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Electrical Machines (Motors and Generators) Basic Concepts (Cont) : Basic Concepts (Cont.)

Electrical machines can operate as either motors or generators. As generators, they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. As motors, they convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. While machines can theoretically perform both functions, they are more efficient when operating in their intended mode. Generators work by using a loop of wire rotated in a magnetic field to induce voltage through Faraday's law. Motors operate by applying current to a coil within a magnetic field, creating force due to the interaction of fields and causing rotation.

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Alfred Galea
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32 views5 pages

Electrical Machines (Motors and Generators) Basic Concepts (Cont) : Basic Concepts (Cont.)

Electrical machines can operate as either motors or generators. As generators, they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. As motors, they convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. While machines can theoretically perform both functions, they are more efficient when operating in their intended mode. Generators work by using a loop of wire rotated in a magnetic field to induce voltage through Faraday's law. Motors operate by applying current to a coil within a magnetic field, creating force due to the interaction of fields and causing rotation.

Uploaded by

Alfred Galea
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electrical Machines (Motors and Generators)

Basic concepts (Cont.):


(Cont ):
• Electrical machines are energy converters:
• Generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
gy into mechanical energy
• Motor converts electrical energy gy
• Electrical machine can perform both functions in theory
• In practice an electrical machine is more efficient in the mode it was designed to operate into

MCAST EEI ACTAVIS training (2008) 10


Basic Electrical/Electronics
Simple
p AC generator
g or
alternator:
• Simple loop of wire rotated
between the poles of a
permanentt magnett
• Loop of wire will cut the
magnetic field between
magnet north and south
poles
• Flux cutting will induce an
emf (voltage/current) by
Faraday’s law
• Generated emf is collected
by carbon brushes touching
2 slip rings connected to the
loop of wire
• Induced emf will look like a
sine waveform,, alternatelyy
changing, first positive and
then negative

MCAST EEI ACTAVIS training (2008) 11


Basic Electrical/Electronics
Simple DC generator
• Slip rings of ac generator
replaced by a sigle split ring
called commutator
• Current ggenerated will be
seen having one direction
• Action of commutator is to
reverse the generated
currentt every half
h lf cycle,
l lik
like
a simple automatic change
over switch
• Such arrangement will
produce a very bumping DC
voltage
• In practice commutator will
contain many segments
connected to a number of
different loops of wires
(windings) so that smoother
DC is produced, similar to
the DC voltage produced by
a battery

MCAST EEI ACTAVIS training (2008) 12


Basic Electrical/Electronics
DC Motors:
• Current carrying conductor placed into the field of a permanent magnet, a force F will be exerted on
the conductor to push it out of the magnetic field
• Magnetic field produced by the current in conductor interacts with the field produced by the
permanent magnet
• Co
Conductor
duc o field
e d causes pe
permanent
a e magnet
ag e filed
ed lines
es to
o be distorted
d s o ed since
s ce fields
e ds never
e e ccross
oss
• Distorted permanent magnet field lines create an effect like stretched elastic bands creating
force F on the conductor, pushing out the conductor out of the permanent magnetic field.
• Force F depends upon:
• Strength of permanent magnetic field
• Magnitude of current flowing in conductor
• Length of conductor within the permanent magnetic field

Interaction of
fields
Field due to producing
Field due to permanent
p force F
current magnet
MCAST EEI ACTAVIS training (2008) 13
Basic Electrical/Electronics
How a DC motor would work (basic concept):
• Let us get the example of the simple DC generator explained earlier
• DC currentt iis ffed
d iinto
t th
the single
i l coilil winding
i di off th
the machine
hi ththrough
h th
the commutator
t t
• Magnetic flux will be produced around the coil wires
• Resultant interaction of 2 forces will cause the coil to rotate
• Reversing the current inside the coil coil, or the polarity of the permanent magnet would cause the
coil to rotate in reverse direction
• In practice the permanent magnet is replaced by an electro-magnet

MCAST EEI ACTAVIS training (2008) Basic 14


Electrical/Electronics

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