Libon Community College

Senior High School Department

Calleja Street Zone 4, Libon, Albay
(+63917)120 659 * [email protected]

MODULE 1

Prepared by:

SHARA JEAN ARMILLO

 Here you’ll learn how to interpret situations that occur in everyday life and use functions to represent
them. You’ll also use these functions to answer questions that come up.
What if your bank charged a monthly fee of Php 1, 500 for your checking account and also charged Php 100
for each check written? How would you represent this scenario with a function? Also, what if you could only
afford to spend $20 a month on fees? Could you use your function to find out how many checks you could
write per month? In this Concept, you’ll learn how to handle situations like these by using functions.

EXPECTATION

At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real life situations using functions, including piecewise
functions, vertical line test, horizontal line test. Specifically, you will learn to:

1. define functions and relations

2. differentiate functions and relations

3. one-to-one function

4. Represent real life situation using function

Let us start your journey in learning more on function. Are you ready and excited to answer
the Pretest? Smile and Enjoy!

PRETEST

Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is a one-to-one function?

A. Books to authors C. SIM cards to cell phone numbers

B. True or False questions to answers D. Real number to its square

2. A one-to-one function crosses a horizontal line how many times?
A. 3 B. 1 C. 2 D. 0
3. All of the following are not one-to-one functions, EXCEPT:

A. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
B. 𝒚 = |𝒙 + 𝟏|
C. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐
D. 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟒
4. It is a function in which for each value of y in the range of f, there is just one value x in the domain of f such that y =
f(x).

A. One-to-One Function B. Identity Function C. Linear Function D. Cofunction

5. Which of the following is NOT a one-to-one function?

A. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27), (4, 64)}

B. {(-2, 6), (-1, 3), (0, 2), (1, 5), (2, 8)}
C. {(0, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6), (3, 7), … (n, n+4), …)}
D. {(-2, 4), (-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}

LOOKING BACK...
What is a Relation?
What is Function?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

Definition of a Relation
 A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called the
range)

 A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x,y)

Definition of a Function
 It is a relation define as a set of ordered pairs (x,y) where no two or distinct ordered pairs have the same first element
[x]

 A special relationship where each input has a single output

 Every value of x corresponds to a unique value of y

One of the primary moral values that is advocated and taught by the Catholic Church is the blessedness of
marriage vow. It aims to promote happy marriage between a Living Catholic man and a Catholic woman who have
entered into a marriage contract, that is, one-man-one-woman relationship. These are just some of the situations that use
the concept of one-to-one relationships.
 EXAMPLES

It is a visual way to determine if a curve is a graph of function or not

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph only once

FUNCTIONS AS REPRESENTATIONS OF REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS.

Example 1. Give a function H that represents the cost of buying x pair of shoes. If one pair of shoes costs P1,500.00

Solution. Since each pair of shoes costs P1,500.00, then the cost function is H(x) = 1,500x

Example 2. Two hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular vacant lot in Libon(see figure below). Give
a function G that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

Vacant lot in Libon

y

Solution. The area of the rectangular vacant lot enclosure is G = xy. We will write this as a function of x. Since only 200
meters of fencing is available, then
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 200
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 200 − 2𝑥 by Addition Property of Equality

2𝑦 = 200 − 2𝑥
2𝑦 00−2𝑥
= divide both sides by to divide out the coefficient of y
2 2

𝑦 = 100 − 𝑥  we now have the value of y in terms of x

Thus, 𝐺(𝑥) = 𝑥(100 − 𝑥) or 𝐺(𝑥) = 100𝑥 − 𝑥 2

 Example:
Try to notice the trend of each variable.
Number of 2 4 6 8 10 12
CDs
Cost (Php) 24 48 72 96 120 144

Solution:
You pay Php 24 for 2 CDs, Php 48 for 4 CDs, and Php 120 for 10 CDs. That means that each CD costs Php 12.
We can write the function rule.

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑝 12 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐷𝑠 or (𝒙) = 𝟏𝟐𝒙

ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
Definition: The function 𝑓 is one-to-one if for any 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 in the domain of 𝑓, then 𝑓(𝑥1 ) ≠ 𝑓(𝑥2 ). That is, the same y – value
is never paired with two different 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠. The arrow diagrams below shown an example and non-example of one-to-
one function.

f
g
2 1 -5 1
3 5 8
4 6 0 4

Relation f is one-to-one because there are no two distinct inputs that correspond to the same output. Relation 𝑔� is not one-
to-one because two different inputs, 0 and 8, have the same output of 4.

HORIZONTAL LINE TEST

A function is one-to-one if each horizontal line does not intersect the graph at more than one point.
 ACTIVITY 1

Determine if the given is a function or not. If it is a function, determine if it is a one to one relation or not.

f g h

A. a student and his ID number E. A jeepney and its plate number

B. A teacher and his phone number F. {()2,3)(5,2)(6,1)(2,8)(4,1)}

C. A girl and her favorite color G. {(1,3)(2,6)(3,9)(4,12)(5,15)}

D. A pen and the color of its ink

REMEMBER A one-to-one function is a function in which for each value of 𝑦� in the range
of 𝑓�, there is just one value of x in the domain of 𝑓� such that 𝑦�=𝑓�(𝑥�). For
example, 𝑓� is one-to-one if 𝑓�(𝑥�1)=𝑓�(𝑥�2) implies 𝑥�1=𝑥�2. In general,
𝑓�(𝑥�)=𝑎�𝑥�−𝑏�,𝑎�≠0, is one-to-one.
𝑓�(𝑥�)=𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑖�𝑓� 𝑛� 𝑖�𝑠� 𝑒�𝑣�𝑒�𝑛�, it is not one-to-one.
𝑓�(𝑥�)=�𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑖�𝑓� 𝑛� 𝑖�𝑠� 𝑜�𝑑�𝑑�, it is one-to-one.
𝑓�(𝑥�)=�𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑖�𝑓� 𝑛� 𝑖�𝑠� 𝑜�𝑑�𝑑�, it is one-to-one

A function is one-to-one if no horizontal line does not intersect the graph at

more than one point.
 CHECK YOUR UNDESTANDING

One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a rectangular area next to a river (see figure). Give a function A
that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

Process Questions:
Write your answer in a separate sheet of paper
1. How did you answer the problem above?
2. What concept did you use to solve the problem?
3. How can challenging problems involving geometric figures be analyzed and solved?

Piecewise Function

Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the independent variable.
Example. A user is charged 𝑃300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages. Messages
in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function (𝑚), where m is
the number of messages sent in a month.
Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function

Example. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 to
the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance (d) in kilometers.

Solution.
The input value is distance and the output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If (𝑑) represents the fare as a function of
distance, the function can be represented as follows:
 ACTIVITY 2

Read the problem below carefully. Write a piecewise function that will represent the problem.
A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10 pieces, they will
be marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of
the number of chocolate bars bought.

POST TEST

Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following function is not one-to-one?
A. {(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} C. {(0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 3), (3, 2)}
B. {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} D. {(0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 0), (3, 2)}

2. Which function is one-to-one?

A. 𝑓�(𝑥�)=𝑥�4+3 B. 𝑓�(𝑥�)= |𝑥�|+3 C. 𝑓�(𝑥�)=𝑥�+3 D. 𝑓�(𝑥�)=𝑥�2+2𝑥�+1
3. All of the following graph is one-to-one function, EXECPT.

4. A method of determining whether or not a graph represent a one-to-one function.

A. Horizontal Line Test C. Square Root Method
B. Vertical Line Test D. Piecewise Function

5. Squares of side x are cut from each corner of an 8 in x 5 in rectangle (see figure), so that its sides can be folded to
make a box with no top. Define a function in terms of x that can represent the volume of this box.
 EXPECTATION

At the end of the lesson, you will be able to :

1. Evaluate functions

Let us start your journey in learning more on evaluating function. Are

you ready and excited to answer the Pretest? Smile and Enjoy!

PRETEST

1. Evaluate the following if x = 3

a. 3x2 + 5
b. -8x – 1
c. 5x2 + 2

LOOKING BACK...

When asked to simplify two or more operations in one algebraic/numerical expression, the order of the letters in
GEMDAS indicates what to calculate first, second, third and so on, until a simplified expression.

Groupings- perform the operations inside the grouping first, from inner to outer most
Exponents- performed next, done first if inside the groupings
Multiplication
Performed before whichever comes first in the problem
Division
Addition
Last operations to be performed
Subtraction

Example:
Inner most grouping is (), exponent and multiplication was performed simultaneously
18 was divided by 2

49 added by 9, operations inside () all done

Moving to the next grouping, 3 added by 58

Operations inside {} all done, next is 5 multiplied by 61

 BRIEF INTRODUCTION

EVALUATING FUNCTION means replacing the variable in the function, in this case x, with a
value from the function's domain and computing for the result. To denote that we are evaluating 𝑓 at a for
some 𝑎 in the domain of f, we write (𝑎).

Example 1: Evaluate the following functions given 𝒙 = 𝟑 by substituting the value of x in the equation

𝟐𝒙+𝟏
Example 2. Find g( -4) and r(1) where 𝒈(𝒙) = √𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒓(𝒙) =
𝒙−𝟏

Example 3. Evaluate the following functions, where (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 and 𝑔(𝑥) = 3𝑥2 − 4𝑥.

a) (2𝑥 + 1) b) 𝑔(4𝑥 − 3)

ACTIVITY 3
REMEMBER

 Evaluating a function means substituting the variable in the function, in this

case x, with a value from the function’s domain and computing for the result.
 Evaluating a function is the process of determining the value of the function at
the number assigned to a given variable.

CHECK YOUR UNDESTANDING

Using 3x2 + 4x – 4, compute for the value of x if it is equal 3. Do we come-up with the answer which is 35?

POST TEST

Given f (x) = 2x2 + 26x - 17

a. f (-2)
b. f (-2.5)
c. f (8)
d. f (5)
e. f (-4)

EXPECTATION

You will perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition of functions
Specifically, this module will help you to:
1. Review : Operations on algebraic expressions
2. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of functions
3. Function composition represent real-life situations using rational function.

LOOKING BACK...

RECALL: Addition and Subtraction

a. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of both fractions.
b. Rewrite the fractions as equivalent fractions with the same LCD.
c. The LCD is the denominator of the resulting fraction.
d. The sum or difference of the numerators is the numerator of the resulting fraction
RECALL: Multiplication
a. Rewrite the numerator and denominator in terms of its prime factors.
b. Common factors in the numerator and denominator can be simplified as “1”.
c. Multiply the numerators together to get the new numerator.
d. Multiply the denominators together to get the new denominator.

RECALL: Division
To divide two fractions or rational expressions, multiply the dividend with the reciprocal of the divisor.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION
ADDITION OF FUNCTION

Defining the addition function.

In order to define the addition of function, we just follow the rule and the sum of these functions can be written
f(x) + g(x) or as (f + g)(x).

Basically this means that we can just sum the functions together to get the addition function.

Example 1. f ( x ) = 9x - 5 ; g ( x ) = 4x + 12 Example 2. f ( x ) = 21x2 + 27x - 65 ; g ( x ) = -19x + 37

Solution. ( f + g ) ( x ) = ( 9x - 5 ) + ( 4x + 12 ) Solution. ( f + g ) ( x ) = ( 21x2 + 27x -- 65 ) + ( -19x + 37 )
= 9x + 4x - 5 + 12 = 21x2 + 27x - 19x - 65 + 37
= 13x + 7 = 21x2 + 8x - 28

SUBTRACTION OF FUNCTION
The subtraction of function involves the creation of a new function through the subtraction of two other
functions.

Defining the subtraction function.

In order to define the subtraction of function, we just follow the rule and the difference of these functions can be
written
f(x) - g(x) or as (f - g)(x).

Basically this means that we can just sum the functions together to get the subtraction function.
MULTIPLICATION OF FUNCTION
The Multiplication of function invloves the creation of a new function through the multiplication of two other
functions.

Defining the multiplication function.

In order to define the multiplication of function, we just follow the rule and the product of these functions can be
written
f(x) . g(x) or as (f . g)(x).

Basically this means that we can just sum the functions together to get the subtraction function.

DIVISION OF FUNCTION
When you divide two such functions together, you get what is called a rational expression. A rational
expression is the division of two polynomials. If they divide evenly, your answer will become a polynomial.

EXAMPLE:

Given���𝒗�(𝒙�)=𝒙�2+𝟓�𝒙�+𝟒�����𝒈�(𝒙�)=𝒙�2+𝟐�𝒙�−𝟖���find�

SOLUTION:

f ( x ) = 6x5 – 36x4 + 12x3 - 6x2 ; g ( x ) = -6x2 find

SOLUTION:
 FUNCTION COMP0SITION
Definition.
Let 𝑓� and 𝑔� be functions.
The composite function denoted by 𝑓�○𝑔� is defined by
𝑓�○𝑔� (𝑥�)=𝑓�(𝑔�(𝑥�)).
The process of obtaining a composite function is called function composition.

Use the following functions:

𝑓�(𝑥�)=3𝑥�+1 𝑔�(𝑥�)=√(𝒙 + 𝟐) 𝑞�(𝑥�)=𝑥�2−3𝑥�+1 h(𝑥�)=|𝒙| + 𝟏

Example : Find and simplify 𝑔�○𝑓��(𝑥�)�

Solution:

𝑔○𝑓 (𝑥)=𝑔(3𝑥+1) = √((3𝑥 + 1) = 2) = √3𝑥 + 3

Example : Find and simplify q○𝑓� (𝑥�)

Solution:
q○𝑓 (𝑥) = q(3x+1) = (3x+1)2+3(3x+1)+1
= 9x2+6x+1+9x+3+1
= 9x2+15x+5

Example : Find and simplify h○𝑓� (𝑥�)

Solution:
simplify h○𝑓 (𝑥) = h(3𝑥+1) = |3𝑥 + 1| +1 = 3𝑥+2

ACTIVITY 4

A.
B. Let f (x)= x-5 and g(x) = x2-1. Express the following functions
as the sum, difference, quotient, or product of f and g.

C. Let x represent the regular price of a book.

1. Give a function 𝑓 that represents the price of the book if a P100 price reduction applies.

2. Give a function 𝑔 that represents the price of the book if a 10% discount applies.

3. Compute (𝑓○𝑔)(𝑥) and (𝑔○𝑓)(𝑥). Describe what these mean. Which of these give a better deal for the
customer?
 REMEMBER

CHECK YOUR UNDESTANDING

What is the formula for these operations of functions:

a) Multiplication of functions
b) Division of functions
c) Addition of functions
d) Subtraction of functions
e) Function Composition
POST TEST

Addition of Function
1. f ( x ) = -8x3 + 2x2 - 3x + 9 ; g ( x ) = 3x2 + 8x - 5

Subtraction of Function
1. f ( x ) = 6x3 + 7x2 + 4x - 12 ; g ( x ) = 5x3 - 8x2 + 7x - 14

Multiplication of Function
1. f ( x ) = 3x3 + 4x2 + 6x - 8 ; g ( x ) = 9x - 5

Division of Function
1. f ( x ) = (3x + 5)/(𝑥 + 3) ; g (x) = (𝑥 – 1)/(𝑥 +4)

Function Composition (𝑓○𝑔)(𝑥)

1. f ( x ) = (3x + 5)/(𝑥 + 3) ; g ( x ) = 9x - 5
 EXPECTATION

You will solve problems in real-life situations involving function. Specifically, this module will help you to:

 represent real-life situations using function.

 Solve problems involving function

Let us start your journey in learning more on solving problems involving function. Are
you ready and excited to answer the Pretest? Smile and Enjoy!

PRETEST

Mr. Perez is planning to buy a rectangular lot in Apud, near the beach, that will serve as one of his
vacation property in Libon. He will buy this lot from Mrs. Camacho that cost Php 1, 174, 500 which has an area
of x2+6x+8 m2.
a) Find the dimension of the lot.
b) If x=25, how much will be a square meter cost?

What is a word
problem?

BRIEF INTRODUCTION

A word problem is a mathematical exercise where significant background information on the problem is presented
as text rather than in mathematical notation. As word problems often involve a narrative of some sort, they are occasionally
also referred to as story problems and may vary in the amount of language used.
Word problems can be examined on three levels:
 Level a: the verbal formulation;
 Level b: the underlying mathematical relations;
 Level c: the symbolic mathematical expression.

The most common types of word problems are distance problems, age problems, work problems, percentage
problems, mixtures problems and numbers problems.
 EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE. A rectangular field is to be fenced off along the bank of a river, and no fence is require along the river. The
material for the fence costs Php 8.00 per running foot for the two ends and Php 12.00 per running foot for the side parallel
t the river: Php 3,600 woth of fence is to be used.
a. Let x feet be the length of an end. Express the number of square feet in the area of the field as a function of x.
b. What is the domain of the resulting function?

SOLUTION:
a. Let y feet be the length of the side of the field parallel to the river and Asquare feet be the area of the field. Then, A= xy.
Because the cost of the material for each end is Php 8.00 per running foot and the length of an end is x feet, the total
cost of the fence for each end is 8x pesos. Similarly, the total cost o fthe fence for the third side is 12y pesos. We have then
8x+8x+12y = 3600.
To express A in terms of a single variable,
12y = 3600-16x =
Since A= xy, then
A(x) = x

b. Both x and y must be nonnegative. The smallest value that x can assume is 0, and when y = 0 we obtain from the equation
x = 225. Then 225 is the largest value of x can assume. Hence the domain of the function is the

EXAMPLE. A cardboard box manufacturer wishes to make open boxes from the square pieces of cardboard of side 12 in. by
cutting equal squares from the four corners and turning up the sides.
A. Let x inches be the length of the side of the square to be cut out; express the number of cubic inches in the volume of
the box as function of x.
B. What is the domain of the resulting function?

SOLUTION:
The number of inches in the dimensions of the box are x, 12-2x and 12-2x
V(x) = x(12-2x)(12-2x)
= 144x – 48x2+4x3

REMEMBER
In dealing with real-life problems, it is best to : understand
the problem, identify what are given, identify what is asked,
identify what operation to use, so that problem can be represented
correctly with the use of functions.

POST TEST

A carpenter can construct bookcases at a cost of Php 600.00 each. If the carpenter sells the bookcases for x pesos
each, it is estimated that 3,200 – 2x bookcases will be sold per month.
A. Express the number of pesos in the carpenter’s monthly profit as a function of x.
B. Use the result of part (a) to determine the monthly profit, given that the selling price is Php 1,300 per bookcase.
 REFERENCES

DepEd. (2016). General Mathematics - Learner’s Material. Lexicon Press Inc.

CHED. (2016). TEACHING GUIDE FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
General Mathematics. EC-TEC Commercial
DepEd SDO Manila. (2020). GRADE 11 Quarter 1 Module 1 Final Gen. Math
DepEd Region X. (2019). General Mathematics – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode Module 1: Introduction to
Functions First Edition.