Electrical Wiring The IEE Wiring Regulations
Electrical Wiring The IEE Wiring Regulations
The IEE Wiring Regulations:
• Code of practice widely recognized and accepted in the UK.
• Maltese regulations based upon IEE regulations
• Relate principally to the design, selection, erection, inspection and testing of electrical
installations both temporary and permanent
installations, both temporary and permanent
• Only applicable to voltage up to 1000V ac.
• Not applicable to installations in mines and quarries where special regulations apply because of
the adverse conditions experienced there
• IEE wiring regulations are the ‘bible’ of the electrician
• Incorporated into British Standards BS7671 in harmonization with European Standards
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Electrical Cables:
• Constructed in 3 parts:
• Conductor which must be of suitable cross‐section to carry the load current
Conductor which must be of suitable cross section to carry the load current
• Insulation which has a colour or number code for identification
• Outer Sheath which may contain some means of providing protection from mechanical
damage
• Conductors are made of copper or aluminium and may be solid (single stranded) or multi‐
stranded for extra flexibility
• PVC Insulated and Sheathed Cables: Used in domestic and commercial installations. May be
clipped direct to surface sunk in plaster or routed through trunking or conduit May contain
clipped direct to surface, sunk in plaster, or routed through trunking or conduit. May contain
one, two, three or more conductors. Conductors are covered with colour‐coded PVC insulation
and then contained in a PVC outer sheath
PVC Sheath
PVC Sheath
Cable insulation
Stranded copper conductor
Stranded tinned copper conductors Inner plastic sheath
Colour coded cable insulation
Galvanized steel wire armour
Outer plastic sheath
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• Mineral Insulated Cable:
• Has a seamless copper sheath which makes cable waterproof, fire and corrocion resistant
• Used in hazardous or high temperature installations (Chemical environments, boiler
Used in hazardous or high temperature installations (Chemical environments boiler
houses and furnaces, Petrol stations and fire alarm installations)
• Colour coding:
• Orange – General electrical wiring
• White – Emergency lighting
• Red – Fire alarm installations
• Copper conductors embedded in a white powder (Magnesium Oxide) to reduce
combustion and to absorb moisture (prevent corrosion)
combustion and to absorb moisture (prevent corrosion)
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Fixed Cable Core Colour Coding in Electrical Installations:
Old system (Before 31st March 2006):
Single Phase:
Red
Red – Phase or Live conductor
Phase or Live conductor Warning notice must be fixed
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Black – Neutral conductor on old installations which
Yellow/Green – Earth Conductor have been repaired or altered
Three Phase: with wiring according to new
Red, Yellow and Blue – Phase conductors colour coding system:
Black – Neutral conductor “Caution: This installation has
Yellow/Green – Earth Conductor wiring to two versions of
New system (After 31st March 2006) BS7671. Great care should be
Single Phase: taken before undertaking
Brown – Phase or Live conductor extensions, alterations or
Blue – Neutral conductor repair that all conductors are
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Yellow/Green – Earth Conductor correctly identified”
Three Phase:
Brown, Black and Grey –
l k d Phase conductors
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Blue – Neutral conductor
Yellow/Green – Earth Conductor
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Basics of Electrical Installation:
• Electricity Generation, Transmission and Distribution:
• Generation of electricity in modern power stations is at 25kV. Done by 3‐phase synchronous
Generation of electricity in modern power stations is at 25kV Done by 3‐phase synchronous
generators
• For long distance transmission, voltage is transformed to 132kV or 400kV for lower costs (Higher
voltage, less current, less transmission cable size)
• Distribution to consumers is from Primary substations reducing voltage from 132kV to 33kV
• Distribution substations are connected to Primary substation. 33kV is transformed to 400V which is
supplied to consumers
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Distribution from 11kV substation to consumers. Note transformer connected with secondary in
Star to provide a Neutral point for single phase loads.
‘Star’ to provide a Neutral point for single phase loads
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Regulations and responsibilities:
• To reduce damage to buildings and injury to persons
• IEE wiring regulations: Requirements and regulations for electrical installations. Revised and
IEE wiring regulations: Requirements and regulations for electrical installations Revised and
updated from time to time
• Health and Safety at Work Acts: Legal framework for stimulating and encouraging high standards of
health and safety for everyone at work. Places responsibility on both the employer and employee
• Employer is responsible of providing conditions and equipment to safeguard employees health
and safety
• Employee is responsible of his/her own health and that of others working with him/her or in
the same environment Must co‐operate and obey regulations
the same environment. Must co‐operate and obey regulations
• Failure to comply with health and safety acts is a criminal offence
• British and European Standards: Goods manufactured must comply with specifications defined by
these standards. Special marks/labels are affixed to manufactured goods to show they comply with
the relevant standards following special tests after manufacturing
British and European standard
marks/labels
/
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Basic Principles
Wiring Circuits:
• Installations are divided into circuits
• Current flowing at specified points is reduced
• Whole installation is not lost should a fault occur at a specific point of installation
• Lighting Circuits:
Lighting Circuits:
• Maximum 100W per lighting point
• Maximum current flowing in circuit 5 Amps
• Maximum of 11 lighting points per circuit
• Usually wired in 1.0mm or 1.5mm cable
• Wiring methods:
• Loop‐in: Usually employed with conduit installations. Only joints done at switches or
lighting points
lighting points
• Joint‐Box: Uses junction boxes with fixed brass terminations placed in loft areas and
behind or under wall/floor boards
• All switches and ceiling roses must contain an earth connection
• Ceiling roses are bound by regulations about the maximum mass to be connected with wires
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to its terminals
• Live conductor must be broken at the switch position
• Lighting circuits may benefit from one
Lighting circuits may benefit from one‐way,
way, two
two‐way
way or two
or two‐way
way with intermediate switching
with intermediate switching
• Switching may be done through wall mounted plate switches or wall/ceiling mounted cord
operated switches
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CPC = Circuit Protecting
Conductor (Earth)
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• Socket Outlet (Power) Circuits:
• For plugging in of appliances to electrical supply. Cord connecting appliance to outlet must be
less than 2m by regulations
• 13A flat pin type is the one complying with the BS1363 standard
• When designing power circuits special considerations should be given to loading at certain
When designing power circuits special considerations should be given to loading at certain
locations such as kitchens
• Power circuits wiring methods:
• Radial circuit: Each socket outlet is fed from the previous one. Live connected to live,
Neutral to neutral, and Earth to earth at each outlet. Cable sizing for Radial Circuit is
4mm. Number of socket outlets in a circuit is unlimited provided the area does not
exceed 75 square metres. Radial power circuit must be protected with a 30‐32A device
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• Ring circuit: Similar to radial. Each socket outlet is fed from previous one, but the last socket outlet
is wired back to the source supply. Number of outlets in one circuits is unlimited provided the circuit
covers an area of less than 100 square metres Protecting device must be of 32A and wiring cable
covers an area of less than 100 square metres. Protecting device must be of 32A and wiring cable
used in a ring circuit is 2.5mm
• Spurs: Branch cable from a ring circuit. May be fused or non‐fused. Example of a fused spur may be
a Water Heater. Fused Spur is normally of the switched type
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How are all circuits
of an installation
connected to supply?
connected to supply?
• Generally achieved
at the point where
the supply from
Power station is
installed
• General term of the
place where this is
place where this is
done is Consumer
Unit
• ‘Live’
Live connection of each circuit is
connection of each circuit is
separately connected to a protecting
device called ‘Fuse’ or ‘Miniature
Circuit Breaker’ (MCB)
• ‘Neutral’ and ‘Earth’ connection of all
circuits are connected to the ‘Neutral’
and ‘Earth’ of the supply through a
common connections called ‘Busbars’
common connections called Busbars
• Separate ‘Busbars’ are used for
‘Earth’ and ‘Neutral’ connections
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Cable Size Calculations:
• Size of cables to be used for an installations depends upon:
• Current rating under defined installation conditions:
Current rating under defined installation conditions:
• Maximum permitted voltage drop as defined by regulations
• Factors influencing current rating:
• Full load current
• Type of cable
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• Installation conditions: Clipped, enclosed in conduit, trunking, etc.
• Surrounding Ambient temperature – Could be influenced by adjacent cables
• Cable selection done using special tables given in the IEE regulations
Cable selection done using special tables given in the IEE regulations
Methods of installation:
• Wire clipping: Wires affixed/routed on walls or ceilings using platic clips. Cables must be run
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horizontally or vertically, never diagonally. Cable run must be straight and clips fixed at equal
ll i ll di ll C bl b i h d li fi d l
distances providing adequate support to cable. Cables used in such installation are PVC insulated
and sheated cables.
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Conduit Installations:
• Wires and cables routed through a channel or pipe.
• Types of Conduit:
Types of Conduit:
• Steel Conduit: Fixed to walls/ceiling using saddles or pipe hooks. Metal conduits are threaded
at terminations and bent using special bending machines. Good connections necessary as
often the metal part of the conduit derves as the circuit protective conductor (earth). All burrs
must be removed to prevent damage to cable.
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• PVC Conduit: Easier to install and bend. Has less mechanical strength and withstand lower
temperatures. Extra cable must be run for protection (earth)
• Flexible Conduit: Made of interlinked metal spirals often covered with PVC sleeving. Normally
Flexible Conduit: Made of interlinked metal spirals often covered with PVC sleeving. Normally
used for final connections to motors to withstand vibrations
Conduit
fittings and
saddles
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General tips about conduit installations:
• All conduit must be erected first, before any wiring is routed through
• Bends must be easy not to cause cable damage during wiring
Bends must be easy not to cause cable damage during wiring
• Conduit terminated to boxes or fittingsat right angles
• Conduit boxes/fittings blanked off to prevent ingress of foreign objects.
• Conduit runs separated from other services
• During wiring prevent cable from becoming twisted inside conduit
bl f b d d d
• Number of bends limited to prevent cable straining during wiring
• Number of cables in a single conduit as per advice standards
Flexible conduit
Flexible conduit
PVC Conduit and wiring
Terminating PVC or installation
Metal conduit
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Trunking Installations:
• Rectangular or square enclosure for cable protection, having one
removeable side
removeable side
• Trunking can be thought of a more accessible conduit system and
is widely used in industrial and commercial applications
• Offers great flexibility when used in conjunction with conduit
• Trunking forms the background of framework of the
installation
• Conduit used to connect wiring to the required point
• Easy to carry out alterations and/or extensions
Easy to carry out alterations and/or extensions – Just add a
Just add a
conduit pipe at required location
• Trunking is available in various lengths and cross‐sections
• Metallic
Metallic Trunking:
Trunking:
• Formed from mild steel galvanized sheet
• Accessories available: Bends (45/90 degrees), Tee and 4‐way
junctions
• Bends may be fabricated in lengths of trunking, especially where
if bend angle is not standard
• When manufacturing bends care should be taken for:
• Tightening screws correctly for earth continuity or alternatively fit
Tightening screws correctly for earth continuity or alternatively fit
a separate copper strap wire between trunking run and bend
• Proper support to prevent deformation
• Removing sharp edges that might cause damage to wiring
running inside trunking
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Non metallic PVC trunking:
• Available in high impact PVC
• Accessories attached using PVC Solvent Adhesive
Accessories attached using PVC Solvent Adhesive
• Separate CPC (Earth) conductor must be routed
• Important to use Round‐Headed fixing screws to prevent cable damage
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Mini‐trunking:
• Small PVC trunking ideal for domestic
Small PVC trunking ideal for domestic
use and commercial installations such
as offices
• Ideal for switch drops or for housing
auxiliary circuits such as telephone or
audio wiring
Skirting Trunking:
• Manufactured from steel or PVC in
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the shape of a skirting board
• Frequently used in commercial
buildings such as hospitals,
buildings such as hospitals,
laboratories and offices
• Contains wiring for socket outlets and
telephone lines
Vertically installed trunking:
• Cables must be supported at intervals
not exceeding 5m
• One method is using insulated pin
O h di i i l d i
supports
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Segregation of circuits in trunking:
• Low voltage and extra low voltage circuits must be separated to prevent electrical contact
Low voltage and extra low voltage circuits must be separated to prevent electrical contact
• IEE regulations define different circuits in two bands:
• Band 1: Telephone, radio, bell, alarm circuits, emergency lighting
• Band 2: Mains voltage circuits
• Band 1 and Band 2 circuits can be routed together provided the insulation is rated at the
same voltage
• If not, circuits must be separated inside the same trunking
• In PVC trunking screened cables must be used to prevent interferance
In PVC trunking screened cables must be used to prevent interferance
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Cable Tray or Cable ladder Installations:
• Sheet‐steel channel with multiple holes or in the form of a ladder. Available in galvanized steel or in
PVC coated steel
PVC coated steel
• Used extensively in large industrial and commercial installations for supporting MI and SWA cables
which are laid on the cable tray or ladder and secured with cable ties through the tray holes
• Tray adequately supported by appropriate brackets. Use of round head bolts recommended to
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prevent cable damage
• Accessories available: Bends, Tees, Reducers. Tray can be bended using special machine
• Secure tighting or wire straps used to ensure earth continuity
Cable tray
Cable ladder
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Temporary Installations:
• Generally required on construction sites to save lot of man‐hours to workers
• Supply installed must fully comply with regulations for permanent supply to avoid danger
Supply installed must fully comply with regulations for permanent supply to avoid danger
• Robust equipment to withstand different elements/conditions
• All socket outlets and connections must be up to BS4343 standard
• Suitable protection against overcurrent and faults must be available
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• Easy disconnection available in case of emergency
• Waterproof terminations and connections
• Use of armoured cables where necessary
• Transformers used to feed hand power tools for protection (low voltage and isolation)
Transformers used to feed hand power tools for protection (low voltage and isolation)
• Colour coding for different voltages used for power tools on construction sites:
• Red – 400V
• Blue – 230V
• Yellow – 110V
• 50V – White
• 25V – Violet
Low voltage distribution
Unit
Emergency Stop Switch
Robust and waterproof connections
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Flammable and explosive Installations:
• Flameproof electrical equipment used, which must withstand an explosion
• Equipment must prevent any spark generated internally from reaching surrounding air
Equipment must prevent any spark generated internally from reaching surrounding air
• Cables enclosed in solid and robust steel conduit
• Mineral insulated cables used to withstand high temperatures
Hazardous area classification:
Hazardous area classification:
• Classified by zones:
• Zone 0: Most hazardous. Area where gas‐air mixture is continuously present
• Zone 1: Explosive gas‐air mixture is likely to occur during normal operation
• Zone 2: Explosive gas‐air mixture in not likely to occur during normal operation
Flameproof fittings
Flameproof equipment markings
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