Safety and Protection Required by An Electrical Installation: Electrical Bonding To Earth (Earthing)
Safety and Protection Required by An Electrical Installation: Electrical Bonding To Earth (Earthing)
electrical installation:
• Electrical bonding to earth (Earthing):
• Purpose of bonding is to keep exposed
metal of an installation at the same
earth potential so that no current can
earth potential, so that no current can
flow through and between exposed
metal (no potential difference exist)
• IEE regulations also specifies that any
other metalwork related to other
services (eg water, gas, etc) must be
also earthed
• Earthing arrangments:
Earthing arrangments:
• TN‐S system: Used in
underground buried supply
cable. Protective earth
conductor is the metal sheath
and armour of the supply cable.
Earth and Neutral are separated.
Bonding to earth is achieved by
Bonding to earth is achieved by
an earth electrode at the sub‐
station. Earth electrode is then
connected to the sheath/armour
of the supply cable.
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 29
Basic Principles
• TN‐C‐S earthing system:
• Uses a combined protective earth and neutral conductor (PEN conductor)
• Consumer
Consumer’ss main earthing terminal is formed by connecting the earth terminal to the neutral
main earthing terminal is formed by connecting the earth terminal to the neutral
conductor
• In this system Phase (Live) to Earth Faults are effectively converted into Phase to Neutral faults (ie
short circuit between supply lines
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 30
Basic Principles
• TT earthing system:
• Usually found when supply is fed from overhead cables
• Supply authority does not provide and earth terminal and the installation
Supply authority does not provide and earth terminal and the installation’ss circuit protective
circuit protective
conductors must be connected to earth via an earth electrode provided by the consumer
• Effective earth connection is sometimes difficult to obtain and extra protection may be required using
a Residual Current Device (RCD)
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 31
Basic Principles
• Protection against direct contact:
• Human body works by tiny electrical signal
travelling between the nervous system and
travelling between the nervous system and
muscles (Important to note that the heart
is one of the muscles)
• Body becoming part of a more powerful
electrical system such as the electrical
mains, current will flow through the body,
disrupting body’s normal operation and
causing an Electric Shock
causing an Electric Shock
• Amount of external current flowing
through body depends upon its electrical
resistance
• Lethal level of current is approximately 50
milli Amps
• Objects preventing us from getting electric
shock:
• Isolation: Use of barriers, enclosures,
overhead supply cables, switches, etc
• Insulation: Insulating material used
to cover live electrical parts
• Fault protection systems: Use of
devices such as Fuses, Automatic
Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breakers
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 32
Basic Principles
• Secure Electrical Isolation:
• As an electrician ensure that power is switched off (or circuit is isolated) before start working
• Place safety signs to prevent others from switching on supply while you are working
Place safety signs to prevent others from switching on supply while you are working
• Isolation locked, or fuse removed from circuit – key and fuse kept in your pocket
• Make sure, using appropriate test equipment that there is no voltage present at the points you are
going to work onto
• Where it is required that work, consisting of testing or fault finding, is done on live equipment or
installation:
• Make sure you are fully trained to do the job (Competency)
• Use only instruments that are fully serviceable and approved for the particular job/s
Use only instruments that are fully serviceable and approved for the particular job/s
• Use warning notices and barriers for the sake of third party safety
Warning
Electrician at Work
DO NOT SWITCH ON
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 33
Basic Principles
• Earth Fault Protection:
• Exposed metalwork earthed so that any charge build up on it is automatically discharged to ground
without danger
without danger
• Exposed metalwork can become connected to live under fault conditions and fault current will flow
through metalwork to ground
• IEE regulation stipulates that protection must be included in an installation that should remove the
fault current in less than 5 seconds
• Residual Current Device (Earth leakage circuit breaker):
• Offers protection even if earth bonding deteriorates
• Requires very low leakage current to earth to provide protection
Requires very low leakage current to earth to provide protection
• Load current fed through 2 equal and opposing coils wound on a common transformer core
• In a healthy installation phase and neutral currents produce equal and opposing magnetic flux
• No voltage is induced in third coil
• In a faulty condition more current flows in phase line than in neutral line due to leakage of
some or all of the phase current to earth
• Flux produced by phase coil exceeds that
produced by neutral coil causing induced
produced by neutral coil causing induced
voltage in third coil. Trip coil energized,
opening switch connection in Phase and
Neutral
• Modern RCD are capable of sensing trip
currents in the range of 10 to 30 mA, which is
less than the lethal current of 50 mA
Basic Circuit of an RCD (ELCB)
Basic Circuit of an RCD (ELCB)
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 34
Basic Principles
Protection against overcurrent:
• Excessive current may flow as a result of over‐load or a short circuit
• Basic requirement of protection is that the circuit should be interrupted before the fault causes a
Basic requirement of protection is that the circuit should be interrupted before the fault causes a
temperature rise which might cause damage
• Devices used to give protection from overcurrent faults:
• Fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB)
Fuses:
• Fuse wire (or element) is connected in series with load
• Thickness of fuse wire is sufficient to carry normal rated load/circuit current
• When fault occurs an overcurrent flows and the fuse elements overheats and melts (‘blows’)
• Circuit loop is interrupted and current in circuit stops flowing
Cartridge fuses
High Rupture Capacity
(HRC) Fuse Semi‐enclosed fuse
Electrical
Electrical
symbol
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 35
Basic Principles
Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCB):
• When a fuse operate it has to be replaced so that circuit can restart operating, and if fault was not
cleared fuse will blow again when replaced
cleared fuse will blow again when replaced
• MCB overcomes this problem since it is an automatic switch which opens (trips) in the event of an
excessive current flowing in the circuit
• MCB can be closed when circuit condition returns to normal
• MCB incorporates a thermal and magnetic tripping device. Load current flows through the thermal
and electromagnetic mechanism. In normal operation, current is insufficient to operate either device,
but in abnormal situation (overload) bimetal strip bends and electromagnetic device (coil) produce a
strong magnetic field Action of bimetal strip pushes the trip mechanism and the magnetic field
strong magnetic field. Action of bimetal strip pushes the trip mechanism and the magnetic field
attracts the tripping mechanism, causing MCB to switch off, breaking the circuit
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 36
Basic Principles
Overvoltage and undervoltage protection:
• Achieved by electronic equipment which monitor the voltage and current flowing in a circuit
• Abnormal conditions in voltage or current sensed a trip relay operates, isolating supply from the rest
Abnormal conditions in voltage or current sensed a trip relay operates isolating supply from the rest
of the circuit
• Some of these units may include an RCD which senses any leakage current between phase and earth
• Main purpose is to protect electrical equipment or appliances from damage caused by fluctuations in
supply voltage (examples of equipent protected: TV’s, Computers, Refrigerators, Air‐conditioners)
• Trip point (voltage or current), and mode of operation (ie: type of protection ‐ under/over
voltage/current) are usually selected or set via switches/adjusting knobs found on the device
Adjustments
LED fault indicators
Training for Industry ‐ Electrical/Electronics
MCAST EEEI 37
Basic Principles