ELEMENT-1

Safety:-
Absence of danger

Accident:-
It can be defined as a unplanned event which results in loss of life or
injury or loss of property or damage to the property or everything.

Incident:-
It can be defined as an unplanned event which results in loss of
property, damage to the property.

Near Miss:-
It can be defined as an unplanned event which has the potential to
cause harm but nothing has happened , but requires to be investigated to parent
further recurrence.

Dangerous Occurrence (Do):-

It is an unplanned event , which has the potential to cause harm, that
requires to be reported to statutory authority.

Health:-
An act of well being is called health.

Welfare:-
The provision and access to basic facilities is called welfare.

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Reasons to Maintain Good Standards Of H & S
There are three basic requirements to maintain the standards of
health and safety.

i. Legal requirement:-
Section-2 of HASAVA 1994, MHSWR-1999 and other
regulations are to be compiled by the employer failure to compliance to
the act and regulation, may attract legal fine , penalty and prosecution.

ii. Moral Requirement:-

An Employer has a Duty of care to ensure moral
requirement. The Society has the right to demand a safer work place.
The employer has to manage Health and Safety. So far as is
reason practicable (SFARP). The employer has to investigate accidents,
incidents and near misses to ensure H & S morally.

iii. Economic Requirement:-

Any accident or incident may involve associated cost. The
employer has to avoid penalty cost and compensation claims. The cost
can be divided into four parts

 Direct Cost:-
Fine, compensate First aid, workers sickness pay,
overtime rehabitations are considered as direct cost.

 Indirect Cost:-

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 The investigation time compliance with enforcement,
recruits cost, cost of reputation, failure to meet the target and
damage to industrial relations are considered as indirect cost.
The ratio of direct cost to indirect cost is 1:4

 Insured Cost:-
Damage to the plant, Damage to building, Medical
Cost, Compensation paid will be concerned under insured
cost.

 Uninsured Cost:-
Production delay, loss of raw material, investigation
time, training new employees , loss of reputation , Court
Cost are uninsured Cost.

Role of Govt / BODIES

The Responsibilities of employers

According to HASAWA-1974 Sec-2& 3 employers has to employ
to the following:

 Duty of care.
 SFARP(So far as reasonably practicable)
 To provide I.I.T.S.
 To provide safe access and egress.
 To provide safe working policy.
 Consultation with employees.
 To ensure H.S of visitor, public and contractor.

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ILO C155
Employer has to provide safe work place, machine and safe process
without any risk to the health of workmen.

a) To take care of themselves.

b) To take care of their colleagues.
c) To report all near misses, incident and accidents.
d) Do not play or interfere with safety equipments.
e) To use the PPE that is provided.
f) Employees are bound by law to give reasonable care.

Identify the right of workers

To demand a safe work place.
To refuse any unsafe work.
Not to be disc rim.
Not to be dismissed for implements the right.
To be consulted on safety matter.
Not to be charged to implement health and safety.
The Chemical, Physical and biological hazards are
eliminated to ensure health and safety.
 The employer has to provide correct PPE to prevent
risk and to protect H & S

ILO-R164
 Employee has to provide correct working methods, which are
safe

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  He has to provide I.I.T.S.
 He has to provide safe system of work (SSOW).

The role of responsibilities of employees

According to section 7 and 8 of HASAWA 1974, The employees
are required to

 Require a person to give information.

 Inspect and copy books and documents.
 Requires facilities and assistance.
 Any other power.

Enforcement Option Available For the Inspector

 Verbal Warning.
 Written Warning.
 Improvement notice.
 Prohibition notice.
 Deferred prohibition notice.
 Fines, penalty and prosecution.

Identify the Powers of Inspectors

According to HASAWA 1974 Sec-20 following powers are given
to the inspector

a. Power of entry.
b. Take a constable.
c. Take any other person or any equipment.
d. Examination and investigation.
e. Instruct the premises to remain undisturbed.

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 f. Take measurements, photographs or recordings.
g. Take samples.
h. Dismantle of test dangerous articles or substances.
i. Take possession and detain items mentioned in (h)

ELEMENT OF HSMS
Explain the key elements of HSMS
According Hs (G) 65, the key elements of HSMS are given below

Policy

Organizing

Planning &

Audit and Review Implementation

Measures

Performance


Reviewing

Performance

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Policy:-
Policy is the clear statement of intent established the health and
safety as a committed target of management

Organizing:-
The roles of responsibilities of H & S are created in the
Organization.

Planning & Implementation:-

Detailed arrangements are to be made to identify the hazards,
risks and to implement SSOW

Measurement:-
Methods are given to monitor and to review the arrangement to
manage H & S.

Review:-
Gaps identified through review for corrective action.

Audit:-
This is a Systematic, critical examination of the system.

Identify the different signs? Safety signs are of 4 types

a. Mandatory:-

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 These are to be compiled with (e.g.) Ear protection. These are
given in blue color
b. Warning or caution signs:-
The yellow pictogram are used to caution to indicate a danger
(e.g.) X-ray, isotope, high voltage.

c. Prohibition:-
These are given in red color with a prohibition bar in a circle.
(e.g.) No Smoking.
d. Safe Signs:-
These are indicated in green color to identify that the area is
safe.
(e.g.) Exit signs

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 Element-2
Identify the purpose of statement of intent of policy
 The statement of intent of H & S policy demonstrator the
management’s commitment towards health & Safety.
 It set H & S goals, adjectives for the organization to improve the
company’s overall performance.
 Recognize the statement of intent should recognize the manages and
workers at all level within the company should comply with policy.

The statement of intent also sets the measurable targets for the
company.
The major targets of the statement of intent are

 Meeting legal objectives.

 Provide a safe workplace.
 Provide I.I.T.S to all employees.
 Identify and control risks and hazard.
 Provide effective communication.
 Setup a safety committee to consult with the employees.

Outline the circumstances under which the health and safety

is to be reviewed.
These are the following circumstance health and safety policy is to be
reviewed.

 Change in the legislation or introduction new legislation.

 Change in the technology.
 Modification of plant or process

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  Change in the senior management. (e.g.) C.E.O, President.
 Finding of audit.
 Findings of risk assessment (RA).
 Investigation of an accident.
 After consultation with employees.
 Change in the work activity.
 Following enforcement actions.
 Annual review.

The H & S policy is to be signed by senior most person,

why?
The H & S policy should be signed and dated by the senior most and
dated by the senior most person in the senior most person in the company such
C.E.O or C.M.D to authorize the policy and to indicate that the Senior
management is committed in ensuring the Health and Safety of employees.

What are the H & S targets that organization can set?

The below H & S targets can be set by the company.

 Reduction in accidents and accident rate.

 Reduction in the discharges to protect the environment.
 Increasing the safety inspection.
 Carry out risk assessment for all critical works
 Provision of training.
 Develop consultation with the employees.
 Zero prosecution.
 Reduced sickness absenteeism.
 Reporting of all near misses.

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Why it is important for an organization to set H & S targets?
i. Targets are useful as they allow the performance to be
measured.
ii. It provides tagiable goals to the staff.
iii. Targets help to drive the continual improvement.
iv. It gives evidence to show the management’s commitment
on H & S.
v. Targets motivate the employees.
vi. Targets offer evidence during review, audit and
monitoring.
vii. Targets help the employer to do his duty to protect the
employees, public, visitors and contractors.
viii. Targets enhance the reputation and production of the
company.

Outline the general content of policy

 General statement of intent.
 Organization.
 Arrangements.
I. General statement of intent:-
Refer Ans No.1.
II. Organization:-
Organization highlights the roles and responsibilities at all
levels within the company. It shows the accountability and responsibilities.

Following roles are defined:-

a. CEO/CMO:-
They are accountable of the Health and Safety of the
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 Company.
b. Management at all levels:-
They should ensure all appropriate safety measures are
in place. The roles of the management can be broken up in
hierarchy. (e.g.) Sr. Mgr, Dy. Mgr.
c. Competent person:-
They are competent to carry out one or more
specialized health and safety work.
(e.g.) First aides.
d. Safety officers:-
Responsible to providing advice to the management
to achieve the H & S targets.
e. Employees:-
Employees are required to comply with the H & S
policy at all times.
III. Arrangements:-
Following arrangements are to be in place.
 General arrangement:-
 Carry out risk assessment.
 Identify and provide H & S in formation, instruction &
training.
 Arrangements for reporting near misses, incidents and
accidents.
 Arrangements to develop SSW
 Arrangements to ensure welfare and first aid.
 Arrangement for communication of H & S.
 Arrangements for safety inspection, auditing & review.
 Specific arrangement:-
 Emergency procedures. Evaluation and first aid
arrangements.
 First drills and rescue arrangements.
 Specific arrangements for working at height, confined
space entry machine safety.

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  Arrangement for use of PPE
 Specific arrangement to provide details of certain
hazards (radiation).
 Specific arrangement to control exposure.
(e.g.) Noise.

Outline why it is important the entire person in the

organization should be aware of roles and responsibilities
for H & S
Refer Question No: 6 Organizations.

Identify the purpose of an organization H& S policy.

The key purposes of the H & S policy are

 To protect the H &S of all member of the company.

 To prevent work related injury, health, and diseases.
 To comply with relevant national or international H
&S rules.
 To ensure that workers are consulted to participate in
H & S.
 To set measurable target for the company.
 To define the roles and responsibilities for the
employees.
 To set the scope and actions required by all in the
company to manage H & S.

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 Element-3

HSMS Organizing
Joint occupation:
 Permit to work.
 Effective communication.
 Written procedure/ statement.
 Hazard information.
 Risk assessment.
 Exchange & information.
 Consultation.
 Spill control.
 Awareness.
 Drills
 Traffic management.
 Site inspection.
 Mutual inspection.
 Sharing the information on hazard/risk and control.
 Close out.

Identify the factors for assessing H & S competency of a

contractor
The following factors are to be assessed

 The H & S policy.

 The HSMS.
 The risk assessment () and hazard identification( Hasid).

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  Accident records.
 Monitoring arrangements.
 Recent claims and prosecutions.
 Suitability of method statement.
 Adequate resources.
 Access / igress.
 Traffic management.
 Legal documents.
 Competent workers.
 Legal register.
 References.
 Previous history.
 Past experience.
 Membership of a professional body.
 Adequate insurance.

Contractors are carrying out a major building project for a

compute outline how the company can be reduce the risks to
the contractors carrying out the project?
Following arrangements are required by the company or the client

 Check the competence of all the employees of the

contractors
 The clients have to take reasonable care on the
contractor.
 Check the risk assessment of the contractor.
 The client should define the cost to the contractor
including Health and Safety issues.
 All information regarding the nature of job, site
specific hazard, tasks and rules of the country/site to be
implemented at the documentation stage.

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  Pre commencement checks are required to ensure the
controls are in place.
 Ensure adequate communication facilities.
 Check the H & S policy of the contractor at regular
intervals.
 Check the LTI rate and promote.
 Safety committee meetings.
 The contractor’s performance is to be measured at
frequent intervals.
 The client safety representative should check on the
contractor and their work to confirm, that the contractor
is in compliance with client requirements.
 Ensure site controls like PTW, ERP, FA are in place.
 Client hare to consider eliminating the hazard and risk
during the design stage.

Identify the issues that are to be considered at a safety

committee meeting
The commitment of the management revealed by forming a safety
commitment. The following issues are to be considered in a safety committee
meeting.

i. Action point from previous meeting.

ii. Acceptance and signing of minutes meeting(MOM).
iii. Follow up on corrective actions.
iv. Discuss on the near misses incidence or accidence
and CTI.
v. Progress of the H & S policy, frequency rate(FR).
vi. Inspection and maintenance records to be checked
and any issues with respect to inspection and
maintained
vii. Review of safety documents.

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 viii. Review of safety plan, objectives and safety targets.
ix. Any other H & S issue from the safety committee
member.
x. Next meeting date, time and venue.

Outline the duties of directors and managers:

The active involvement of a director or a manager is important to
achieve the targets of H & S.

The health and safety execute of recommends the following

 Strong and active leadership of a director or manager.

 Strong and active commitment.
 Establishing effective downward communications.
 Integration of good HSMS.
 Taking active involvement in the work and
interacting with work on Health and Safety.
 Effective upward communication with the senior
management.
 Providing high quality training.
 Carry out annual review of H & S performance.
 Keep the H & S policy statement up to date.
 Ensure effective HSMS.
 Ensure regular audits are carried out.
 Engage the workers in the promotion and
achievement of H & S conditions.

Outline the duties of supervisors

Supervisors are responsible for the following duties.

a. They are responsible and accountable for their team’s

performance on Health & Safety.

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 b. Ensure all HSE procedures are implemented in the site.
c. Instruct the employees in relevant H & S rules and record
such instruction.
d. Enforce all PPE requirements are met.
e. Check the working condition to ensure that hazards are
identified and control.
f. Appraise the conditions of the site to the management on
H & S.
g. Record the site status with respect to policy and any other
factor they may affect the H & S policy.

Two organizations share the work site. Outline how they can
work together to help ensure the work place
The following factors are to be ensured by both the organization

Sharing the same workplace.

 Co-operate and co-ordinate their activities.

 Provide effective communication to each other.
 Exchange relevant information.
 Develop and implement all policies and procedures. To
manage the work in joint occupation.
 Consult with each other on the hazards and risks and the
ways to mitigate (control) them.
 Good mutual arrangements like (LOTO) lock out tag out on
sharing the same workplace.
 Discuss on fire, emergencies, spilt, threat, site rules, visitors
and traffic management
 Common site inspections.
 Sharing the risk assessments.
 Mutual drills.

Health and Safety culture

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There have been signification deteriorations in the H & S
culture of the organization
a. Give the meaning of H & S culture
b. Identify the factors that could have contributed to the
deteriorations of H & S culture.
 Health and safety culture is the produce of individual, group values,
attitude perception, competencies the commitment of management
 The following factors could have contributed for the deterioration of
Health and Safety culture.
i. Lack of leadership and commitment.
ii. No consultations employees are not encouraged to be
consulted on H & S matters.
iii. Company re-organization:
The company is frequently re-organized thus
there is no scope for improving H & S culture.
iv. Economic influence:
The company is facing a severe economic loss
which prevents in increasing H & S culture.
v. Poor culture.
vi. Blame culture.
vii. Low work morale.
viii. The deterioration in H & S culture can be indicated by
increasing accidents, high sickness absenteeism, and
high LTI rate.
ix. Low staff turnover and high increase on compliant on
health and safety.

Identify the ways by which the H & S culture of a company

can be improved.
The Health and Safety can be improved by the following reviews

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  Management review.
 Effective commitment and leadership to be shown.
(e.g.) frequent management HSE walkthrough.
 Appointing motivational programmers such as
incentives, award, reward etc on Health & Safety.
 Forming safety committee meetings consult with the
employees.
 Safety to be given equal priority.
 Implementation of legal compliance.
 Provision for training all employees on H & S.
 Provide effective communication.
 Investigate all incidents and accidents and
implement the control measures.
 Pay special attention on the behavior of workers to
improve H & S culture.

Identify the factor that influences the H & S culture of an

organization.
The factors influencing H &S, culture are

I. Leadership and commitment:-

The top management should have a strong leadership and
commitment in H & S culture.
(e.g.) Management’s participation in HSE walkthrough.
II. Effective communication:-
If the communication channels are ineffective, that will affect the H
& S culture.
(e.g.) The H & S policy is to be communicated to all.
III. Equal priority:-
H & S is to be given equal priority with production, operation,
maintenance etc.. The H & S should not be comparing
IV. Incident, accidents investigation:-

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 Finds of incidents and accident investigation based on proceed
behavioral and technical aspects to rectified to increase the level of H & S
Culture.
V. Consultation:-
Proactive involvement of work in decision making will result in the
positive H & S culture.

Communications
Identify four types of H & S information that could be
displayed on a notice board with in a workplace.
policy

evaluation plans& ERP

Assembly point

Emergency no’s

First aid accident statistics

 Safety policy.
 ERP and Evaluation.
 Emergency nos. (i.e.) Ambulance, safety officer, fire Bridge.
 Details of first aid.
 Accident statics (LTI).
 Minutes of safety commission meeting.
 Safety circulars and safety alert.
 Critical safety information.
 Site lay out.
 Assembly point notification.

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Identify how the effectiveness of notice boards as a method
of communication
H & S information can be increased.
The effectiveness of the notice boards relies on people ability to read,
understand and apply the information. The notice board communication should be

a) Eye catching.
b) Placed in the areas used by all work. (ex.) Rest room, changing
room.
c) The information should be current and relevant.
d) Should be displayed in multiple languages.
e) To be displayed in various graph forms to cover large number
employees.
f) Use different colors to attract attention.
g) Use reward scheme to motivate the employees to read the
notice boards.

Identify the reasons why verbal instruction may not be clear

in the workplace.
The following barriers can be the reasons for poor or unclear verbal
instructions.

 Background noise may interfere.

 Interference due to PPE.
 Distribution in the working environment.
 Lack of interest in the subject.
 Language barrier.
 Poor accent.
 Using faculty equipments, such as PA system or weak
signal on mobiles.
 Using technical jargons.

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  Complexity in the information.
 Sensory impairment.

Training
Outline how induction training programmers for new
workers can help to reduce the number of accidents.
Safety inductions are provided to new workers when they join the
comply. This provides the knowledge and information about the company to the
new work.

The critical safety information about the site is delivered to the

work. Since the new worker is not award about the hazard and risk in the site,
providing adequate information is essential.

Following are to be covered in the induction for new workers.

 Safety policy.
 Site rules and regulation.
 Site HSMS program.
 Site arrangements on HSMS.
 Information on hazardous substances.
 Attitude and behavior.
 PPE use and training.
 Hazard and RA.
 Smoking policy of the company.
 Information ERP & FA.
 Information on PTW.
 Information on reporting of near missus, incidents,
 Information on promoting safety culture.

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An organization needs to review provision on health and safety training for the
workers.

a) Identify factors that should be considering when

developing a program H & S training.
The following factors are to be considered when developing the
programmer.
 Hazard and risk associated in the work.
 Emergencies and ways to control emergencies.
 Legislation updates, correct rule to be followed with
respect the activity.
 Specific risk arising from the operations and control
measure mitigate such risk.
 Attitude and behavior of the employees and ways to
improve them.
b) Identify the measures that might be used assess the
effectiveness of H & S training.
 Using training evaluation form.
 Reduction in the accident & incident.
 Increase in safety awareness.
 Compliance to the legal requirement.
 Good staff morale.
 Test and interview to assess the effectiveness.

c) Identify checks that could be made to help assess

whether a person is competent.
 Interviewing the individual.
 Carry out a test and examination to assess the
competency.
 Check his documentations, such as qualification,
experience to assess the competency.
 Check his work onsite to evaluate competency.

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 d) Give reasons why it is important for an employer to
maintain a read of training.
 To confirm to the training place.
 Arrange for refresher training.
 It is a legal requirement.
 To meet the audit purposes.
 For civil claim purposes.
 To check who are trained not.

Identify the precautions to be taken to ensure the H & S of

visitors in workplace?
i. Ensure visitors are signing in the registers.
ii. Provide ID cards.
iii. Provide site HSE induction on fire precaution, site rule, ERP,
hazards etc.
iv. Provide proper PPE.
v. Escort the visitor, to the area of visit.
vi. Remain with the visitor and escort back to reception.
vii. Collect the ID card and ensure that the visitor had signed out.

Identify the factors relating to individuals who might

increase the risk to them while at work?
 Characteristics of individual affect workplace and may increase
the risks.
 The individual’s age, birth, sure family background,
geographical location culture and tradition,
educational qualification, physique etc may result in
individual’s performance.

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  The individual’s attitude, behavior perception,
motivation, training and competence level may vary
and may result in increasing the risk.
 Attitude:-
It is important since workers attitude will have an effect on the
behavior. Attitude can be improved by education, training, enforcement and
consultation.
 Perception :-
It is the way how a person may look at an issue using their sense.
Perception is affected by illness, stress, alcohol, fatigue, training and lack of
experience.
 Motivation :-
It is the drive which makes the person to initiate steps to achive the
goals.
 Competence:-
It is a combination of skill, attitude and knowledge. Employers are
required to recruit competent workers.

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 Element – 4
The meaning of the Risk:
Risk is a combination of likelihood of a hazard in combination
with the severity of the injury or damage or loss that can occur.

Risk = Likelihood * severity of the injury

The key stages of the Risk assessment:

i. Form a risk assessment team:
A risk assessment team involing member of various departments are
required to be formed
ii. Identify the hazard:
Identify all significant hazards in the workplace by a number of methods
including inspection, observations or by employing specialized persons.
iii. Identify who might be harmed and how:
Identify the people who can be affected by the activity or by the hazards.
This can include employee, public, visitors and contractors.
iv. Evaluate the Risk:
Evaluate the risk by analyzing the likelihood of hazard and severity.
v. Control:
Analyze the existing controls to calculate the risk rating. Further controls
are required to be provided to reduce the risk rating from unacceptable risk
or intolerable risk.
vi. Record the findings:
Significant findings can be recoded and precautions are can be recorded and
precautions are to be recorded to mitigate the risk.

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Recordings may include,

 Identification of activity
 Identification of hazards.
 Identification of likelihood and server.
 Identification of existing controls.
 Evaluation of risk rating.
 Additional controls to reduce risk rating.
 Review of risk assessment.
 Signature and the date of the assessor.

vii. Review:
RA should be reviewed under the following conditions:

 When the policy changes.

 When the process changes changes.
 When the technology or plant changes.
 When there is a change in the activity.
 After an accident.
 After a law change.
 After an enforcement action and after the findings of an audit.
 After the safety committee suggestions.

Explain the criteria which must be met for the assessment to be

suitable and sufficient:
i. It should be carried out by a computer person.
ii. It should meet the legal requirements.
iii. All risk rating is evaluated in terms of likelihood and severity.
iv. Source of information such as legislation, in house information such
as accidental records are assessed.
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 v. All hazards are identified.
vi. Communications means are to be checked.
vii. Awareness of individuals should be taken into account.
viii. The report writing skills of the assessor is to be considered.

Outline the factors that the employer should take into account,
When Selecting individuals to assist RA.
According ILO’s guidelines a risk assessment is to be carried out by an employer
in consultation with the employees. The employee selected to assist the assessor
should have necessary knowledge, training, experience, information, instruction
and expertise.

The individual assisting the assessor should be component to:

a) Identify the hazards:

Identify the activities that are likely to expose the workers and others to the
hazards such as maintenance, cleaning or emergency.
b) Gather the information on who might be harmed.
c) Estimate or evaluate the risks.
 The person assisting the assessor should suggest how the risks
can be evaluated or estimate.
d) Recording:
The person accompanying the assessor is to ensure that the information
recorded is up to date with respect to the companiesrules, policy, site
legislation etc. He can also suggest how the risk can be reduced to a
reasonable level.

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Identify the reasons why young workers could be at greater risk
of being injured:
There are several reasons why a young person might be more
vulnerable to risk in the workplace. This can include,

 Lack of knowledge.
 Lack of experience.
 Lack of training.
 Physical and perhaps mental inmaturity.
 Poor perception of risk.
 Peer pressure.
 Over enthusiastic.
 Over excited
 Adventurous.
 Less skill.

Outline the control measures that should be taken to minimize

risk to young workers.
 Carry out a risk arrangement for young workers.
 Restrict young workers from high risk activities.
 Minimize their working hours (No overtime).
 Avoid Night working as they may feel sleepy.
 Provide induction at regular intervals.
 Include them on intensive training program.
 Teach them on hazards and risk in the workplace.
 Provide Mentors to monitor and supervise them.
 Provide clear levels of communication.
 Conduct periodic health surveillance.

Give the meaning of HAZARD:

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 Hazard is something which has a potential to cause harm. Normally
a hazard results in hazardous event.

Ex: Working at height, trailing cable.

Outline four ways to identify the hazards in the workplace.

i. Safety inspection.
ii. Safety sampling.
iii. Safety survey.
iv. Safety committee meeting.
v. Safety tour.
vi. Accident, incident records.
vii. Absentism records.
viii. Ill-health records.

Outline the factors that are to be considered when making an

assessment of first-aid in the workplace.
Following factors are to be considered.

 General risk of first aid.

 Hazards of first aids.
 Specific hazards, Such as ‘X’ ray sharps, disposal of medical
waste,etc
 Medic & paramedic competency with respect to risk.
 Location of first aid.
 Accident incident history of first aid.
 Hazards of Anti-dote for drugs.
 Pharmaceutical information and risks.

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Outline eight possible H & S hazards relevant to the lone or
night shift workers.
i.Duration of shift and no. of days as night shift.
ii.Environment and weather conditions that may affect.
iii. Possibilities of communication breakdown.
iv. Lack of ERP including FA.
v. Possibility of violence.
vi. Psychological stress.
vii. Poor access and ingress.
viii. Tiredness due to lone work.
ix. Specific hazards from chemical Manual handling.

Identify the work activities that may present a particular

risk to pregnant 100m at work and give an example for the
type of work.
Manual handling.(e.g.) Carrying of stationery.
Exposure to chemicals. (e.g.) use of to net.
Exposure to radiation. (e.g.) ‘X’ ray.
Exposure to temperature. (e.g.) Hotel management.
Ergononmicissuses (e.g.) Work station.
Working for long hour (e.g.) Overtime.
Stress from the work.
Violence. (e.g.) lone workers.
Agricultural women working with pesticides or insecticides or
fertilizers or animal feed.
Contact with animals exposing to biological hazards.

Define the term hierarchy of control.

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 The term hierarchy of control is a series of control identified to reduce the risk. It
is aimed in the order of priority. It is a list of options in the order of importance,
effectiveness. Priority that is written down so that the most effective method of
control is considered.

List the general hierarchy of risk control.

The general hierarchy of risk control

a) Elimination of risk:
Elimination considers avoiding an activity that poses a risk.
b) Substitution or Reduction:
Sometimes the hazard cannot be eliminated but it can be substituted with
another substance of lower risk.
Ex.: lead (pb) paint can be substituted by water paint.
c) ISOLATION:
It means isolation or separating an equipment to reduce or to control the
exposure.
Ex: Noisy machine is isolated.
d) CONTROLS:
Controls are suggested by separation or segregation or partial enclosure by
means of engineering controls to reduce the risk. In some cases
administrative controls such as job are also recommended.
e) PPE:
PPE aims at serving as a barrier between the individual and hazard.
Ex: Helmet, gloves, shoes.
f) DISCIPLINE:
Discipline is provided to monitor the behavior and attitude of a worker in the
workplace.
Ex: No beverages’.

Give the meaning PTW:

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It is a formal documented safety procedure forming a part of SSOW. It ensures the
type of work, nature of hazards and precautions before starting a work.

Identify three types of work that may require PTW and give
a reason in each case:
i. Hot work (e.g.) Welding
ii. Electrical work (exposure to current and voltage).
iii. Confined space (Exposure to gases).
(e.g.) vessel cleaning.
iv. Excavation. ( Exposure to buried cable)
(e.g.)Electrical lines.

Identify two examples of confined that is found with in a

workplace:
 Storage tank
 Exchanger vessel (boiler, reach)
 Tunnel.

Describe the factors to be considered on SSOW in cleaning a

vessel on confined space entry:
a) Risk assessment.
b) PTW is to be drawn.
c) Isolation of vessel.
d) Draining of the vessel.
e) Ventilation of vessel.
f)Purging of vessel.
g) Gas testing.
h) Access / igress.

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 i)Supervision.
j)Standby.
k) Communication.
l)Emergency equipments.
m) PPE.
n) Lighting.

Define SSOW:
It is a formal procedure based on a systematic examination of work to
identify the hazards. It involves the combination of people, environment, mater and
equipment.

Outline the source of information when developing SSOW:

Refer element-2

Explain Why PPE is considered only after other controls (or)

Identify the limitation of PPE:
 PPE does not remove the hazard.
 PPE only protect the weaver.
 PPE may not provide adequate provider because of poor selection.
 PPE may be incompatible with other equipments of work.
 Employees may misuse or they may be reluctant to use PPE.
 PPE requires supervision.
 Regular training is required for some PPE. (e.g.) SCBA-Self
contained Breathing Apparatus.

 PPE can create additional risk. (e.g.) A warning sound can be

masked by car protection.
 Cost implication on purchasing PPE.
 Regular maintenance and replacement may be a limitation.
 PPE may bring another hazard such as impaired vision.

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 PPE may result in tiredness.
 PPE may affect the mobility and communication.

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 Element-5

Outline four active monitoring methods that may be used to

assess the H & S performance of a company.
(Or)

An organization should their H & S performance.

 Identify 4 active monitoring methods.
 Identify 4 reactive monitoring methods.
a) Four active monitoring methods:

Active monitoring methods are meant to check the standards

on the workplace is safe from risk before an incident occurs various methods
are

Safety inspections:
These are aimed at identified the unsafe act and unsafe conditions, in
the workplace. This can be either a general safety inspection or a
statutory safety inspection or a periodic inspection or a pre-use check
inspection.

Safety Sampling:
A particular unit like a vessel is sampled by a team of professionals to
identify the hazards and control measures.

Safety tour:
This involves a tour of team of employer and employee
around the plant or premises to identify or to consult the employees
to know the hazards and other risk that may affect the operations.

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Safety survey:
A particular topic is chosen to study and to understand the
hazards. (e.g.) Heat stress in the workplace.

Safety audit:

b) Four reactive monitoring methods:

Reactive methods are indication that an accident6 an incident

occurred. It
requires complete investigation to provide information on immediate and
root causes.
Four reactive methods are
 Near miss
 Accident
 Incident
 Dangerous occurrence

Outline the key features of

 H &S inspection
 H &S Audit
a) H & S inspection:
The term safety inspection means a regular scheduled activity
which compares the site with accepted standards.
This is aimed at identified at identifying the hazards, to
comply with legal
Requirement, to provide controls etc. This also aims at frequency of
inspection, checking on legal updates, checking the site and checking the
records.
b) H & S Audit:

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 An audit can be defined as per HSG (65) as “An audit is a
structure process of collecting independent information on the efficiency,
effectiveness of total HSMS and to draw plans for corrective actions”.
The safety audit aims at evaluation of HSMS and its compliance
against the H& S standards. Audit normally provides the gaps, observations
and corrective actions.

Identify the written documents that are likely to be

examined, during an audit process.
 HSE policy.
 Risk assessment.
 SSOW.
 Procedures. (HSMS)
 Training records.
 Safety inspection reports.
 Accident investigation reports.
 Dangerous Occurrence.
 Statistical trend analysis.
 Maintenance and testing records.
 Calibration records.
 Medical records.
 Fire fighting equipments.
 MSDS.
 Onsite plans.
 Mock drills.
 Effluent discharges.
 Sickness absenteeism records.
 Waste disposal records.
 House keeping records.
 Minutes of meeting.
 Safety committee records.
 Start up and shut down procedures.
 Statutory compliance.
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  Enforcement records.
 Transportation of Hazardous records.
 Manual handling records.
 First aid records.
 Previous audit reports. (corrective action)
 Mutual aid agreement.

Explain how the findings of an audit may be used to improve

the H & S performance:
After an audit is over a detailed report will be submitted with correcting
actions. These may be classified as:

a) Major non confirmance:

This is a breach which requires an action, they may result in the
failure of HSMS may result in incident or injury. In ISO terms a major NC is
enough refuse certification.
b) Minor non-confirmance:
This is minor issue. Which is less serious and is unlikely to result in
injury? In ISO a minor NC requires a corrective action.
c) Observation:
This is the opinion of the auditor which indicates a gap. Normally this
helps in improvement.
The above audit findings are normally presented to the senior
management for corrections.

Why accidents are to be investigated:

Accidents are to be investigated for the following reasons,

a) To prevent recurrence.
b) It is a legal requirement.
c) It is a moral.

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 d) To identify the cost of the accident.
e) To identify the immediate and root causes of the accident.
f) It is a requirement by the insurance bodies.
g) For civil clean purpose.
h) To collect evidences.
i) To improve the reputation of the company.
j) To improve staff morale.
k) To review the policy.
l) To review the accident statistics.

Outline the information that should be included in the

investigation report:
 Date, time, location of accident.
 Name, age, destination of the casualty.
 Type of injury.
 Activity that was done by the vice.
 Description of the accident.
 Witness statement.
 Type of treatment given.
 Documents checked.
 Attachment (or) diagrams, photographs, stretches.
 Immediate and root causes.
 Corrective actions required.
 Action plan.
 Sign and date of the investigator.

Outline four possible immediate causes after an accident:

 Human error.
 Failure to comply with the procedures.
 Incompetent worker.
 Environment consideration. (e.g.: poor lighting)
 Mechanical failure.

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Outline four possible or underlying or root causes:
a. Lack of training.
b. Lack of commitment.
c. Lack of supervision.
d. Absence of site rules.
e. Absence of procedures.
f. Failure to segregate.
g. Negligence of the management.
h. Lack of maintenance.

Outline why an organization should have of reporting

accidents internally:
They are no. of reasons for a organization to report accidents internally.

This may include:

 To prevent recurrence.
 To get the civil claim.
 To increase the safety awareness.
 To identify gaps in the SMS.
 It is a legal requirement.
 To change the accident statistics.
 To reduce cost.

Identify the reasons, why might not reports accidents at

work?
 Unclear organization policy on reporting accidents.
 There is no reporting system in the company.
 Th4e H & S culture is weak.

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  Fear among the employees.
 Too much paper work on reporting.
 It is a time consuming process.
 Blame culture.
 Fear of punishment.
 It may affect the LTI rate and may be losses on incentives or awards.
 No actions were taken on previous reporting.

Outline the actions to be taken following a major accident in

the workplace:
After an accident is reported, the following actions are to be taken,

a) Immediate actions:
 Provide first aid if you are a trained first aided.
 Move the casualty for treatment.
 Secure the scene of accident for collecting evidence.
 Notify the next of kin of the casualty.
 Call for professional help.
b) Long term actions:
 Identify the witness.
 Form an accident investigation team.
 Start accident investigation.
 Review the document
 Collect the witness statement.
 Review the RA
 Identify the immediate and root causes.
 Provide a detailed report with corrective actions.
 Provide an action plan.
 Follow up to ensure, that the control measures are implemented.

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Give two strength and two weakness of using checklist for
inspection:
 Strength
 All points are covered.
 It is written record of inspection findings.
 Weakness
 The inspector only deals with the points on the checklist.
 The inspector may ignore may ignore other issues in the workplace.

Outline the factors that would determine the frequency of H

& S inspection:
The possible reasons are,

i. The negligence in the implementation of the control measures.

ii. The Safety inspection was done by incompetent staff.
iii. The cost in complementing the recommend actions was very high.
iv. The report prepared and submitted was unclear.
v. Safety was not given equal priority.
vi. Assumptions that nothing would occur.
vii. Insufficient arrangements.
viii. Inadequate training.
ix. Management review had not taken place.
x. Communication was not effective.
xi. Policy implementation is very weak.
xii. Positive safety culture is not maintained.
xiii. Poor commitment and leadership.
xiv. Legal requirement.
xv. Depends on the activity.
xvi. Level of training and competency.
xvii. Installation of new equipment may require more inspections.
xviii. Level of risk.

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 xix. Using young workers.
xx. Findings from previous inspections.
xxi. Accidents and incidents.
xxii. Safety committee concern.
xxiii. Manufacture requirement.

A serious accident has occurred in company. During the investigation it

has found that a safety inspection of a site had taken place before the
accident.
Outline the possible reasons which the inspection did not lead to
an unsafe situation being corrected.

The no. of absences due to WRULD is increasing. Identify

the possible sources of information that should be used
during investigation to find the increase in the absence:
 Level of training.
 Equipment design.
 How the equipment is being used.
 Operating procedures given or not.
 Workers competency.
 Risk assessment was done or not.
 Proper ergonomics.
 Pre use check.
 Admin control like job rotation.
 Information, Instruction and supervision.

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Audit, Measurement & Review:

Measurement

Proactive Reactive

Give two purpose of first aid:

 To preserve life.
 To promote recovery.
 To prevent deterioration.

Identify 4 types of emergency an organization may require

an ERP:
 Fire.
 Explosion.
 Chemical spills.
 Toxic gas release.
 Bomb threat.
 Outbreak of disease.
 Natural cost

After identifying these incidents the organization should make arrangements to

combat the emergency.

Procedures to be made available in the event of an emergency.

Provision of suitable equipment is to be made available to contain an emergency.

Responsible staffs are to be trained and made available to fight the emergency.
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Drills, exercise, information and training are to be provided.

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