MAGIC BAG OF

30 TRANSCRIPTION
When Just
TRICKS EARS
Aren’t
Enough!

Karen Steffen Chung 史嘉琳

台⼤大外⽂文系 副教授
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 INDEX

¡ 1 . Ears/brain ¡ 1 1. Markers ¡ 2 1. Right-click

¡ 2 . Vowels ¡ 1 2. Grammar ¡ 2 2. OneLook
¡ 3 . Phonics ¡ 1 3. Checklist ¡ 2 3. Names
¡ 4 . Final C ¡ 1 4. Linggle ¡ 24. Repetition
¡ 5 . Nasals ¡ 1 5. Images ¡ 2 5. Rhyme
¡ 6 . Slow audio ¡ 1 6. Self-correct ¡ 2 6. h-dropping
¡ 7. Reductions ¡ 17. Story tense ¡ 27. Dialect
¡ 8 . Word stress ¡ 1 8. Linking ¡ 2 8. Logic
¡ 9 . Compounds ¡ 1 9. Syllables ¡ 2 9. Guess!!
¡ 1 0. Intonation ¡ 2 0. Chinese ¡ 3 0. Recheck!
 1. YOUR EARS AND BRAIN

¡  Your trick of first resort:

Listen CAREFULLY, listen CLOSELY,
listen AS MANY TIMES AS NECESSARY.

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DOES WHAT YOU WROTE MAKE SENSE?

¡ I n Michigan, the

medal winner there
is a good chance to
wider touch freeze.

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IF NOT, YOU MAY NEED TO PULL SOME
OTHER TRICKS OUT OF YOUR BAG!

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/yLOUgA7RE1Y/maxresdefault.jpg
 2. VOWELS MATTER!
¡ Your vowels must be CORRECT and PRECISE.
No sloppiness allowed –
train yourself every day!

i
u
ɪ ʊ
ə
ɛ ʌ ɔ
æ
ɑ

http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelartic/lip_posture.gif
http://www.rlacortongillingham.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/vowels.png
 USE MERRIAM-WEBSTER AND
THE FREE DICTIONARY!

¡ L isten – Echo – Repeat till it’s PERFECT!

¡ I f you can SAY it correctly, you’ll HEAR it
correctly!

http://www.merriam-webster.com/images/downloadables/search_homepage_google1.jpg
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/raid
 3. LEARN BASIC
PHONICS RULES FOR VOWELS
¡ S ilent “e”
and double
vowel letters:
diphthongs and
“long” vowels
¡ S ingle/double final
or double medial
consonant letters:
“short” vowels
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FIND A WORD WITH PHONICS RULES

You hear
['lɪrɪŋ] 

quite clearly,
but don’t know this word.
What might it be?
 FIND THE BASE WORD
¡  Take off the -ing ending
from ['lɪrɪŋ]. You get:



['lɪr]

¡  What rhymes with ['lɪr]?
 USE RHYME TO FIND PHONIC SPELLINGS

¡ S pellings to try based on RHYMES for ['lɪr]:

dear deer here

clear beer mere
fear cheer
near
CHECK DIFFERENT POSSIBLE SPELLINGS

¡ lear
¡ leer
¡ lere
CAPITALS, ARCHAISMS, DIALECT FORMS

You can often rule out:

¡ Words that start with a capital letter,
i.e. proper nouns, i.e. personal and
place names, brand and company
names
¡ A rchaisms and obsolete words, i.e.
very old, outdated and rare words
¡ D ialect forms
 CAPITALIZATION

¡ I f all/almost all the dictionaries in OneLook

and Google spell your word with a capital
letter, it’s probably a proper noun and not
what you want, e.g.

¡ B ari

¡ Tokay

¡ D ebs

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 LEAR
“Lear” mostly appears in
dictionaries and on Google
with a CAPITAL LETTER, so
it’s not a good candidate (it’s
a company or personal
name)
 LEER
¡ “ leer” in Merriam Webster:
¡ to look at someone in an evil or
unpleasantly sexual way

¡ to cast a sidelong glance; especially: 

to give a leer

This fits well!

 LERE
“lere” is a word, but Merriam-
Webster says:
¡  archaic Scottish: learn
It also notes:
¡  Popularity: Bottom 30% of words

“lere” is an old, rare, Scottish

dialect form, so it’s an
unlikely candidate!
 4. IS THE FINAL CONSONANT
VOICED OR VOICELESS?
¡ To distinguish voiced vs. voiceless
final consonants:
1. Vowel length ⺟母⾳音長度
2. Final voicing (not always clear)
詞尾⼦子⾳音有聲或無聲
3. Listen for the final creak
吱嘎⾳音 as in「我」
4. Lower pitch ⾳音⾼高較低
 EXAMPLES OF VOICED VS.
VOICELESS FINAL STOPS

¡ c op vs. cob

¡  lit vs. lid

¡  duck vs. dug

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 DO PRACTICE DICTATIONS
¡ They’re challenging! But stick with it and
eventually you’ll get better at it!

¡  http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/phonetics/dictations.htm
 RECOGNITION CAN BE
ASYMMETRICAL 不對稱

¡ O ne of a pair may be easy to recognize,

while with the other you’re not sure.

¡ T his is also a way to distinguish the two

sounds.

¡ W hen you’re sure, it’s “kits”, when not,

it’s “kids”!
 5. WORK ON NASAL FINALS

/-m, -n, -ŋ/

¡ Practice with minimal pairs
if you have trouble
distinguishing the
following endings:

¡  ram ran rang

¡  Tim tin ting
¡  rum run rung

¡ Remember that final /-n/


sounds like the ending of ㄢ;

/-ŋ/ sounds like the ending of ㄤ
http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/consonants/images/velar_nasal.gif
 6. SLOW DOWN THE AUDIO
¡  Slowing down the audio can help you hear unclear portions
more clearly.
¡  YouTube: Click on the gear icon , choose Speed, then Rate.
¡  VLC: Click Playback, then Speed, then move the slider.
¡  The same function should be available in other playback
software.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmSbXsFE3l8
 7. LEARN REDUCED FORMS
OF FUNCTION WORDS: I
Content words:
¡ n ouns, verbs, adjectives, some
adverbs
¡ U sually STRESSED and CLEAR,
unless repeated
¡ U sually the easiest to
understand
http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/usa/michigan/
 LEARN REDUCED FORMS
OF FUNCTION WORDS: II

Function words:
¡ A rticles (the, a, an)
¡ C onjunctions (and, but, or, if, though)
¡ P repositions (to, at, on, under, about)
¡ P ronouns (I, me, you, he, him, she, her,
it, we)
¡ H elping verbs (am, is, were, have, has,
had, will, can, could)
¡ S ome adverbs (today, yesterday, now,
here, there)
 LEARN REDUCED FORMS
OF FUNCTION WORDS: III

Usually:
¡ U nstressed
¡ Fast
¡ Reduced
¡ U nclear
¡ H arder to understand
 LEARN REDUCED FORMS
OF FUNCTION WORDS: IV

Learn to recognize common

reductions of function words:
¡ A nd
¡ I n
¡ O n
¡ O f
¡ To
 8. PAY ATTENTION TO
WORD STRESS!
¡ If the word you wrote has a different STRESS
pattern (with the same number of syllables) than
what you heard, it’s probably not the right word,
e.g. MIchigan couldn’t be maCHINE,
saLIva couldn’t be SLIver.

¡ However, many words also have one or more

syllables with SECONDARY STRESS; sometimes
the main stress will move to one of these, e.g.

GOOD AFter*NOON but AFternoon *TEA

http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/usa/michigan/
 9. WATCH FOR
COMPOUND NOUN STRESS

¡ I f the second of two nouns is not stressed, it

may be a COMPOUND NOUN. Knowing this can
help you decipher the word, e.g. *BACKpack,
*SCHOOLbus.

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 10. LEARN BASIC INTONATION RULES:
RULE 1

The three rules of sentence intonation:

¡ Rule 1: Stress the stressed syllables of all the
content words in a sentence (like taxi, run, red;
do not stress function words, like in, the, my);
and the stressed syllable of the last content word in
the sentence, the tonic stress, is pronounced with a
high, falling intonation.

1. Who’s that *girl?

2. This is a *park.
3. A man is sitting on a *bench.

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 INTONATION RULES:
RULE 2

¡ Rule 2: After a subject has been introduced,

any new information is stressed;
old information is not stressed.

1. Who’s that *girl?

The *tall girl?
No, the *short girl.
Oh, that’s *Jane.

2. This is a *park.
There are trees, flowers, and *birds in the park.
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 INTONATION RULES:
RULE 3

¡ Rule 3: Stress words that contrast information.

Any word, including function words, may be
stressed for purposes of contrast.

1. Is the book on the *table?

No, it’s *under the table.

2. Is that for *Mary?

No, it’s *from Mary.

http://leandromd.blogspot.tw/2013/10/aprendendo-ingles-com-learning-english.html
 YES-NO QUESTIONS

¡ Yes-no questions usually have a

rising intonation:

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 WH- QUESTIONS

¡ W h- questions usually have a falling

intonation:

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 PHRASING: LISTEN FOR BREAKS

Five places to pause in English:

¡ A fter the complete subject
¡ B efore “that” and other clauses
¡ A t most punctuation marks
¡ B efore conjunctions
¡ B efore prepositions

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 TONIC STRESS
¡ T he last stressed syllable of a compound,
phrase or sentence receives
*TONIC STRESS.

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 END OF A SENTENCE:
TONIC STRESS + FALL

Listen for SENTENCE-FINAL

FALLING INTONATION:
If you are at the end of a SENTENCE or a SEMI-COLON:
¡ The stressed syllable in a word with tonic stress has
a VERY HIGH PITCH;
¡ The pitch FALLS SHARPLY and doesn’t go up again.
¡ The remaining syllables, if there are any, are read
with VERY LOW, EVEN PITCH.
 END OF A PHRASE:
TONIC STRESS + FALL + GENTLE RISE

Listen for the CONTINUATION RISE:

If you are only at the end of a COMPOUND or PHRASE
(and NOT the end of the sentence):
¡ The last stressed syllable gets a HIGH PITCH.
¡ The pitch FALLS SHARPLY.
¡ The pitch now GENTLY RISES over the same syllable,
if there are no more syllables in the phrase, or over
the remaining syllables, if there are any, to signal
that it is not the end of the sentence, and that more
is still coming.
 11. LISTEN FOR
DISCOURSE MARKERS
Discourse markers can help orient you
and get you ready for what’s coming.
¡  OK, so…
A common way to start a story.

¡  …right?
A way to check and see
if our listeners are still
following our story.

¡  “Hey,…”
One way of starting a casual conversation out of the blue
with someone.
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 12. THE GRAMMAR
MUST BE CORRECT!
¡ U se your knowledge of grammar
to check what you’ve written –
it MUST be GRAMMATICAL!

Every seat have hold two

people.
I didn’t care they
punched.
 13. CHECKLIST:
VERBS, NOUNS, PRONOUNS

¡ Is the verb intransitive? Make sure it’s followed by

a preposition, and the right one!
¡ Does the verb form agree with the subject, i.e. -s
for third person singular?
¡ Is the verb in the right tense? Is it “I heard,”
“I’ve heard” or “I’d heard”?
Listen carefully!
¡ Is the noun countable?
Listen for an article
and/or a plural marker
¡ Is the noun uncountable? No -s!
¡ Do you have the right pronouns?
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 14. MEET LINGGLE AND
NETSPEAK!
Google is great for checking almost anything. But there are also
specialized tools for checking collocations, like Linggle and
Netspeak.
I KEPT WALKING   ? THE AISLE.

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FORMAT FOR LINGGLE SEARCHES
WALK_THE AISLE
STINK PREP. N.
FORMAT FOR NETSPEAK SEARCHES
A ? OF LAND
 15 . USE IMAGES

¡  Check Google IMAGES to know at a glance what unfamiliar

objects look like, also commercial brands and other proper
nouns

Trapper Keeper
Mobile home
Scooby-Doo
(cartoon)
http://images.mentalfloss.com/sites/default/files/styles/insert_main_wide_image/
public/lamborghini-trapper-keeper.jpg
http://aarcs.com/mobilehome1.jpg
http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/new_scoow_doow_7704.png
 16. RECOGNIZE SELF-CORRECTIONS!

¡ “…our commitment to the rule of law;

our commitment to human rights…”

¡ Q: I could swear I heard

something between “rule of law”
and “our commitment,” or is there
something wrong with my ears?

¡ YOU CAN EDIT OUT MISTAKES AND HESITATIONS!

¡ "We have to judge our commitment to the rule of
law; [our trad...our] our commitment to human
rights can’t be measured...”

http://www.notbeinggoverned.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/tipped-scale-400x271-300x203.jpg
 17. INCONSISTENT TENSES
IN STORY TELLING

¡ If you are listening to a story, the speaker will

often use the “historical present,” also called the
“narrative present” to make listeners feel like
they’re in the middle of the action
¡ But in fact it is much more natural and automatic to
speak of things in the past with the past tense
¡ As result, the present and past tenses are often mixed
in storytelling
¡ But.. do NOT use this as an excuse to be sloppy with
tenses!
¡ Note: “He’s like…” = “He goes...” = “He says/said...”
 THE HISTORICAL PRESENT

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 18. LINKING CAN HELP YOU!
¡ You may be able to hear an unclear final
consonant of a word at the BEGINNING
of the NEXT word if it starts with a vowel
¡ t urn around?
or: turned around?
Listen for:
¡ Tur naround vs.
¡ Turn daround
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a6ae3010a004994f_GettyImages-487638642/i/Gigi-turned-around-show-off-her-design-sheer-details.jpg
 19. COUNT THE SYLLABLES!
¡ The word you write MUST have the right number of
syllables – if it doesn’t, it must be a different word!

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 HOW MANY SYLLABLES?
This trick is VERY useful!
¡ Present or past tense?
If the verb ends with “-t” or “-d,” it will have an extra
syllable in the regular “-ed” past tense,
e.g. start, started; dread, dreaded

¡ Singular or plural?
If a word (noun or verb) ends with a sibilant: /s, z, ʃ, ʒ,
tʃ, dʒ/ and has a final “es” to mark a plural or third-
person singular verb, or a possessive “’s”, it will have an
extra syllable, e.g. rose, roses; choice, choices

¡ So sometimes you can determine if a word is present or

past, singular or plural by counting syllables!
 20. TELL YOURSELF A STORY IN CHINESE

¡ When part of the story is unclear,

think carefully about what you DO
hear clearly
¡ Sit back and tell the part you know
to yourself as a story IN CHINESE
¡ Your brain will often AUTOMATICALLY
fill in the blank with the right
word(s) in Chinese
¡ Now listen to the passage again, and
translate your Chinese story into
English! http://www.naturalawakeningshawaii.com/images/cache/cache_f/cache_0/cache_a/
HI_Talking-61c09a0f.jpeg?ver=1472037431&aspectratio=1.4026845637584
 THE WORDS WILL COME OUT
AUTOMATICALLY!

¡ E xample: Every seat

___________ __________
(2 syllables) two people.

¡ C hinese: 每⼀一個座位

_____ _____ _____
兩兩個⼈人。

¡ E nglish?
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 21. RIGHT-CLICK FOR POSSIBILITIES

¡ When you’re not sure of

a word or how to spell it,
or when you see a red,
squiggly line, right-click
in Word, and it will show
you some words that are
similar to what you’ve typed,
with the correct spelling!

¡ OneLook and Google will also show a contextual

menu of options as you type in your query – don’t
ignore them! They may be just what you need!
 22. USE O NE L OOK’S SEARCH TOOLS

¡ You can find words with “wildcards”:

? stands for one single character 字元
* stands for any number of 若若⼲干letters/
characters
# stands for one consonant
@ stands for one vowel
Use expand:nasa for acronyms

¡ M ake sure you click on “Common words only”

to narrow down the choices
 FIND RELATED WORDS IN THE O NE L OOK
REVERSE DICTIONARY

¡ If you can’t hear a word clearly, and you’ve

never learned the word before, what can you do?
¡ Type in the letters
of the sounds you
hear, then *:
then the topic, e.g.

b*: farm
¡ First match:
the target word
barn
 O NE L OOK REVERSE DICTIONARY

Use OneLook Thesaurus/Reverse Dictionary filters:

¡ Synonyms
¡ Starts with
¡ Number of letters
¡ Also related to
¡ Rhymes with
¡ Sounds like
¡ Vowels like
¡ Number of syllables
¡ Phrases, e.g. **birds**
http://www.onelook.com/thesaurus/
OR USE A CONVENTIONAL THESAURUS

http://www.thesaurus.com/
 OR WORDNET

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
 23. TRY BOY/GIRL BABY NAME PAGES
FOR UNFAMILIAR PERSONAL NAMES

¡  Girls and Boys are listed

separately, usually
alphabetically
¡  On some sites you can do an
“Advanced Search,” where you
can input some of the letters
and the number of syllables
¡  Names will often have an
independent intonation,
with each name stressed,
and tonic accent on the
last stress:
CHARles RObert*DARwin

http://www.babycenter.com/baby-names
 24. LISTEN FOR REPETITION

¡ Repeated material gives

you a second or third
chance to hear the same
word(s) again

¡ However, because it is old

information, it will often
be pronounced very
quickly and less clearly the
second or third time
around. In this case, go
back to the first mention
to hear it more clearly.
http://www.nhsdesigns.com/images/principles/repetition_poster_example1.gif
 EXAMPLE OF REPETITION

¡ Example: In “Just Mercy”:

“…how we treat the rich,
the powerful, and the
privileged. We have to
judge our commitment to
justice, to the rule of law, to
human rights, by not
looking at how we treat the
rich, and the powerful, and
the privileged.”
On the second mention, “the privileged” is fast and
unclear; it sounds like [ˈprɪʐɪ] ([ʐ] sounds like 日)

https://soundcloud.com/criminalshow/episode-45-just-mercy
 25. USE PARALLELISM AND RHYME

¡  Parallelism can help you retrieve missing words, e.g.

Nobody's RICH, but some of us are really ? .

¡  Rhymes: Use OneLook or Rhymezone e.g.: It’s showing

signs of ? and tear. http://www.rhymezone.com/
 26. DROPPED “H-” IN PRONOUNS

The initial /h/ sound is often dropped in

unstressed non-initial pronouns, e.g.:

§ he = ’e e.g. “Here ’e is!”

§ him = ’im e.g. “Give it to ’im!”
§ his = ’is e.g. “There’s ’is sister!”
§ her = ’er e.g. “Look at ’er go!”

Also:
§ them = ’em e.g. “Tell ’em the answer!”
 27. LEARN COMMON
DIALECT EQUIVALENTS
¡  Learn and get used to some of the main features of
Southern and Black US English and other major dialects
¡  Examples:
“I”: General American [aɪ] = Southern/Black US English [a]
“pen”: GA [ɛn] = S/BE [ɪn]


https://mrupert.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/accents.jpg
 28. LOGIC, COHERENCE,
BACKGROUND
¡  Translate the story into Chinese in your head. Does everything
fit together and make sense? If anything is at all odd, follow
up on it – there may be a misunderstanding.

¡  Make sure you understand something of the background of

each story, for example, just how sensitive race relations are
in the US.

https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/37cb937a75ca9867bceb046172e56db5189f9576/0_0_5616_3370/master/5616.jpg?
w=620&q=55&auto=format&usm=12&fit=max&s=6ab7e38ace2e990763e9712e40f0cdb4
 COMBINE THESE TRICKS!

¡ You will often need to use

more than one of these tricks
in the same phrase!
 LAST TRICK:

When all else fails…

 29. GUESS!!!

http://guessthemovie-answers.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/guessthemovie-lrg-138.jpg
 30. YOU’RE NOT FINISHED YET!!

Make sure you PROOFREAD your

work CAREFULLY
while LISTENING to the whole audio
file ONCE MORE!
¡  Is everything spelled correctly?
¡  Is the grammar correct?
¡  Does it make sense?
¡  Is the passage COHERENT?
WHAT CLEVER TRICKS HAVE YOU
DISCOVERED?

Please share them with us!

http://mybrainllc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/share-ideas.jpg
 LINKS

!
Karen on Ivy League Analytical English
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師德 ar ticles on pronunciation and grammar:

http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/Karen/
Karen_Chung_publications.htm#CET

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Online Phonetics course:

http://ocw.aca.ntu.edu.tw/ntu-ocw/index.php/ocw/cou/101S102

Practice Dictations:
http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/phonetics/dictations.htm

Mini-conversations with Echo files:

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