HVAC Design

Sourcebook

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 About the Author
W. Larsen Angel, P.E., LEED AP, is a principal in the
MEP consulting engineering firm Green Building
Energy Engineers. He has worked in the MEP con-
sulting engineering industry for more than 30 years.
Mr. Angel has contributed to the development of
design standards and continues to find new ways to
streamline the HVAC system design process.

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 HVAC Design
Sourcebook
W. Larsen Angel, P.E., LEED AP

Second Edition

New York Chicago San Francisco

Athens London Madrid
Mexico City Milan New Delhi
Singapore Sydney Toronto

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 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Angel, W. Larsen, author.

Title: HVAC design sourcebook / W. Larsen Angel.
Description: Second edition. | New York : McGraw-Hill Education, [2021] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “This fully
updated guide covers the entire HVAC system design process from concept
to commissioned systems. Written by a recognized HVAC expert, the book
illustrates each step through photographs, drawings, and comprehensive
discussions. This new edition has been completely refreshed to align
with current industry standards and includes several brand-new chapters.
HVAC Design Sourcebook, Second Edition contains a chapter-long case
study that provides a step-by-step look at the design of a real-world
HVAC project”— Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020010517 | ISBN 9781260457247 (hardcover ; acid-free
paper) | ISBN 9781260457254 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Heating—Equipment and supplies—Design and construction. |
Ventilation—Equipment and supplies—Design and construction. | Air
conditioning—Equipment and supplies—Design and construction.
Classification: LCC TH7345 .A54 2021 | DDC 697—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020010517

McGraw Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales
promotions or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the
Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com.

HVAC Design Sourcebook, Second Edition

Copyright © 2020 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

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ISBN 978-1-260-45724-7
MHID 1-260-45724-9

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

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Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However,
neither McGraw Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and
neither McGraw Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of
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but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of
an appropriate professional should be sought.

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 To Lisa, my dear wife, who is my one and only true love.
Thank you for the insights and help you provided for this book,
and for life in general. You are truly my inspiration.

“… with God all things are possible.”—Matthew 19:26

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00_Angel_FM_i-xx.indd 6 29/04/20 10:16 AM
 Contents
Preface  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Acknowledgments  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
1 What Is HVAC?  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 The Design Process  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
HVAC Load Calculations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Terms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Geographical Location  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Building Materials  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Unconditioned Spaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conditioned Spaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Zones  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Air Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Central Plant  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Codes and Standards  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Codes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Standards  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
System Selection  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Design Team Members  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Design Submissions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Schematic Design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Design Development  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Construction Documents  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Piping, Valves, and Specialties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Pipe, Fittings, and Joints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Steel Pipe  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Steel Pipe Fittings and Joints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Specification for Steel Pipe, Fittings, and Joints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Copper Tube  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Copper Fittings and Joints  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Specification for Copper Tube, Fittings, and Joints  . . . . . . . . . . 44
Valves  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Functions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Operating Conditions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Materials  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Ends  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

vii

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 viii Contents

Specialties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Meters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Pressure Gauges  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Test Plugs  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Strainers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Suction Diffusers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Flexible Pipe Connectors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Air Vents and Drains  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

4 Central Plant  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Heating Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Boilers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Heat Exchangers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Cooling Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Chillers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Cooling Towers  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Auxiliary Hydronic Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Air Separator  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Chemical Treatment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Expansion Tank  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Makeup Water Assembly  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Pumps  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4-Pipe and 2-Pipe Heating and Cooling Plants  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Water-Source Heat Pump Plant  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Equipment Room Design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

5 Air Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Air System Types  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
HVAC Air Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Ventilation Air Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Air Pressurization Calculations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Air System Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Physical Characteristics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Connections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

6 Piping and Ductwork Distribution Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

Equations and Conversion Factors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207

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 Contents ix

Piping Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

General Design Guidelines  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Hydronic System Design Fundamentals  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Low-Pressure Steam System Design Fundamentals  . . . . . . . . . 223
Insulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Duct Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Construction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
General Design Guidelines  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Air Devices  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Coordination with Other Disciplines  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

7 Terminal Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

Heating-Only Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Finned-Tube Radiators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Electric Radiators  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Duct Heating Coils  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Unit Heaters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Cabinet Unit Heaters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Heating and Cooling Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Fan-Coil Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Ductless Split-System Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Variable Air Volume Terminal Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Similarities of Single-Duct and Fan-Powered VAV
Terminal Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Single-Duct VAV Terminal Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Fan-Powered VAV Terminal Units  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Comparison  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Coordination with Other Disciplines  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

8 Variable Refrigerant Flow Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
System Configurations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Application of Heat Recovery Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Capacities  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Outdoor Air Ventilation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
System Efficiency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Annual Maintenance Cost  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

9 Humidity Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Psychrometrics  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

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 x Contents

Constant Air Volume Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

Variable Air Volume Reheat Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Energy Code Requirement  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Other Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314

10 Noise and V ibration Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Noise Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Sound Power and Sound Pressure  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Tonal Qualities of Sound  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Balanced and Unbalanced Sound  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Outdoor Noise  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Indoor Noise  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Vibration Control  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Equipment Hangers and Supports  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Flexible Pipe and Duct Connectors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Additional Resources  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

11 Automatic Temperature Controls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Components  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Input  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Output  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Connections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Hot Water Cabinet Unit Heater  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
Parallel Fan-Powered Variable Air Volume Terminal Unit  . . . . 346
VAV Air Handling Unit  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Building Automation Systems  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
BAS Architecture  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Communication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Interoperability  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

12 Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
LEED  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
HVAC System Design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Energy Efficiency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Commissioning  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Indoor Environmental Quality  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Refrigerant Management  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

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 Contents xi

13 Construction Drawings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363

Legend and Abbreviations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Terminology  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Notes on Drawings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
General Notes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Drawing Notes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Key Notes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Linework  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Computer-Aided Design Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
CAD Standard  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Model Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Sheet Files  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Other Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Demolition Plans  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
New Work Plans  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Section Drawings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Large-Scale Plans  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Diagrams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Flow Diagrams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Riser Diagrams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
ATC Diagrams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Endnotes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
14 Example Design Project and Design Guide  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Proposal Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Scope of HVAC System Design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
New Building Project—Questions to Ask at the Start
of an HVAC Design Project  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Renovation Project—Questions to Ask at the Start
of an HVAC Renovation Project  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Schematic Design Phase—Example of How to Choose
an Appropriate HVAC System Type  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
Schematic Design Narrative  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
HVAC Load Calculations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Design Development Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Construction Documents Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410
Final Equipment Selections  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Final Coordination with the Owner and Design
Team Members  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
HVAC System Design  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Equipment Schedules  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
Details  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
ATC Diagrams, Sequences of Operation,
and DDC Point Lists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416

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 xii Contents

15 Central Plant Optimization  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417

Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Cataloged Energy Efficiencies of Central Plant Equipment  . . . . . . . . . . 417
Energy Metering  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Predictive Energy Efficiency  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Input to the Optimization Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Output from the Optimization Program  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Waterside Economizer  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Conclusion  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421
16 Construction Administration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Bidding Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Pre-Bid Meeting  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Requests for Information  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Addenda  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Bid Opening  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Bonds  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Insurance  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Contract Award  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Construction Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Team Members  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426
Schedule  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Schedule of Values  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Permits  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Submittals  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Submittal Review  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Construction Procedures  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Documentation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Payment  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Project Closeout  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
Endnote  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
17 The Commissioning Process  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Pre-Design Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Design Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Construction Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
Submittal Review  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Issues Log  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Deficiency Resolution  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Installation and Start-Up Checklists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Prefunctional Checklists  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Preliminary Control System Functional Testing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

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 Contents xiii

Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) Execution Plan  . . . . . 442

Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing (TAB) Report  . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Functional Testing  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442
Occupancy and Operations Phase  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Questions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Endnote  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Index  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

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00_Angel_FM_i-xx.indd 14 29/04/20 10:16 AM
 Preface

A
re you searching for a practical handbook that will assist you in the process
of designing heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems for
commercial buildings? The HVAC Design Sourcebook is the tool you need to
quickly become a valuable member of your design team.
The typical approach to training junior employees in the process of designing
HVAC systems is to have them try to learn the skills they need to work as effective
members of a design team from the senior HVAC engineers they are working under.
Unfortunately, the knowledge the senior engineers are expected to impart has taken
them years to develop and, without a practical training resource, the process of teaching
junior HVAC system designers the essentials of HVAC system design becomes time-
consuming, ineffective, and costly.
The HVAC Design Sourcebook fills the void in the industry for a practical resource to
assist in the process of training junior HVAC system designers in the basics of HVAC
system design. Essential design concepts are clearly explained and illustrated with
photographs of actual HVAC systems installations and graphical conventions used in
the preparation of construction drawings. Codes and standards are referenced
frequently to emphasize the need for HVAC systems to be designed in accordance
with the requirements of the regulating authorities. Other topics such as the overall
design process, HVAC systems and equipment, piping and ductwork distribution
systems, noise and vibration control, and automatic temperature controls are presented
in a manner that can be understood and applied by the junior HVAC system designer.
The ultimate goal of preparing complete, well-coordinated HVAC system construction
drawings is consistently in view throughout the book.
New for this second edition of the HVAC Design Sourcebook is a discussion of variable
refrigerant flow (VRF) systems, strategies to control indoor air relative humidity,
essential sustainable design practices, central plant optimization, construction
administration, and the commissioning process. Finally, the concepts presented in the
HVAC Design Sourcebook are applied to an example HVAC system design project.
The HVAC Design Sourcebook is the essential resource for individuals who are
considering or pursuing a career in the field of HVAC system design.
For further online materials relating to this book, please go to www.mhprofessional
.com/HVACdesign

W. Larsen Angel, P.E., LEED AP

xv

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00_Angel_FM_i-xx.indd 16 29/04/20 10:16 AM
 Acknowledgments
Thanks to my two sons, Larsen Jr. and Christian, for their encouragement. Special
thanks to Larsen Jr. for his help with this book.

xvii

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00_Angel_FM_i-xx.indd 18 29/04/20 10:16 AM
 HVAC Design
Sourcebook

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00_Angel_FM_i-xx.indd 20 29/04/20 10:16 AM
 CHAPTER 1
What Is HVAC?

T
he term HVAC stands for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning. It describes
the field that is concerned with heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning the
indoor environment in order to meet the comfort, health, and safety needs of
building occupants and the environmental needs of indoor equipment or processes.
Although HVAC systems are required for airplanes, ships, automobiles, and other spe-
cial applications, this book will focus on HVAC systems for commercial buildings.
Heating and ventilating systems for buildings have been in existence for centuries.
Fireplaces and windows, the earliest forms of indoor heating and ventilating, remained
the primary means of heating and ventilating buildings into the late nineteenth century.
It was in the nineteenth century that engineers began to use steam heating systems,
which consisted of coal-fired boilers, pipes, and radiators, to heat buildings. Steam
heating systems are still widely used today, although natural gas and fuel oil have
replaced coal as the primary fuel source.
In the Middle Ages, people made the connection between “bad air” in overcrowded
or smoky rooms and disease. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientists and
physicians began to study the sources of indoor air contaminants and the effects these
contaminants had on human health. As a result, in 1895 the American Society of Heat-
ing and Ventilating Engineers (ASHVE) adopted a minimum ventilation rate of 30 cubic
feet per minute (cfm) of outdoor air per occupant as a ventilation standard for public
buildings. It was understood at the time that this ventilation rate was sufficient to dilute
the indoor air contaminants to a level that was acceptable for human occupancy. Out-
door air ventilation rates that are required to produce acceptable indoor air quality for
various occupancies continue to be studied by the American Society of Heating, Refrig-
erating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), the successor of ASHVE. ANSI/
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2019—Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality is devoted to
the subject of indoor air quality. The guidelines of this standard have largely been incor-
porated into the various mechanical codes applied to building construction, such as
the International Mechanical Code (IMC), published by the International Code Council,
Inc. (ICC).
Mechanical cooling (air-conditioning) systems are a relatively recent development.
The first central building air-conditioning system, designed for the Missouri State
Building, was demonstrated to the public during the 1904 World’s Fair held in St. Louis.
Since that time, a great deal of research has been performed and a wide variety of air-
conditioning equipment has been developed to meet the diverse air-conditioning needs
of modern buildings.
In addition to heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning the indoor environment
to meet the comfort and health needs of the building occupants, modern HVAC systems

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 2 Chapter One

are frequently required to protect the safety of the occupants or, in industrial applica-
tions, to provide a clean environment for the processes performed within the building.
For example, smoke control systems may be required to minimize the spread of smoke
within a building during a fire. Also, HVAC systems may be required to maintain air
pressure relationships between adjacent spaces where hazardous materials are han-
dled or infectious patients are being treated and to signal the building operator or
activate emergency ventilation systems if these pressure relationships are not main-
tained. HVAC systems may also be required to provide a high level of air filtration in
order to maintain a clean indoor environment for such processes as semiconductor
fabrication.
With the understanding of what HVAC systems are and what they are expected to
accomplish, it is the role of the HVAC system designer to design HVAC systems to meet
project needs. In order to do this, the HVAC system designer must first understand the
project requirements. The designer must then use this information, along with a knowl-
edge of the potential HVAC system options, to design the HVAC systems (in accor-
dance with the applicable codes) that are appropriate for the project. Factors governing
the HVAC system selection and the ultimate HVAC system design include:

• HVAC system types that are available to meet the project needs
• Building owner’s preferences or standards
• Building owner’s budget
• Installed cost, operating cost, and maintenance cost of the potential HVAC
system options
• Space limitations, both indoors and outdoors, and coordination with other
building elements such as the architectural, structural, and electrical systems

After all factors have been considered and the final HVAC system configuration has
been developed, the HVAC system designer must present the HVAC system design in
a clear and concise way through the use of construction documents. Construction docu-
ments are the drawings and specifications for a project that are used by the installing
contractor to construct the HVAC systems. The construction documents are also used
by the building maintenance personnel as a resource in the ongoing operations and
maintenance of the HVAC systems.
In this book, we will discuss the HVAC system design process from concept to com-
pletion of the construction documents (Chap. 2); piping, valves, and specialties, which
are an integral part of HVAC systems (Chap. 3); the central plant, which is where fuel
sources are converted to heating and cooling energy (Chap. 4); air systems, which circu-
late air within the building (Chap. 5); piping and ductwork distribution systems, which
are used to distribute the heating and cooling energy from the central plant to the air
systems and terminal equipment and eventually to the spaces within the building
(Chap. 6); terminal equipment, which is often used in the distribution of the heating
and cooling energy to the spaces within the building (Chap. 7); variable refrigerant flow
systems, in which multiple, direct expansion indoor fan-coil units are connected to a
single, outdoor heat pump or energy recovery unit (Chap. 8); humidity control, which
is crucial for cooling operation in warm, humid climates (Chap. 9); noise and vibration
control, which is a critical component of a successful HVAC system design (Chap. 10);

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 What Is HVAC? 3

automatic temperature controls, without which HVAC systems cannot function prop-
erly (Chap. 11); sustainability, which is the process of designing HVAC systems with the
goal of conserving natural resources and improving the overall indoor environment
(Chap. 12); preparation of construction drawings, including some important drafting
and computer-aided design concepts (Chap. 13); an example design project, including
example construction drawings (Chap. 14); central plant optimization, which is
employed to reduce energy use and cost (Chap. 15); construction administration, which
is the process of ensuring that the HVAC systems construction corresponds to the
HVAC systems design (Chap. 16); and the commissioning process, which is the process
of ensuring that the HVAC systems function in the manner in which they were intended
(Chap. 17).

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