LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS

“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

Topic 5: Biology

 INTRODUCTION
Definition
 Biology-is the natural science that deals with the studies of life and living
organism, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular
interactions, physiological mechanism, development and evolution.
Branches of Biology
1. Botany- is the study of plants
2. Zoology- is the study of animals
3. Taxonomy- is the study of classification or naming of plants and animals
4. Anatomy- is the study of animal form, particularly Human body
5. Astrobiology- it concerned with the effects of outer space on living organisms and
the search for extraterrestrial life.
6. Biochemistry- is the study of the structure and function of cellular components, such
as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.
7. Cell biology- is the study of cells at the microscopic or molecular level.
8. Cryobiology- is the study of effects of low temperatures on living organisms
9. Ecology- the scientific study of the relationship between plants, animals, and their
environment.
10. Evolutionary Biology- it concerned with the origin and descent of species as well as
their change over time. Also known as “evolution”
11. Genetics- a science that deals with heredity, especially the mechanism of hereditary
transmission and variation.
12. Immunobiology- a study of the structure and function of immune system.
13. Marine Biology- the study of ocean plants and animals and their ecological
relationships.
14. Medicine- the science which relates to the prevention, cure, alleviation of disease
15. Mycology- is the study of fungi
16. Neurobiology- it deals with the anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous
system.
17. Paleontology- is the study of the forms of life existing in the prehistoric era.
18. Virology- is the study of viruses
19. Entomology- is the study of insects
20. Ichthyology- is the study of fishes
21. Herpetology- is the study of reptiles and amphibians
22. Ornithology- is the study birds
23. Mammalogy- is the study of mammals
24. Primatology- is the science that deals with the primates
25. Histology – is the study of tissues
26. etc

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

 CELL BIOLOGY
Cells
-is the basic unit of life. Some books defined it as the building blocks of life.
-it is possible to see a cells using a microscope.
Additional Ideas:
Microscope- is a device used for
producing a much larger view of
very small objects so that they
can be seen clearly.

Additional Ideas:
Human body is composed of
trillion of cells.

Parts of Cells
1. Cell membrane – it separates the material outside the cell (extracellular) from the
inside cell (intracellular)
2. Nucleus and Nucleolus – it is the control center of the cell. It contains
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is a dense region of Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and is
the site of ribosome formations.
3. Cytoplasm – it is a gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical
reactions. All of the functions of the cells, growth, and replication are carried out in
the cytoplasm of a cell.
4. Cytoplasmic Organelles – are “little organs” that are suspended from in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
 Mitochondrion – any various round or long cellular organelles of most
eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through
respirations, and are rich in fats, proteins and enzymes.
 Ribosomes – a structure found inside the cells that is involve in making proteins
help link amino acids together to form proteins.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum – a network of sac-like structure and tubes in
cytoplasm. It makes other substances such as lipids (fats) and carbohydrates
(sugars).
 Golgi apparatus – a stack of small flats sacs formed by membranes inside the
cell’s cytoplasm. It prepares protein and lipids for use in other places inside and
outside the cell.
 Lysosomes – a sac-like compartment inside the cell that has enzymes that can
breakdown cellular components that need to be destroyed.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

 GENETICS
Definition
-is the study of heredity. Heredity is a biological process whereby a parent passes certain
genes onto their children or offspring.
Genes in the Cell
Genetic Information is lies within the cell nucleus of each living cell in the body.
Chromosomes
-it is where the genes lies. Human have 23 pairs of these small thread-like structure in the
nucleus of the cell.

23 or half of the total 46 comes from the mother. Another 23 or other half of the total 46
comes from the father

-it is made up of chemical substance called DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).

Chromosomes is a very long-thin of strands of DNA.
Male and Female
Women have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes plus two copies of X chromosome)
Men have 46 chromosomes (44 autosomes plus X and Y chromosome)

XX- female / XY- male

Gene and Genetics

Each gene is a piece of genetic information. All the DNA in the cell makes up for
the human genome. There are about 20,000 genes located on one of the 23 chromosome
pairs found in the nucleus.

DNA
-it is a chemical name for the molecule that carries genetic instructions in all living
things.
-it consist of two strands that wind around one another to form a shape known as double
helix.
-each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate
groups.
- It has four bases namely;
1. Adenine
2. Cytosine
3. Guanine
4. Thymine

Additional Ideas:
Gregor Johann Mendel is the
first one to study heredity using
Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS
only a peas.
 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

 MACROMOLECULES
Biological Macromolecules

-it is built from different combinations of smaller organic molecules (monomers)

Synthesis of Macromolecules
-there are four major classes of biological macromolecules
1. Carbohydrates - it is an essential part of our diet (source: grains, fruits, and
vegetables). It provides energy to the body particularly through glucose.
2. Lipids – it includes diverse group of compound that are largely nonpolar in nature. It is
insoluble in water and it stores energy in the cell for long term use in the form of fats.
3. Proteins – it is the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the
most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. It is serve in transport, storage, or
membranes or they may be toxins or enzymes.
4. Nucleic Acids – are the most important macromolecules for continuity of life. They
carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.

 VIRUSES
Definition
-are microscopic parasites, generally much smaller than bacteria. They lack capacity to
thrive and reproduce outside of a host body. The name is from Latin word meaning
“slimy liquid” or “poison”.
-it is made up of a core of genetic material either DNA or RNA surrounded by a
protective capsid which is made up of protein.
Viral Infection
-it is a proliferation of harmful virus inside the body. Viruses infect the host by
introducing their genetic material into the cells and hijacking the cell’s internal
machinery to make more virus particles.
Characteristics of Viruses
1. They have no cells (only protein coatings surrounding genetic material)
2. They don’t reproduce by themselves; they need host cells
3. They make copies of themselves to regenerate
4. They acquire energy (from their host)
Time Intervals of Viral Inspections
Viral inspections intervals or contagious depends upon the virus to be transmitted
from one person to another.

Additional Ideas:
Not all viruses are contagious

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

Classification of Viruses
As of 2019, according to International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
(ICTV)
4 – Realms
9 – Kingdoms
16 – Phyla
2 – Subphyla
36 – Classes
55 – Orders
8 – Suborders
168 – Families
103 – Subfamilies
1,421 – Genera
68 – Subgenera
6,589 – Species of Viruses
 EVOLUTIONS
Definition
-it is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on
the process of natural selection.
-it is based on the idea that all species are related and gradually change over time.
Natural Selection
-proposed by Charles Darwin published in his book entitled “The Origin of the Species
by Means of Natural Selections” and the “Descent of Man”
-it states that evolution happens by natural selection, this theory is also known as the
“Survival of the Fittest”

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

Evolution of Man
-is the process by which human beings developed on earth from now-extinct primates.
-Humans are called Homo sapiens (a culture-bearing upright-walking species that lives
on the ground and first likely involved in Africa about 315,000 years ago)
-other members of the hominins are the following;
1. Ardipithecus
2. Australopithecus
3. Dryopithecus

 BOTANY
Definition
-is the scientific study of plant life, including the life of some things such as fungus.
History of Botany
 Theophratus, a Greek philosopher lived roughly 2300 years ago is called by
many as the father of botanical science. His contributions was the writings on
plant classification, patterns of growth, and practical applications of plants.
 In 600 B.C.E, Greek physician Dioscorides wrote a general medical manual,
called De Materia Medica which becomes the medical guidebook for over 1500
years.
 The invention of the compound microscope by Robert Hooke in 1665 marked
the advancement of scientific knowledge in the field of Botany.
 Gregor Mendel studied the genetic inheritance in plants through his experiment
of pea plants.
Branches of Botany
1. Plant Pathology – it is the study of organisms and environmental conditions that
are responsible for causing disease to plants.
2. Plant Ecology – it studies the distribution of plants and how the environmental
factors affects plants and the interaction between the plants and other organisms.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

3. Paleobotany – it is a branch of botany that deals with the recovery and

identification of plant fossils, thereby studying the evolutionary history of plants.
4. Archeobotany – it is a branch of botany in which it deals on how plants are used
by people in the past.
5. Forensic Botany – it deals with the use of plants and parts of plants such as
pollens, seeds, leaves, etc. to investigate criminal or non-criminal cases.
Importance of Botany
1. Influence the fields of science, medicine, and cosmetics
2. Key to the development of biofuel and biomass
3. Important in the economic productivity
4. It is important for environment protection
Plant Kingdom

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

Parts of Plants
1. Roots –It anchors the plants and absorbs water and mineral from the soil.
2. Stem – it is the region where the leaves arise.
3. Leaves – the most important part of the plants. They contain chlorophyll that
helps the plants to prepare their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide and
water.
4. Flowers –the most beautiful and colorful part of a plant. It have the
reproductive part of the plant known as Petals, Sepals, Stamens, Pistil.
5. Fruits – the main feature of the plant. It is the matured ovary develops after
fertilization.

 ZOOLOGY
Definition
-is the field of biology that involves the study of animals. It encompasses all aspects of
scientific knowledge about animals, like embryonic development, evolution, behavior,
ecological distribution, and classification.
History of Zoology
 The Greek Philosopher Aristotle took detailed notes on animal observations and
inspired scientist for many hundreds of years.
 Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. This
revolutionized zoology and taxonomy.
Branches of Zoology
1. Zoography – it is also called descriptive zoology or zoogeography, is the study
of animals and their habitats. It concerned with the geographic ranges of specific
populations of animals, their effects on the ecosystem they lived in.
2. Comparative Anatomy – is the study of similarities and differences in the
anatomy of different type of animals.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

3. Ethology – is the study of animal behavior usually in regard to their natural

environment as opposed to in a laboratory.
4. Behavioral Ecology – it is the study of evolution as the basis for animal behavior
due to ecological pressures.
Basic Type of Animals
 Vertebrate Animals – animal with backbones
 Invertebrate Animals – animal with no backbones
The following are the types of vertebrate animals
1. Mammals
a) They get nourishment from milk produced by their mothers
b) It have hair
c) Their jaws is hinged directly to their skull
d) They give birth to live babies
e) They are endothermic (warm-blooded)

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

2. Birds
a) They all have wings but not all of them can fly
b) They have beaks that help them catch and swallow food
c) Digestive system of the bird allows them to eat whatever it can and
digest the food later
d) Endothermic (warm-blooded)
e) Bipedal (they have two legs)
f) Hollow bones and covered by feathers
g) They belong to a class called aves

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

3. Reptiles
a) Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
b) They lay eggs to produce
c) They have four legs
d) They breathe through lungs
e) Their bodies are covered in scaled or scutes

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

4. Amphibians
a) Cold-blooded
b) They absorb water and breath through their thin skin
c) They have at least one special skin gland used for defense
d) Follow the egg-larva-adult

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

5. Fish
a) Ectothermic (cold-blooded)
b) They have fins
c) Most, but not all fish have bodies covered in scales and breath though
gills
d) They lived under water

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

 SCIENTIFIC NAMING OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS

COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME

Plants
Sunflower Heliantus annuus
Mango Magnifera indica
Neem Azadicta indica
Rose Rosa
Tulsi Ocimum tenuiflorum
Apache Plume Fallugia paradoxa
Apple Blossom Grass Gaura
Wild Rye Elymus esp.
Wild Oats Avena fatua
Red Marple Acer rubrum
Rice Oryza sativa
Wheat Triticum spp.
Finger Millet Eleusine coracana
Barley Hordeum vulgare
Coriander Coraindrum sativum
Cashew Nut Anacardium occidentale
Curry leaf Murraya koenigii
Dragon fruit Hylocerus undutus
Ginger Asarum
Orange Citrus sinensis
Papaya Carica papaya
Pine apple Ananas comosus
Cinnamon Cinnamomum zeylanicum
Animals
Dog Canis lupus
Housefly Musca domestica
Tiger Panthera tigris
Leopard Panthera pardus
Lion Panthera leo
Bear Ursidae carnivora
Crow Corvus splendens
Ant Hymenopetrous formicidae
Bat Chiroptera
Buffalo Bison bonasus
Cat Felis catus
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
Crocodile Crocodilia niloticus
Elephant Proboscidae elepahantidae
Dolphin Delphinidae delphis
Goat Capra hircus
Frog Anura ranidae

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

Rabbit Leoparidae cuniculas

Giraffe Giraffe horridus
fox Cannis vulpes
deer Artiodactyl cervidae
cobra Elaphidae naja
panda Alurpoda melanoleuca
horse Equus ferus caballus

Additional Ideas:
Carl Linneus –is known as the father of
taxonomy. The science of naming and
classification of living things

 ECOLOGY
Definition
-it is a branch of science including human science, population, community, ecosystem,
and biosphere. It is the study of organisms, environment and how organisms interact with
each other and their environment.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
 Biotic Components – are the living factors of an ecosystem (e.g. bacteria,
animals. Fungi, plants, etc.)
 Abiotic Components –are the non-living chemical and physical factors of an
ecosystem (e.g. sunlight, soil, air, moisture, minerals, etc.)
Types of Ecology
1. Global Ecology – it deals with the interaction of earth’s ecosystem, land,
atmosphere, and oceans.
2. Landscape Ecology – it deals with the exchange of energy, materials, organisms,
and other product of ecosystems.
3. Ecosystem Ecology – it deals with the entire ecosystems including the study of
living components and their relationship with environment.
4. Community Ecology – it deals with how community structure is modified by
interactions among living organisms.
5. Population Ecology – it deals with the factors that alter and impact the genetic
composition and the size of population of organisms.
6. Organism Ecology – it is the study of an individual organism’s behaviour,
morphology, physiology, etc.
7. Molecular Ecology – it focuses on the production of proteins and how these proteins
affect the organisms and their environment.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

Importance of Ecology
1. Conservation of Environment
2. Resource allocation
3. Energy conservation
4. Eco-friendliness
Examples of Ecology
 Human Ecology – between human and environment
 Niche Construction –between organisms and environment
Biodiversity
-is the variation among living organisms from different source including terrestrial,
marine and desert ecosystem, and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.
Types of Ecological Relationships
1. Competition – a relation where individuals or populations compete for the same
resources.
2. Predation – a relation where one organism eats another organisms to obtain
nutrients.
3. Commensalism – is a relation in which one organism benefits while the other is
neither helped nor harmed.
4. Parasitism – is a relation in which one organism benefits and the other organisms are
harmed, but not always killed.
5. Mutualism – is a relation in which both organism benefits.

 PRE-HISTORIC CREATURES
1. Dunkleosteus
-a fish that existed during the late Devonian period (about 358-382 million years ago). This
creature was named after David Dunkle.

2. Archaeopteryx
-It is a genus bird-like dinosaur that is transitional between the non-avian feathered dinosaur
and modern birds.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

3. Elasmosaurus
-is a genus of plesiosaur that lived in North America about 80.5 million years ago. The first
specimen was discovered by Edward Drinker Cope.

4. Deinotherium
-is a large prehistoric relative of modern-day elephant that appeared in middle Miocene and
survived until the early Pleistocene.

5. Opabinia
-is a stem group arthropod found in the middle Cambrian Burgess.

6. Helicoprion
-is a long-lived genus of shark-like eugeneodontid holocephalid fish about 290 years ago
lived in North America, Eastern Europe, Asia and Australia

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

7. Quetzalcoatlus
-lived in North America and one of the largest flying animal of all time.

8. Dimorphodon
-was a genus of medium-sized pterosaur from early Jurassic period. It was discovered by
Richard Owen in 1859.

9. Jaekelopterus
-is a genus of a group of arquatic arthropods. It was discovered by Otto Jaekel and this
creature was named after him.

10. Hallucigenia
-is a genus of Cambrian xenusiids lived in Canada and China.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

11. Liopleurodon
-is a genus of large carnivorous marine reptile (about 160 to 155 million years ago).

12. Therizinosaurus
-is a genus of a very large theropod dinosaur (about 70 million years ago)

13. Megalania
-is a giant goanna or monitor lizard (about 50,000 years ago). They lived in Austrailia

14. Argentavis
-also known as the magnificent silver bird. They are among the largest flying bird ever to
exist.

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

15. Sea scorpions

-they are the largest arthropods to have ever lived.

16. Madtsoia
-is a genus of madtsoiid snakes. Lived in Spain and India

17. Kelenken guillermoi

-a species of giant flightless predatory bird. Also known as the Terror Bird (about 15 million
years ago)

18. Mosasaurus
-known as the Lizard of the Meuse River (about 70 million years ago)

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

19. Purussaurus
-is a genus of giant caiman that lived in South America

20. Entelodon
-a genus of entelodont artiodactyl endemic to eurassia (about 33.8 million years ago)

21. Azhdarchids
-a family of pterosaurs (about 140 million years ago)

22. Megalodon
-means big tooth. They are an extinct species of shark (about 23 to 2.6 million years ago)

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS

 LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS
“Then make my joy complete by being like-minded, having the same love, being one in spirit and
purpose”
-Philippians 2:2-
Schedule: October 26-October 31

23. Titanoboa
-is a genus of snakes and is known to have lived in present-day La Guajira (about 10 million
years ago)

Prepared by: Jevan Ayco Calaque, BSEE USEP-BISLIG CAMPUS