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Safety and Protection Required by An Electrical Installation: Electrical Bonding To Earth (Earthing)

The document discusses several key requirements for electrical installations regarding safety and protection: 1) Earthing systems aim to keep exposed metal at the same earth potential to prevent current flow through exposed metal. Common earthing systems include TN-S, TN-C-S, and TT. 2) Protection against direct contact includes isolation, insulation, and fault protection devices to prevent electric shock from occurring. 3) Earth fault protection such as residual current devices (RCD) or earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB) provide protection even if earth bonding deteriorates by detecting very small leakage currents.

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Alfred Galea
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
82 views9 pages

Safety and Protection Required by An Electrical Installation: Electrical Bonding To Earth (Earthing)

The document discusses several key requirements for electrical installations regarding safety and protection: 1) Earthing systems aim to keep exposed metal at the same earth potential to prevent current flow through exposed metal. Common earthing systems include TN-S, TN-C-S, and TT. 2) Protection against direct contact includes isolation, insulation, and fault protection devices to prevent electric shock from occurring. 3) Earth fault protection such as residual current devices (RCD) or earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB) provide protection even if earth bonding deteriorates by detecting very small leakage currents.

Uploaded by

Alfred Galea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Safety and protection required by an 

electrical installation:
• Electrical bonding to earth (Earthing):
• Purpose of bonding is to keep exposed 
metal of an installation at the same 
earth potential so that no current can
earth potential, so that no current can 
flow through and between exposed 
metal (no potential difference exist)
• IEE regulations also specifies that any 
other metalwork related to other 
services (eg water, gas, etc) must be 
also earthed
• Earthing arrangments:
Earthing arrangments:
• TN‐S system: Used in 
underground buried supply 
cable. Protective earth 
conductor is the metal sheath 
and armour of the supply cable. 
Earth and Neutral are separated. 
Bonding to earth is achieved by
Bonding to earth is achieved by 
an earth electrode at the sub‐
station. Earth electrode is then 
connected to the sheath/armour 
of the supply cable.
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Basic Principles
• TN‐C‐S earthing system:
• Uses a combined protective earth and neutral conductor (PEN conductor)
• Consumer
Consumer’ss main earthing terminal is formed by connecting the earth terminal to the neutral 
main earthing terminal is formed by connecting the earth terminal to the neutral
conductor
• In this system Phase (Live) to Earth Faults are effectively converted into Phase to Neutral faults (ie 
short circuit between supply lines

Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics 
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Basic Principles
• TT earthing system:
• Usually found when supply is fed from overhead cables
• Supply authority does not provide and earth terminal and the installation
Supply authority does not provide and earth terminal and the installation’ss circuit protective 
circuit protective
conductors must be connected to earth via an earth electrode provided by the consumer
• Effective earth connection is sometimes difficult to obtain and extra protection may be required using 
a Residual Current Device (RCD)

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Basic Principles
• Protection against direct contact:
• Human body works by tiny electrical signal 
travelling between the nervous system and
travelling between the nervous system and 
muscles (Important to note that the heart 
is one of the muscles)
• Body becoming part of a more powerful 
electrical system such as the electrical 
mains, current will flow through the body, 
disrupting body’s normal operation and 
causing an Electric Shock
causing an Electric Shock
• Amount of external current flowing 
through body depends upon its electrical 
resistance
• Lethal level of current is approximately 50 
milli Amps
• Objects preventing us from getting electric 
shock:
• Isolation: Use of barriers, enclosures, 
overhead supply cables, switches, etc
• Insulation: Insulating material used 
to cover live electrical parts
• Fault protection systems: Use of 
devices such as Fuses, Automatic 
Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breakers

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Basic Principles
• Secure Electrical Isolation:
• As an electrician ensure that power is switched off (or circuit is isolated) before start working 
• Place safety signs to prevent others from switching on supply while you are working
Place safety signs to prevent others from switching on supply while you are working
• Isolation locked, or fuse removed from circuit – key and fuse kept in your pocket
• Make sure, using appropriate test equipment that there is no voltage present at the points you are 
going to work onto
• Where it is required that work, consisting of testing or fault finding, is done on live equipment or 
installation:
• Make sure you are fully trained to do the job (Competency)
• Use only instruments that are fully serviceable and approved for the particular job/s
Use only instruments that are fully serviceable and approved for the particular job/s
• Use warning notices and barriers for the sake of third party safety

Warning
Electrician at Work
DO NOT SWITCH ON

Warning placards and


appropriate equipment and
tools

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Basic Principles
• Earth Fault Protection:
• Exposed metalwork earthed so that any charge build up on it is automatically discharged to ground 
without danger
without danger
• Exposed metalwork can become connected to live under fault conditions and fault current will flow 
through metalwork to ground
• IEE regulation stipulates that protection must be included in an installation that should remove the 
fault current in less than 5 seconds
• Residual Current Device (Earth leakage circuit breaker):
• Offers protection even if earth bonding deteriorates
• Requires very low leakage current to earth to provide protection
Requires very low leakage current to earth to provide protection
• Load current fed through 2 equal and opposing coils wound on a common transformer core
• In a healthy installation phase and neutral currents produce equal and opposing magnetic flux
• No voltage is induced in third coil
• In a faulty condition more current flows in phase line than in neutral line due to leakage of 
some or all of the phase current to earth
• Flux produced by phase coil exceeds that 
produced by neutral coil causing induced
produced by neutral coil causing induced 
voltage in third coil. Trip coil energized, 
opening switch connection in Phase and 
Neutral
• Modern RCD are capable of sensing trip 
currents in the range of 10 to 30 mA, which is 
less than the lethal current of 50 mA
Basic Circuit of an RCD (ELCB)
Basic Circuit of an RCD (ELCB)

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Basic Principles
Protection against overcurrent:
• Excessive current may flow as a result of over‐load or a short circuit
• Basic requirement of protection is that the circuit should be interrupted before the fault causes a 
Basic requirement of protection is that the circuit should be interrupted before the fault causes a
temperature rise which might cause damage
• Devices used to give protection from overcurrent faults:
• Fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
Fuses:
• Fuse wire (or element) is connected in series with load
• Thickness of fuse wire is sufficient to carry normal rated load/circuit current
• When fault occurs an overcurrent flows and the fuse elements overheats and melts (‘blows’)
• Circuit loop is interrupted and current in circuit stops flowing

Cartridge fuses

High Rupture Capacity 
(HRC) Fuse Semi‐enclosed fuse
Electrical 
Electrical
symbol
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Basic Principles
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB):
• When a fuse operate it has to be replaced so that circuit can restart operating, and if fault was not 
cleared fuse will blow again when replaced
cleared fuse will blow again when replaced
• MCB overcomes this problem since it is an automatic switch which opens (trips) in the event of an 
excessive current flowing in the circuit
• MCB can be closed when circuit condition returns to normal
• MCB incorporates a thermal and magnetic tripping device. Load current flows through the thermal 
and electromagnetic mechanism. In normal operation, current is insufficient to operate either device, 
but in abnormal situation (overload) bimetal strip bends and electromagnetic device (coil) produce a 
strong magnetic field Action of bimetal strip pushes the trip mechanism and the magnetic field
strong magnetic field. Action of bimetal strip pushes the trip mechanism and the magnetic field 
attracts the tripping mechanism, causing MCB to switch off, breaking the circuit

Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics 
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Basic Principles
Overvoltage and undervoltage protection:
• Achieved by electronic equipment which monitor the voltage and current flowing in a circuit
• Abnormal conditions in voltage or current sensed a trip relay operates, isolating supply from the rest 
Abnormal conditions in voltage or current sensed a trip relay operates isolating supply from the rest
of the circuit
• Some of these units may include an RCD which senses any leakage current between phase and earth
• Main purpose is to protect electrical equipment or appliances from damage caused by fluctuations in 
supply voltage (examples of equipent protected: TV’s, Computers, Refrigerators, Air‐conditioners)
• Trip point (voltage or current), and mode of operation (ie: type of protection ‐ under/over 
voltage/current) are usually selected or set via switches/adjusting knobs found on the device 

Adjustments

LED fault indicators

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Basic Principles

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