41-29 ‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ 2011 ‫ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ‬،2 /‫ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‬،7 /‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
*
‫ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﺼﺒﺤﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‬

2009/06 /09 :‫ ﺍﻝﻘﺒﻭل‬،2008 /11 /13 :‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻼﻡ‬

‫ ا اق‬،‫ ا ات‬،‫ آدﻡم‬، !"‫ روا‬: ‫ا ت ا ا‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬
‫ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬
‫ﺫﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﻭﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ‬‫ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬.‫ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﻤﻁﻠﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻏﺴل ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭل ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬.‫ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬
.‫ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ‬

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SPATIAL

DISTRIBUTION OF CADMIUM IN THE
EUPHRATES RIVER SEDIMENTS IN IRAQ
Khaldoun S. Al-Bassam
Key words: River sediments, Cadmium, Euphrates, Iraq

ABSTRACT
In this study a field follow-up was carried out to monitor cadmium concentration in the
sediments of the Euphrates River and the distribution of this highly poisonous element along
the river course, as well as to locate possible sources related to cadmium supply and
enrichment in the Euphrates River environment. The analyses of river sediments and mollusk
shells collected from 15 stations along the river course in Iraq showed relative cadmium
enrichment in the river sediments, in addition to its presence in relatively high concentrations
in the mollusk shells of the river. The river sediments contained up to 5 ppm Cd
(mean 3.5 ppm) and the mollusk shells contained up to 5.4 ppm Cd (mean 4.8 ppm) compared
to less than 1 ppm in unpolluted stream sediments and lake sediments.
The possible pollution sources are discussed including geological nature, industrial waste,
agricultural activities and municipal sewage discharge. The results suggest that the
contribution of industrial sources to Cd enrichment is negligible; the phosphate fertilizers
plant at Al-Qaim has no influence on this phenomenon. The industrial waste-water,
occasionally discharged to the river, contain negligible traces of cadmium. The study suggests
that other anthropogenic sources may have significant role in the enrichment of Cd in the
Euphrates River sediments. These include discharging of irrigation water, rich in phosphate
fertilizers, to the river along its course in Iraq, and discharging untreated municipal heavy
water (sewage) to the river without treatment from highly populated cities.

_________________________________
‫ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‬، ‫ ﻋﻠﻭﻴﺔ‬986 ‫ ﺏ‬.‫ ﺹ‬،‫ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ‬،‫* ﺭﺌﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬

29
‫ ا'*م‬+', ‫ون‬./ ‫
ة  ا!ز ا دم  روا 
ا
ات‬#$‫ ا‬%&'‫ا)ا( ا‬

The natural (geological) factors in the enrichment of Cd in the Euphrates River sediments
seem limited, but the relatively higher concentration values observed in the sediments of the
northern sector of the river may be related to opaque heavy minerals (mostly Fe-oxides),
proved to be present in higher concentrations in that sector.
On the other hand, mollusk shells appear to be collectors of Cd from the aqueous system;
a fact observed by many workers. The structure of aragonite allows significant substitutions
of Cd for Ca. In this respect, they can be used as environmental indicators.
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻝﻘﻠﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﻻ ﺘﻼﺤﻅ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﺇﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺃﻭ‬،‫ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ‬.‫ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺎﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸﺄ‬،‫ ﺇﻻ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺩﺭ‬ppm 1 ‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻥ‬
ppm 0.2 ‫ ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬،(ppm 25) ‫( ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ‬ppm 8)
.(1 ‫ﻓﻘﻁ )ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل‬

*‫ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬:1 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

(ppm) ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل‬ (ppm) ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ‬

0.20 Earth crust
Igneous rocks
0.23 0.57 - 0.03 Ryolites
0.12 1.60 - 0.02 Granites
0.14 1.00 - 0.10 Basalts, Diabases, Gabbros
0.10 1.60 - 0.03 Eclogite
0.02 0.03 – 0.001 Ultramaphic rocks
Metamorphic rocks
0.04 0.26 - 0.007 Gneisses
0.02 0.87 - 0.005 Schists
Sedimentary rocks
0.08 0.5 - 0.001 Carbonates
0.068 0.41 - 0.01 Sandstones and conglomerates
1.3 11 - 0.02 Shales
8 21 - 3 > Oceanic Mn-oxides
25 500 - 10 > Phosphorites
Recent sediments
0.5 Soil
0.91 6.2 – 0.02 Lake sediments
0.16 0.4 – 0.03 Stream sediments
Water (ppb)
0.11 Sea-water
8 Spring-water
3 Fresh-water
:‫* ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
Vinogradov (1959); Turekian and Wedepohl (1961); Fleischer et al. (1974);
Gong (1975) and Baturin (1982).

30
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪41-29‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‪ ،7 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،2 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨ ﹰﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺼل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻜل ﻤﻥ ‪ PO4‬ﻭ ‪ NO3‬ﻭﻴﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻘل ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺍﺏ )‪ .(Martin et al., 1980‬ﺃﺩﺕ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺩﻭل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ )‪.(Hutton, 1983‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎل ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﺩﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻏﺭﻴﻨﻭﻜﺎﻴﺕ )‪،(Greenockite; CdS‬‬
‫ﻫﻭﻻﻴﺕ‪ ،(Howleyite; CdS) ،‬ﻜﺎﺩﻤﻭﺴﻴﻼﻴﺕ )‪ ،(Cadmoselite; CdSe‬ﻤﻭﻨﺘﻴﺒﻭﻨﺎﻴﺕ )‪،(Monteponite; CdO‬‬
‫ﺍﻭﺘﺎﻓﺎﻴﺕ )‪ (Otavite; CdCO3‬ﻭﺴﻭﻜﻭﻓﺎﻴﺕ )‪ .(Sukovite; [(Hg, Cd)S]-S‬ﻭﻝﻨﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﺴﻔﺎﻝﻴﺭﺍﻴﺕ )‪ (Sphalerite; ZnS‬ﻭﺍﻝﻐﺎﻝﻴﻨﺎ )‪ .(Galena; PbS‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺌﺒﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺯﺍﻝﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻴﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺯ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺍﻴﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺌﺏ ﺜﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻤﻌﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪.(Raspor, 1980; Pickering, 1980; Khalid, 1980 and Nriagu, 1980‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫)ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ (1998 ،‬ﺘﺄﻜﺩ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪(1‬‬
‫ﻭﻅﻬﺭ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻨﻤﻁ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﺒﻨﺎ ‪‬ﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ‬
‫ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺤﺼﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﻭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻨﺫ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1858‬ﻋﻨﺩﻤﺎ ﺭﺒﻁﺕ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻅﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ )‪ ،(Yasumura et al., 1980‬ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺼﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ )‪ % (50 – 25‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﹰﺎ ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺼﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬
‫)‪ .(Khalid, 1980‬ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﻴﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺒﺩ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ %50‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺨﻤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ )ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪ (2‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺃﺠﺴﺎﻤﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺘﺒﺩﺃ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺼﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 24‬ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪.(Al-Bassam and Taka, 2011) ppm (6.4 – 0.1‬‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :2‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ )‪(Yasumura et al., 1980‬‬

‫)‪ppm (1470 – 446‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ppm 50‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺩ‬
‫‪ppm 4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻅﺎﻡ‬
‫)‪ppm (0.03 – 0.01‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ‬

‫‪31‬‬
‫‪./‬ون ‪ +',‬ا'*م‬ ‫ا)ا( ا'&‪ %‬ا‪
#$‬ة  ا!ز ا دم  روا 
ا
ات‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :1‬ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ‬

‫‪32‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪41-29‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‪ ،7 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،2 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻝﺩﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﻴﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺭﺩﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻝﻀﻐﻁ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ ﻭﺴﺭﻴﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺸﻜل ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻬﻀﻤﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻡ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺴﺭﻁﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻭﺠﺩﺕ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺘﻰ ﺒﺄﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ )‪ (Furst, 1971 and Perry, 1971‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻝﻭﺤﻅﺕ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺯﻱ )‪ (Heath et al., 1962‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﺎﺕ‬
‫)‪ (Kazantzis and Hanbury, 1966‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺫﺍﺌﺏ )‪(Gunn et al., 1963 and Roe, 1964‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺭﺽ ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺘﻬﺸﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻴﺎﺒﺎﻥ ﺒﺎﺴﻡ ‪Itaiitai disease‬‬
‫)‪ .(Hanya, 1971‬ﻗﺩﺭﺕ ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (WHO‬ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺼﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻝﻠﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺒﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ )‪ mgm (500 – 400‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﺒﻭﻉ )‪ (Norrdberg, 1974‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺍﻜﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺴﻡ‬
‫ﻴﺩﺨل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﺴﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﻎ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺘﺩﺨل ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﺨﻨﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪.(Hutton, 1983‬‬

‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺠﺭﺕ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1998‬ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻨﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺃﻓﺭﺯﺘﻪ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،(1999 ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻏﻭﻨﺎﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ )ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ .(2000 ،‬ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺇﻀﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺕ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ‪ 15‬ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﻨﻤﺫﺠﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ ﻭﺭﺍﻭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻴﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﻠﻭﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻔل ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻭﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭﻴﺔ )ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪ .(1‬ﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺜﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺒﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻝﻠﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻁﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﻱ )‪ ،(Al-Janabi et al., 1992‬ﻭﺃﻋﻴﺩﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻼﺯﻤﺎ ﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ )ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﻐﺭﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ(‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺇﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺭﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻨﻲ ﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺫ ﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺃﺸﺎﺭﺕ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ( ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ )ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪ .(3‬ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺕ‬
‫ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ (1998 ،‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ 3.5‬ﻭ ‪ ،ppm 3.7‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ ﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ‪ (Fleischer et al., 1974 and Gong, 1975) ppm 0.16‬ﻭﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 20‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ ﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﺘﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬
‫ﺃﻗل ﺒﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ﺍﻝﺜﻠﺙ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺒﻘﻲ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ‬
‫‪ .ppm 2.1‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﻤﺤﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻴﺕ(‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ )ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪ .(3‬ﻝﻭﺤﻅﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪) ppm 4.8‬ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ .(2000 ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺘﻭﺍﺘﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻤﺱ ﻭﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﻤﻀﺕ ﺘﺩﻋﻭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺒﺼﺤﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺘﻤﺕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ )ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪.(4‬‬

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‫‪./‬ون ‪ +',‬ا'*م‬ ‫ا)ا( ا'&‪ %‬ا‪
#$‬ة  ا!ز ا دم  روا 
ا
ات‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :3‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )‪) (ppm‬ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪(1998 ،‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺒﻥ ﺴﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺕ‬
‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪3.1‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻭﺓ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬ ‫‪2.6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺕ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻭﺠﺔ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪2.3‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻴﺏ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻔل‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻜﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪.10‬‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺎﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.11‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪1.6‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.12‬‬
‫‪1.8‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.13‬‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﻭﺓ‬ ‫‪.14‬‬
‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.15‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ‬
‫‪2.4‬‬ ‫‪3.9‬‬ ‫‪2.2‬‬ ‫‪4.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﻫﻴﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺒﻲ‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫‪3.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﻠﻭﺠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪2.1‬‬ ‫‪3.6‬‬ ‫‪1.7‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩل ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :4‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺍﺕ )‪) (ppm‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ(‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل‬

‫)‪Banat et al. (1981‬‬ ‫‪4.0 - 1.5 2.5‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ) ‪(–2 µ‬‬
‫)‪Banat et al. (1981‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻕ )‪ (20 – 16‬ﻤﺘﺭ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ‪8.0 - 2.0 3.7‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ )‪(1994‬‬ ‫‪3.6 - 1.8 2.6‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺒﺤﻴﺭﺓ ﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ )ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﻋﻴﺴﻰ )‪(1995‬‬ ‫‪12.7 - 6.6 10.6‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺸﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﺔ ) ‪(–2 µ‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﺴﻰ )‪(1995‬‬ ‫‪13.7 - 4.4 9.5‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺸﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ )‪(1998‬‬ ‫‪5.0 - 3.0 3.5‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ(‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ )‪(1998‬‬ ‫‪4.3 - 3.0 3.6‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ) ‪(–2 µ‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ )‪(1998‬‬ ‫‪014 - 0.11 0.13‬‬
‫)‪(pH6‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ )‪(1999‬‬ ‫‪0.07 - 0.04 0.06‬‬
‫)‪(pH8‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ )‪(2000‬‬ ‫‪5.4 - 4.4‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ )‪(1983‬‬ ‫‪0.9 - 0.2‬‬ ‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )‪(ppb‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ )‪(1983‬‬ ‫‪5.2 - 0.3‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫‪34‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪41-29‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‪ ،7 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،2 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺴﻭﺒﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻥ( ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ ppm (0.14 - 0.11‬ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ )‪ (pH6‬ﻭﺒﻴﻥ )‪ ppm (0.4 - 0.07‬ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﺨﻔﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫)‪) (pH8‬ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ .(1999 ,‬ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺼﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺘﺸﻤل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻼﺡ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺍﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (pH‬ﺃﻭ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺠﻬﺩ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺯﺍل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻜﺴﺩ )‪ ،(Redox Potential‬ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺇﺜﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻔﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺫﻝﻙ )‪.(Khalid, 1980‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻜﺭ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻴﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺍﻁﺊ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺩﺍﻩ‬
‫)‪ ppb (0.9 - 0.2‬ﻭﺒﻤﻌﺩل ‪ ppb 0.6‬ﺤﺴﺏ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ )‪ ،(1983‬ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ‪ 3‬ﺠﺯﺀ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻠﻴﻭﻥ )‪ (ppb‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ppm 0.003‬ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ ﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺏ )‪.(WHO, 1993‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﺒﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻠﻌﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻬﻤﹰﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻬﺯﺓ ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‪ .‬ﻝﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﺤﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (pH‬ﻭﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻬﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ )‪ .(Jain and Ali, 2000 and Puyat et al., 2007‬ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﻭﺭﻤﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺯﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﻨﻊ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ )‪.(Mwashote, 2003 and Abdul Rauf et al., 2009‬‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺯل ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺒﺎﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﺭﺡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻤﻬﻤﺎﹰ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ )‪ (Charkhabi et al., 2008‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻝﻭﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤ ﹰ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻭﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﻁ )‪ .(Alam et al., 1998‬ﻴﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪%90‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ )‪.(Davies et al., 2006‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎﺹ ﻜﻭﺴﻁ ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ )‪ .(Matuseviciute and Eitminaviciute, 2005‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ ﻤﺨﺘﺒﺭﻴﻪ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻼﻓﻘﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺫﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫)‪.(Kilgour, 1991; Piotrowski, 2004 and Liu et al., 2009‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺘﺸﻤل‪ :‬ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪.‬‬

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ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﻴﻤﺭ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺘﺸﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺼﺨﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﻴﺭﺓ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻻ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺃﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺸﺎﻁﺌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺘﺒﻌﺩ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 150‬ﻜﻡ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻭﺩﻴﺎﻥ ﺤﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻁﮕﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺎﻨﻌﻲ ﻭﺼﻭﺍﺏ ﻭﻋﻜﺎﺵ ﺘﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺘﺼﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍﻥ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻝﻴﺴﺎ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﻴﻥ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺭﺍﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﻌﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻝﻔﺔ ﺠﻴﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﻼﻫﻤﺎ ﺴﺭﻴﻌﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺘﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﹰﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻓﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ (Al-Bassam, 1982) 5‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ 25‬ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬

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‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،(1998 ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺒﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻝﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻔﺴﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻭﺍﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﺨﻠﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻨﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺨﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺸﻜل ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﺒﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﺎﻝﻴﺭﺍﻴﺕ )‪(ZnS‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻭ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻭﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺼﻪ‬
‫ﻜﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺼﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﺎﻝﻴﺭﺍﻴﺕ ﺃﻫﻡ ﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(DeFilippo, 1975 and Nriago, 1980‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻌﺩﻨﺎﺕ ﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﻠﺯﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ ppm (2870 - 2250‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ﹰ‬
‫)‪ .(Al-Bassam et al., 1982‬ﻤﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﻼﺹ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺩﻻﺌل ﻗﻭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ ﺤﺎﻝﻴﹰﺎ‪.‬‬

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ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ( ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻊ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻥ ﻻﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﻋﻥ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺤﺘﻭﺍﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻗﺭﺏ ﻤﺩﺨل ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤﺭﺍﺤل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻗﺒل ﻤﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ )ﺍﻝﻜﻠﺴﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺒﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻐﺴل ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴﻤﺎﺩ ‪ ،TSP‬ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭ )‪ ،(Slime‬ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ )ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭل ‪ (5‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻭﺍﻝﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺠﻡ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺎﺕ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪،Cd ppm 52‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺨﻔﺽ ﺇﻝﻰ ‪ ppm 42‬ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬
‫ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﻥ )ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ º1000‬ﻤﺌﻭﻴﺔ( ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻏﺴل ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻤﺹ ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻴﺘﺭﻜﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭ ]‪ ،[Ca(OH) 2‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ ppm 120‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻜﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ ppm 34‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺘﻪ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﻭﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺎﺕ )ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ‪ ،(2‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺘﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺤﻼل ﺒﻠﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ﻤﺤل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺘﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫)‪ (Ǻ0.99‬ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ )‪ (Ǻ0.97‬ﺇﻀﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻓﺅ )‪.(Mason, 1966‬‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭﻴﻙ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻀﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ ،ppm 5‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺴﻤﺎﺩ ‪ TSP‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ ppm 26‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ .‬ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺨﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺘﻡ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻲ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻓﻘﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ ppm 1.1‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺘﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺘﺤﺴﺱ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻤﻁﻴﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﻱ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﺒﺩﻭ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻴﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺩل‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ )ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻲ( ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ ppm 3.3‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ )ﻗﺒل ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ(‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ )ﺒﻌﺩ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ(‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺘﺨﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻁﻠﻕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﻗل ﻤﻥ ‪) ppm 0.004‬ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺘﺤﺴﺱ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل(‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﻠﻭﺙ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪41-29‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‪ ،7 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،2 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :5‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬

‫ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ )‪(ppm‬‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫‪51.7‬‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪42.0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻡ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻤﻴﺹ‬
‫‪34.3‬‬ ‫ﺭﻜﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ‬
‫‪119.7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪4.7‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺠﺒﺱ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫‪25.7‬‬ ‫ﺴﻤﺎﺩ ‪TSP‬‬
‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫‪<0.004‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫‪<0.004‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝﺔ‬
‫‪3.3‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻭﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬

‫ﺸﻜل ‪ :2‬ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﺃﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﺴﻔﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺨﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻜﺎﺸﺎﺕ‬
‫)ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺓ ﻏﻭﻝﻲ‪(1993 ،‬‬

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‫‪./‬ون ‪ +',‬ا'*م‬ ‫ا)ا( ا'&‪ %‬ا‪
#$‬ة  ا!ز ا دم  روا 
ا
ات‬

‫
ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫)‪ (Hutton, 1983‬ﻭﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴﻤﺎﺩ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻠﻪ ﻭﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﺘﺎﺤﹰﺎ ﻝﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺴﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل‬
‫ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺒﻔﻌل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺯل ﻭﻴﺴﺘﻘﺭ ﻤﺭﺓ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﻴﻭﻥ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺃﻭ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﻴﺘﺭﺴﺏ ﻤﻊ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﻐﻨﻴﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺼﺭﻴﻑ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺯل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻀﺭ ﺒﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝﻪ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Hutton, 1983‬ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺇﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻭﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﺯﺌﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺭﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﺍﻜﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻭل ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﺭ ﻋﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪.‬‬

‫
ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬

‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﺼ ‪‬ﺭﻑ ﻤﻴﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﻭﻻ ﺘﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬
‫ﻝﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻻ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺏ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﺭﻴﻁﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ ppm 200‬ﻭﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ ،ppm (1500 - 60‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻥ ﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﻌﺩﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ‪ ppm 43‬ﻭﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ‬
‫)‪ .(Davies, 1980) ،ppm (140 - 1‬ﻭﺤﺴﺏ )‪ (D.O.E., 1977‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﺼﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻫﻭ ‪ ppm 50‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺠﺩﹰﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻌﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺼﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﻠﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺼ ‪‬ﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺘﺫﻜﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪.‬‬

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ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ )‪ (Heavy Minerals‬ﻫﻲ ﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﺘﻌﺭﻴﺔ ﺼﺨﻭﺭ‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺒﻊ ﻭﻀﻔﺎﻑ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺘﻨﻘل ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺸﻜل ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻴﺴﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ )‪ (2008‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺘﺸﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺔ )‪ (Opaque Minerals‬ﺤﻭﺍﻝﻲ ‪ %32‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ ،% (48 - 21‬ﻭﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺎﺘﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻓﻠﺯﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻭﻗﻌﻲ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺍﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺩ‬
‫ﻤﺩﺨل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻫﻴﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ )ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ‪ (2008 ،‬ﺇﻥ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﺠﺒﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ‪ 0.57+‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻭﺩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻜﺎﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﻬﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺭ ﺇﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺘﻔﺴﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬

‫
ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺇﻥ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺠﺭﻯ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﻤﺼﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻘل ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺭﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻬل ﺍﻝﺭﺴﻭﺒﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻀﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻘل ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﺍﺏ ﻭﺘﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﻴﺎﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ‪ .‬ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻌﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺒﻘﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺩﻥ ﺍﻵﺭﺍﻏﻭﻨﺎﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺼﺩﺍﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻹﺤﻼل ﻤﺤل ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺃﻨﺼﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﻴﺔ )‪ .(Mason, 1966‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺇﻥ ﻝﻸﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻼﻓﻘﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﺓ‬
‫)‪.(Kilgour, 1991, Matuseviciute et al., 2005, Davies et al., 2006 and Liu et al., 2009‬‬

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‫ﺍﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪41-29‬‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ‪ ،7 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ‪ ،2 /‬ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ‪2011‬‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺘﺘﻤﻴﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻝﻭﺤﻅﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺹ ﻤﺼﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻥ ﻝﻠﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺫﻭﺒﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻱ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺯل ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺯل‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻁﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻓﺔ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻴﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺭﺠﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺒﺯل ﻭﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺼﺭﻑ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﻗﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻭﺽ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﺩﻤﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺴﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﺭﻜﻴﺎ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺩﻯ ﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺴﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺯل ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﺸﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﺯل ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻗﺒل ﺇﻁﻼﻗﻬﺎ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻬﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﻀﻊ ﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻭﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﻭﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺒﺠﺯﻴل ﺍﻝﺸﻜﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ ﺇﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺩ ﻴﻭﻨﺱ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻋﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﻝﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭﻩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺤﺙ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ‪ .1998 ،‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ‪ .1999 ،‬ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻭﺀ ﺍﻷﻴﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻝﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ‪ .2000 ،‬ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺼﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺭﺨﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻲ ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻭﺽ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺨﻠﺩﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻝﻤﻰ‪ ،2008 ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺴﺏ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻌﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،4‬ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ‪،1‬‬
‫ﺹ ‪.42 - 29‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﻝﺩ ﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‪ .1994 ،‬ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺨﺯﺍﻥ ﺴﺩ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ 208 ،‬ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻘﺭﺓ ﻏﻭﻝﻲ‪ ،‬ﻨﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﻴﻡ‪ .1983 ،‬ﺍﻝﺼﺨﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺴﻔﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻝﻌﻜﺎﺸﺎﺕ )ﺍﻝﺼﺤﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺍﻕ( ﻜﺄﺴﻤﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻨﻲ ﺍﻷﻭل‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ )ﻭﻗﺎﺌﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻴﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺸﺎﻜﺭ‪ .1983 ،‬ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪،‬‬
‫‪ 255‬ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﺴﻰ‪ ،‬ﻤﺭﺘﻀﻰ ﺠﺒﺎﺭ‪ .1995 ،‬ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻨﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻝﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻪ ﺒﻐﺩﺍﺩ‪ 190 ،‬ﺼﻔﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

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