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Surveying - Lab Report 3

The document describes procedures for measuring distances over uneven and sloping ground using a steel tape measure. It involves one person holding each end of the tape horizontally while using plumb bobs to determine vertical references. For steep slopes, only part of the tape can be used at a time. The document provides details on measuring uphill and downhill, and calculates the precision of measurements taken along two lines to be within acceptable limits. It concludes that measuring horizontal distances over uneven ground requires aligning the tape and plumb bob carefully to minimize errors from factors like tape properties, weather conditions, and applied forces.

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862 views12 pages

Surveying - Lab Report 3

The document describes procedures for measuring distances over uneven and sloping ground using a steel tape measure. It involves one person holding each end of the tape horizontally while using plumb bobs to determine vertical references. For steep slopes, only part of the tape can be used at a time. The document provides details on measuring uphill and downhill, and calculates the precision of measurements taken along two lines to be within acceptable limits. It concludes that measuring horizontal distances over uneven ground requires aligning the tape and plumb bob carefully to minimize errors from factors like tape properties, weather conditions, and applied forces.

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Jhett
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COLEGIO DE MUNTINLUPA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SURVEYING LABORATORY
PROFESSOR: ENGR. IDA P. PANDAWE
EXERCISE NO. 3

TAPING OVER UNEVEN OR SLOPING GROUND


TITLE

NAME : CRIS JESTER H. DAVID DATE PERFORMED : 10/06/2020


SECTION : BSCE - 3 DATE SUBMITTED : 10/07/2020

I) INTRODUCTION
For sloping ground or uneven ground, taping is handled similarly to taping over level
ground. The tape is held horizontally but one or both tape men have to use plumb bobs.
Sometimes, large elevation difference makes it impossible to use an entire tape. For some
situations, only part of the tape is in such used. The head tape man holds the zero-end and
the rear tape man holds a convenient distance which will allow the selected length of tape to
be horizontal. Another procedure for measuring up or down a slope is called the "breaking
tape” method. The rear tape man holds the 30-m end of the tape over a point while the
head tape man proceeds forward until it becomes impossible to keep the tape horizontal,
e.g., at the 25-m mark. The rear tape man then moves up to the head tape man and holds
the tape at the 25-m mark over the new point while the head tape man proceeds until the 0-
mark of the chain are reached at which point the whole process is repeated. Each 30-meter
length of tape must be recorded individually.
II) OBJECTIVES
1) To determine the horizontal length of a line over uneven and sloping ground with the
tape supported throughout the length.

III) INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES


o 5m Steel Tape Measure

- Used for measuring distances.

o Masking Tape

- Used for marking a certain point from the ground.

o Plumb Bob

- Used for finding vertical reference line.


IV) PROCEDURE
1) Measuring Uphill
A) On a designated uneven and sloping terrain, mark the ends of a line (about 90m
long) to be measured. Designate the bottom of the slope as point A and the upper
portion of the slope as point B. Range poles are held or set behind each point to
serve as markers or are set at intermediate points along the line to ensure better
alignment during the taping.
B) Head tape man unreels and spreads out the tape and pulls the zero-mark uphill along
the line from point A. The rear tape man raises the terminal end of the tape breast-
high while the head tape man moves uphill until the ground surface is as high as the
raised end of the tape at point A. The head tape man pulls the tape until it is
approximately level with the head tape man.
C) The rear tape man temporarily releases end of the tape and signals head tape man to
either move to the right or the left to align him. When the tape of the head tape man
is in line with the range pole held over point B, the head tape man is signaled to hold
his position.
D) The rear tape man plumbs the terminal mark of the tape with a plumb bob and
maintains this plumb bob steadily over A while head tape man pulls the tape taut. The
head tape man is then signaled to make a mark on the ground to the nearest full
meter or footmark of the tape.
E) The rear tape man leaves his end of the tape, moves up the slope and gets hold of
the tape at the point previously held by the head tape man. The next measurement is
made horizontally from the mark on the ground made by the head tape man as done
at point A.
F) The process is repeated until the whole tape length is used up thus finishing the
measurement of one tape length of horizontal distance.
G) From the end of one tape length measurement, the horizontal measurement is
continued until point B is reached. The last partial tape length is measured with the
rear tape man holding the tape until he has a full meter (or foot) mark at his end while
the head tape man pulls the tape taut and takes note of the factional measurement.
Then the number of tape lengths and the last partial measurement are totaled to
determine the horizontal length of the line measured.
2) Measuring Downhill
A) In measuring down the slope, the tape is reversed to bring its zero-end forward in the
direction of point A along the line. Horizontal measurements start from B with the rear
tape man holding the terminal meter (or foot) mark of tape in level with B.
B) After the plumb bob of the head tape man has been aligned with the range pole held
at A, the head tape man leaves a marking on the ground.
C) The next horizontal measurement starts from the first marking until one whole tape
length is measured. As in measuring up the slope, the number of tape lengths plus
the partial tape length at the end of the line determines the total horizontal length of
the line.
V) DATA, TABLES AND COMPUTATIONS
Figure 1: Cross-Sectional View of Line AB

Figure 1 shows the cross-sectional view of line AB. It includes the length of the line AB
which is 4.98m, and the length of each point with respect to its elevation.
Figure 2: Cross-Sectional View of Line BA

Figure 2 shows the cross-sectional view of line BA. It includes the length of the line BA
which is 4.95m, and the length of each point with respect to its elevation.
Table 1: Determining the Relative Precision of the Measurements

RELATIVE
DIFFERENCE MEAN
TRIAL LINE LENGTH PRECISION
(ΔL) (x̅)
(PR)
1 AB 4.98 m
0.03 m 4.965 m 0.006
2 BA 4.95 m

Table 1 shows the data gathered while performing procedures 1(A to F) & 2(A to C).
Two (2) trials of series taping were conducted between two (2) points, point A and point B.
The difference was determined by getting the difference between the two (2) measurements,
line AB and line BA. The mean was determined by getting the sum of the two measurements
and dividing it by the number of trials. The Relative Precision was determined by dividing the
difference between the two measurements by their mean.
Computations:
A) Change in Length Computation:
∆L = L2 - L1 ∆L = 4.95 m - 4.98 m ∆L=|- 0.03 m|

∆L = 0.03 m

B) Mean Computation:

x́ =
∑L x́ =
4.98 m + 4.96 m
x́ = 4.965 m
n 2

C) Relative Precision Computation:


∆L 0.03 m 2
PR = PR = PR = or 0.006 P R ≥ 0.001 0.006 > 0.001
x́ 4.965 m 331

∴ Acceptable precision is attained.


VI) CONCLUSION
For long measurements in a sloping ground, the tape might sag if the tape was not
stretched in order to make it straight. There will be also correction when it is pulled off
because the force applied on the tape will only make the tape stretch. The errors cannot
be avoided when using the tape on uneven grounds. The plumb bob is of a very useful
tool in determining the true horizontal distance. On an uneven ground, errors can be
made when the tape was not aligned perfectly in a horizontal direction and also if the
plumb bob was not aligned perfectly in vertical direction, other sources of errors can be
made on the properties of the tape. Since the steel tape is the instrument used, it
depends on the weather, surroundings, force applied on the tape and others the
correction of the tape. It can expand and also compress. Errors can be reduced by taking
several measurement trials of it. By making several trials, the mean distance of the course
can be determined that can lessen the source of error. This field work can be applied in
measuring a distance weather it is even or uneven ground, the method of using the tape
can be applied on any terrain such as rocky areas, sloped grounds and etc.
VII) RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended to have patience in this fieldwork because it has a lot be done
especially in measuring the horizontal distance. Unlike measuring horizontal distance in a
leveled ground, measuring horizontal in a sloping ground is a more complex method
because it requires the taping to be completely parallel to the ground and perpendicular to
the vertical reference created by the plumb bob. Wind should also be observed in placing
the plumb bob, because strong winds might cause swinging or displacement in to it, and
make sure to suspend it correctly.
APPENDIX A: DOCUMENTATION

Figure 1: Marking Points

Figure 2: Marking Vertical Reference Line

Figure 3: Measuring a Horizontal Distance

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