EXPERIMENT-4

PURE BENDING OF THIN PLATE

NAME : K.P.S.KRISHNA VAMSEE

ROLL NO : 18AE10014
DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 07/10/2020
DATE OF SUBMISSION : 14/10/2020
AIM:
To determine the shear centre of the open sections.

APPARATUS:
 Thin Aluminium Plate
 Weights of 100 gm each
 4 Strain Gauges
 Strain Gauge meter
 Scale
 Vernier Calliper

THEORY:
Let us begin with the pure bending of a rectangular plate by moments that are
uniformly distributed along the sides of the plate as shown in the figure below.

Relevant Plate equations:

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝑢 = −𝑧 ; 𝑣 = −𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑤
𝜖𝑥 = = −𝑧 2 ; 𝜖𝑦 = = −𝑧 2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕2𝑤
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = + = −2𝑧
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
Strain-Stress equations:
1 1
𝜖𝑥 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈𝜎𝑦 ); 𝜖𝑦 = (𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈𝜎𝑥 )
𝐸 𝐸
2(1 + 𝜈 )
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥𝑦
𝐸

Using the above relations, we get,

𝐸𝑧 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝐸𝑧 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2𝑤
𝜎𝑥 = − ( + 𝜈 ) ; 𝜎𝑦 = − (𝜈 + )
1 − 𝜈 2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 1 − 𝜈2 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2

𝐸𝑧 𝜕 2 𝑤
𝜏𝑥𝑦 = − ( )
1 + 𝜈 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦
If 𝑀𝑥 , 𝑀𝑦 are the moments per unit length, then,

𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤

𝑀𝑥 = −𝐷 ( 2 + 𝜈 2 ) ; 𝑀𝑦 = −𝐷 (𝜈 2 + )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Where, D is the flexure rigidity, t is the thickness of the plate and 𝜈 is the Poisson’s
ratio,
𝐸𝑡 3
𝐷=
12(1 − 𝜈 2 )
Using the equations of Moments per unit length and stress,
𝐸𝑧𝑀𝑥 𝐸𝑧𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = 2
; 𝜎𝑦 =
(1 − 𝜈 )𝐷 (1 − 𝜈 2 )𝐷
Substituting the formula of D gives,
12𝑧𝑀𝑥 12𝑧𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = ; 𝜎𝑦 =
𝑡3 𝑡3
Maximum values of 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 occurs at 𝑧 = +𝑡/2,
6𝑀𝑥 6𝑀𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = ; 𝜎𝑦 =
𝑡2 𝑡2
The equilibrium of triangular plate ABC in a plane perpendicular to AC is,
𝑀𝑛 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝑥 𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + 𝑀𝑦 𝐵𝐶𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑀𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼

Similarly, parallel to AC is,

𝑀𝑡 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑀𝑥 𝐴𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝑀𝑦 𝐵𝐶𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

(𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑦 )
𝑀𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝛼
2
Let 𝑀𝑥 = 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑀 and 𝛼 = 450 ,

𝑀𝑡 = 𝑀; 𝑀𝑛 = 0
From the above figure,
𝑊 𝑊
= 2𝑀 , 𝑀 =
2 4
Substituting M in stress-momentum equations gives,
3𝑊 3𝑊
𝜎𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ; 𝜎𝑦,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2𝑡 2 2𝑡 2
PROCEDURE:
 Measure the length of the diagonals of the square plate using scale and the
thickness od square plate using vernier callipers.
 Support the plate as shown in the schematic diagram and apply vertical loads
of 100gm each at a time.
 Strain gauges have been connected along the two diagonals at the centre of
the square.
 Connect the strain gauges to Wheat stone bridge on bending mode.
 Measure bending strain at each applied load and measure the experimental
stress.
 Compare the theoretical stress and the experimental stress.
OBSERVATIONS:
 Length of the diagonal of square plate, l = 43 cm.
2.77+2.84+2.76
 Thickness of the plate, t = = 2.79 𝑚𝑚.
3
 Young’s Modulus, E = 67Gpa.
 Poisson’s ratio, ν = 0.334.
Observation tables:
Load(N) Loading Unloading Average
Channel1 Channel2 Channel 1 Channel2 Channel1 Channel2
0 1 11 10 36 5.5 23.5
0.981 5 18 13 38 9 28
1.962 9 23 16 42 12.5 32.5
2.943 12 28 20 44 16 36
3.924 16 33 23 47 19.5 40
4.905 20 38 25 50 22.5 44
5.886 23 42 28 53 25.5 47.5
6.867 27 46 29 54 28 48
7.848 30 50 31 53 30.5 51.5
8.829 33 54 33 53 33 53.5
9.81 36 57 36 57 36 57

CALCULATIONS:
Using the below equations for calculations of stresses using strains,
1 1
𝜖𝑥 = (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈𝜎𝑦 ); 𝜖𝑦 = (𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈𝜎𝑥 ); 𝜈 = 0.334
𝐸 𝐸
3𝑊 3𝑊
𝜎𝑥,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
; 𝜎𝑦,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
2𝑡 2𝑡
By calibrating the zero load values to zero,
Load(N) Strain(*10^-6) Theoretical Stress
(Pa)
X-direction Y-direction
0 0 0 0
0.981 3.5 4.5 189039.2
1.962 7 9 378078.4
2.943 10.5 12.5 567117.6
3.924 14 16.5 756156.8
4.905 17 20.5 945196
5.886 20 24 1134235
6.867 22.5 26.5 1323274
7.848 25 28 1512314
8.829 27.5 31 1701353
9.81 30.5 33.5 1890392
GRAPHS:

RESULTS:
 From the graphs above, the slope of each graph gives the experimental value
of Young’s Modulus.
 For X and Y directions,
𝐸1 = 41445 ∗ 106 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 41.445𝐺𝑃𝑎
𝐸2 = 37230 ∗ 106 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 37.23 𝐺𝑃𝑎
So, Average Observed value of Young’s Modulus is,
41.445 + 37.230
𝐸= = 39.3375 𝐺𝑃𝑎
2
 Theoretical Value of Young’s Modulus for Aluminium is 𝐸 = 69 𝐺𝑃𝑎.
 Error between Theoretical and observed values of Young’s Modulus is,
69 − 39.3375
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟(%) = ∗ 100 = 42.989%
69
DISCUSSION:
 There is an error that have crept in between theoretical and experimental
values.
 There may be an error while measuring the distances and thickness using
scale and vernier callipers.
 As we are not considering the weight of the hanger in which the weights are
placed, this can produce an error.
 There may be an error in the readings using strain gauges.