastos ni seller habang hindi pa
 When there is an express provision of the tinatanggap ni buyer yung bagay na
law or stipulation by the parties that there is binili niya like yung aso.
no need for a demand for the performance of ii. The debtor may resort to the
the obligation. consignation of the thing due.
 Yung pagbayad ng tax, hindi na kailangan  Iaabot muna sa korte
ipaalala sayo ng gobyerno, pag lumagpas ka
na sa due date, doon na magsstart yung
damages na kailangan mong bayaran MODULE 1, EPISODE 4
b. When the time is of the essence of the contract
 When the designation of the time for the
Fortuitous Events
performance of the obligation is the
controlling motive for the establishment of Article 1174. Except in cases expressly specified by the law,
the obligation. or when it is otherwise declared by stipulation, or when the
 Kapag nasa contract niyo kung kailan nature of the obligation requires the assumption of risk, no
kailangan yung mga bagay like for example: person shall be responsible for those events which could not
debut ko and nasa plan na march 13 yung be foreseen, or which, though foreseen, were inevitable.
date so dapat alam na nila yun  These are events that could not be foreseen or which,
c. When demand would be useless as when the though foreseen are inevitable. It is not enough that
obligor has rendered it beyond his power to the event should not been foreseen or anticipated, but
perform it must be one impossible to foresee or avoid.
 Pag yung specific na bagay na binili mo - Lindol, bagyo
is nabenta na sa ibang tao, hindi na - Example: Naforesee yung bagyong Yolanda
kailangan magdelay kasi nasa ibang tao pero di pa rin naavoid yung damage
na yung bagay na yun eh  Requisites of fortuitous event to be accepted as a
d. In reciprocal obligations, from the moment justification for the non-performance of an
one of the parties fulfills his obligation, delay obligation to deliver a determinate thing:
by the other begins notwithstanding the o The cause must be independent of the
absence of a demand. debtor’s will
5. Effects of Delay o There must be impossibility of foreseeing
a. On the part of the debtor:
the event or if it can be foreseen, it must be
i. The debtor shall be liable for the
impossible to avoid
payment of damages.
o The occurrence must be of such magnitude
ii. If the obligation consists in the delivery
as to render it impossible for the debtor to
of a determinate thing, he shall be liable
perform his obligation
even if the thing is lost due to a
o The debtor must be free from participation
fortuitous event.
in the non-performance, damage or loss of
 Example: May usapan si buyer and
the property brought about by the fortuitous
seller na idedeliver ang specific dog sa
event.
September 1 tapos September 3 na hindi
 General Rule: If the foregoing requisites are
pa rin nadedeliver. Kung before
present in a case, then the debtor shall not be
September 1, namatay yung aso dahil
liable for non-performance of the obligation due
natamaan ng kidlat, yung obligation ng
to a fortuitous event. His obligation is
buyer sa seller ay maeextinguish dahil
extinguished.
di kasalanan ni seller yun. Simula
September 1 or sa date na napag-  Exceptions:
o When the debtor is in delay
 - Kapag hindi pa nabibigay ni seller ang dapat na maunang bayaran kesa sa
yung binebenta niya kay buyer principal amount.
o When the debtor promised the same o The receipt of a later installment without
thing to two or more persons who do reservation as to prior installments, shall give
not have the same interest rise to the presumption that prior installments
- Napangako mo na sa dalawa o higit have been paid.
pang tao yung tungkol sa specific - Example: Sa boarding house, 5000 yun
na bagay na binebenta mo bayad monthly. Yung isang boarder, 3
o When the parties stipulate or agree that months nang hindi nagbabayad, from
the debtor will not be exempted from January to March. Noong nagbayad siya ng
liability even if non-performance of the 5000, ililista na yung bayad niya ay for
obligation is due to a fortuitous event january. Dapat yung first month lagi ang
- Sa start pa lang, nastipulate na nila unahin or else maprepresume na nabayaran
na liable si seller sa kahit anong niya na yung balance niya months before
mangyari sa bagay na binebenta that. Dapat ilagay sa resibo na wala pang
niya bayad yung february at march.
o When the nature of the obligation  The foregoing are mere disputable
requires the assumption of risk presumptions (not conclusive) and the creditor
- Yung bahay namin ay naka-insure may rebut such with clear and convincing
so covered nila yung pag may evidence to the contrary.
nangyaring fortuitious event. - Pag di maingat sa pag gawa ng receipt and
o When the thing to be delivered is hindi nalinaw yung information, pwedeng
generic. magamit yun against sa nagpautang and
- Kung ang ipinangako ay generic baka mapresume na nabayaran na agad yung
lang, liable pa rin yung seller kasi interest
since generic lang naman yung Different remedies of the creditor to enforce payment of
binebenta niya, pwede pa siya his claims against the debtor (Art. 1177):
makahanap ulit ng iba - ano ang pwedeng gawin ng isang creditor
Article 1175. Usurious transactions shall be governed by para makakolekta siya ng utang mula sa
special laws. iba’t ibang tao
 Usury is contracting for or receiving interest in a. Specific performance - Exact fulfillment of the
excess by the amount allowed by law for the loan or obligation by specific or substitute performance with
use of money, goods, chattels, or credits. a right to damages in either case
 Usury is now legally non-existent. Parties are now - Pwede ka magfile ng collection case korte
free to stipulate any amount of interest. This is due to tapos si judge mag-uutos sa debtor na
Central Bank Circular No. 905 that took effect on magbayad na ng utang
January 1, 1983. b. Attachment - Pursue the property in the possession
o It does not however, give absolute right to of the debtor, except those exempt by law.
the creditor to charge the debtor interest that - Pag di pa rin makabayad dahil walang cash,
is “iniquitous or unconscionable”. ang pwedeng gawin is kunin yung mga
o Walang limit yung sa interest since di naman property ng debtor
nagset kung ano yung mataas at hindi - Hihilain ng korte ang mga ari-arian ng
debtor
Presumptions on receipt of principal and installment - Exempted yung bahay (unless kasama sa
payments (Art. 1176) contract), mga panghanapbuhay na gamit,
o The receipt of the principal without reservation mga damit
as to interest, shall give rise to the presumption c. Accion subrogatoria - To be subrogated to all the
that the interest has been paid rights and actions of the debtor save those which are
- Nagpautang ako sayo ng 1000 tapos napag- inherent in his person
usapan natin na 100 ang interest for the - Si A may utang sayo, si B may utang kay A.
whole year. Noong day of payment, 1000 As a remedy, pwede magrequest sa court na
lang ang binayad mo sa akin. It is due to the mag issue ng isang order para magsabi ka B
reason na presumed na nabayaran na yung na instead of paying A, sayo na lang siya
interest since interest nnaman kasi talaga magbabayad.
 - Process of garnishment  By provision of law, as in the case of those
d. Accion pauliana - Asking the court to rescind or to arising from a contract of partnership or of
impugn all the acts which the debtor may done to agency
defraud the creditors - Hindi transmissible yung karapatan para
- Kapag nalaman ni creditor na nag-imbento makapasok sa isang partnership
lang si creditor ng paraan para magmukhang - Sa isang partnership, importante na
hindi na kanya yung property by having a magkaroon ng mutual trust
contract of sale na fictitious or fake, pwede
magrequest sa court na icancel yung mga
kontrata na pinasok nung debtor
- Kailangan magamit lang to kapag nagamit
na yung tatlo since may naaapektuhan na
third person dito
Relativity of Contracts
o A contract can only bind the parties who had entered
into it or their successors who have assumed their
personality or their juridical position and that, as a
consequence, such contract can neither favor nor
prejudice a third person.
- Ang pwede lang maapektuhan ng isang
kontrata ay yung kung sino lang ang
pumasok doon and kung sino lang yung
pumirma doon or yung successor nila (either
mamanahin nila yung assets)
- Pag puro utang yung lolo mo, hindi mo
dapat akuhin yung mga utang niya na yun
dahil wala ka namang kinalaman doon
- Nafefeel lang iba na inaako nila yung utang
kasi nauubos na rin yung minana nila para
ipangbayad doon sa utang
- Bago ibigay yung mana sa mga successor,
kailangan ipangbayad muna yun kung may
utang ba yung predecessor
- Nagbabayad lang yung ibang successor mula
sa personal money nila not for civil
obligation but for the reason of moral
obligation on their part na linisin yung
pangalan ng predecessor
- Minsan 0 ang namamana pero it will never
become negative
- Example: Yung friend mo napasok sa
contract of loan tapos wala na siyang
pambayad so yung friend mo dapat yung
habulin ng bangko at hindi ikaw kasi hindi
ka naman kasama at pumirma doon sa
contract.
o Exceptions are intransmissible rights and obligations:
 By their nature as when the special or personal
qualification of the obligor constitutes one of the
principal motives for the establishment of the
contract
 By stipulation of the parties, as when the contract
expressly provides that the obligor shall perform
an act by himself and not through another