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Week 5 Lesson 8 Standard Form Categorical Proposition PDF

This lesson discusses the standard form of categorical propositions. It explains that categorical propositions can be classified into four standard forms based on their quantity (universal or particular) and quality (affirmative or negative). These standard forms are: A propositions (universal affirmative), E propositions (universal negative), I propositions (particular affirmative), and O propositions (particular negative). The lesson provides examples of categorical propositions in standard form and identifies the elements that compose each proposition: the quantifier, subject, copula, and predicate. Students are asked to practice classifying new categorical propositions according to their standard form.

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262 views3 pages

Week 5 Lesson 8 Standard Form Categorical Proposition PDF

This lesson discusses the standard form of categorical propositions. It explains that categorical propositions can be classified into four standard forms based on their quantity (universal or particular) and quality (affirmative or negative). These standard forms are: A propositions (universal affirmative), E propositions (universal negative), I propositions (particular affirmative), and O propositions (particular negative). The lesson provides examples of categorical propositions in standard form and identifies the elements that compose each proposition: the quantifier, subject, copula, and predicate. Students are asked to practice classifying new categorical propositions according to their standard form.

Uploaded by

Jared Cuento Transfiguracion
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Week

5 Lesson 8 - Standard Form of Categorical Proposition


(Module 3 Evaluation of Proposition)

1. Lesson 6 - Judgment, Proposition and Sentence
2. Lesson 7 – Understanding Categorical Proposition
3. Lesson 8 - Standard Form of Categorical Proposition
4. Lesson 9 - Reduction to Logical Structure
5. Lesson 10 - Distribution of Terms

Lesson Overview and Objectives:

In this lesson, we will see how the Logicians from ages past, structured categorical
propositions in order to classify them in a manner that would facilitate systematic and
organized way to evaluate arguments. Upon completion of this lesson you will be able to:

1. Know the standard form of categorical proposition.
2. Name each of the standard form of categorical proposition.
3. Identify the elements composing categorical proposition.

Study Guide: Read, understand and interact with the lesson by answering the questions and
doing the activities on the handout.

STANDARD FORM OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITION

Let’s look at the examples from the previous lesson to help us see the emerging patterns that
show us the standard form of each proposition.

ALL DOGS ARE MAMMALS - UNIVERSAL AFFIRMATIVE
NO ATHLETES ARE WEAK - UNIVERSAL NEGATIVE
SOME FILIPINOS ARE PATRIOTS - PARTICULAR AFFIRMATIVE
SOME STUDENTS ARE NOT ENROLLED - PARTICULAR NEGATIVE

Looking at the succession of these examples above, you will notice that an alternating,
systematic pattern has emerged. Two universal statements, one, affirmative and one,
negative. Then, we have two particular statements, one affirmative and the other, negative.
These are the four standard forms of categorical proposition based on the quantity and
quality of each statement.

To further understand the basis of this standard forms, we also need to learn the basic
elements that compose each proposition. As you will look closely at the example propositions
above, all of them share common structure, composed of the following elements:

ALL DOGS ARE MAMMALS, is composed of the quantifier “ALL”, followed by the SUBJECT
TERM “Dog”, then the COPULA, which is the linking verb “are” and lastly, the PREDICATE
TERM, “Mammals”.
These are the four elements that compose the logical structure of categorical proposition.

Quantifier (All, No, Some) – designate the extension/range of the subject term.

Subject – what the proposition is about or designates the idea about which the
pronouncement is made.

Copula – is the linking verb “are” or “are not” expressing the agreement or disagreement of
subject and predicate.

Predicate – designates the idea that is affirmed or denied of the subject.

Notice that the rest of the example propositions above, share the same structure, composed of
the following elements: Quantifier, Subject (S), Copula ( linking verbs; are / are not) and
Predicate (P). If you write each of the 4 example propositions above, using their logical
structure or just the bare elements/skeleton, they will look like as follows:

All S are P

No S are P

Some S are P

Some S are not P

For easier identification, Logicians have devised a way to designate letters to identify these
four standard forms of categorical propositions. They named the 4 categorical propositions as
follows:

All S are P, is called A Proposition.

No S are P, is called E Proposition.

Some S are P, is called I Proposition.

Some S are not P, is called O Proposition.

You might be wondering where these letter-names “A”, “E”, “I”, “O” came from?
The letters “A” and “I” that represent the affirmative propositions are from the first two
vowels of the Latin word “AFFIRMO”, meaning “I affirm”. While the letters “E” and “O” that
represent the negative propositions are from the vowels in the Latin word “NEGO”, meaning
“I deny”.

Manebog, J. D. (2013). Logic A Foundation of Critical Thinking. Mutya Publishing House, Inc
With this knowledge of the standard form of the categorical proposition, you know have the
foundation you need to evaluate whether an argument is valid or invalid. But you need to
further familiarize and get this principle down in your mind which is the purpose of the
exercises below.

Exercise: Based on what you just learned from this lesson, create a table or chart, with rows
and columns, showing the Standard Forms of Categorical Proposition.

Use the following designations as headings for your columns, starting from left to right:
Name of Proposition, Logical Structure, Quantity, Quality. Follow the order of propositions as
shown in all our examples above. This will help you remember the standard form and will
help you to classify categorical propositions.

After creating the table, practice classifying the categorical propositions below, according to
their quantity and quality, like what you have done in the previous lesson.

1. No smokers are healthy
2. Some applicants are accepted
3. All architects are mathematicians
4. Some applicants are not accepted
5. No vegetarians are meat-eaters
6. Some politicians are not corrupt
7. Some businesses are bankrupt



















Prepared by: M. T. Sunga
Oct. 15, 2020

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