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Data - Representation-BA-III SEM 2020

Computers represent data in binary format as a series of 1s and 0s. Digital data uses discrete numbers that are either 1 or 0, while analog data uses continuous values. Binary represents numbers positionally using powers of 2. Converting between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal involves repeatedly dividing by the base (2, 10, or 16) and recording remainders as digits. Addition in binary or hexadecimal starts with the least significant bits/digits and carries values to more significant places.

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Pratima Mukherjee
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48 views17 pages

Data - Representation-BA-III SEM 2020

Computers represent data in binary format as a series of 1s and 0s. Digital data uses discrete numbers that are either 1 or 0, while analog data uses continuous values. Binary represents numbers positionally using powers of 2. Converting between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal involves repeatedly dividing by the base (2, 10, or 16) and recording remainders as digits. Addition in binary or hexadecimal starts with the least significant bits/digits and carries values to more significant places.

Uploaded by

Pratima Mukherjee
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Data Representation

In
Computers
Digital Representation of Data?
• Data is defined as the symbols that represent
things, people, events and ideas
• Computers store data in digital format as a series of
1s and 0s (known as binary code)
• The term bit comes from “binary digit”
• Digital data is made up of discrete numbers, with
each bit being either a 1 or a 0 – it’s either on or off,
nowhere in between
• Analog data is made up of a continuous wave of
information, with varying degrees in between

4
For example:
➢A digital clock changes it’s digital display
once every minute to show the time
➢An analog clock is continually moving it’s
second, minute and hour hands to show
the time

➢standard light switch is similar to digital


• It is either on or off – 1 or 0
How can a computer
represent numbers?
• Unlike the decimal system (base 10), the binary
number system (base 2) uses only two digits:
0 and 1
• The following table lists
some decimal numbers
and their binary
equivalent:

6
Positional Number Systems
Different Representations of Natural Numbers

XXVII Roman numerals (not positional)


27 Radix-10 or decimal number (positional)
110112 Radix-2 or binary number (also positional)
Fixed-radix positional representation with k digits
Number N in radix r = (dk–1dk–2 . . . d1d0)r
Value = dk–1×r k–1 + dk–2×r k–2 + … + d1×r + d0
Examples:
(11011)2 = 1×24 + 1×23 + 0×22 + 1×2 + 1 = 27
(2103)4 = 2×43 + 1×42 + 0×4 + 3 = 147
Binary Numbers
• Each binary digit (called bit) is either 1 or 0
• Bits have no inherent meaning, can represent
– Unsigned and signed integers
– Characters Most Least
– Floating-point numbers Significant Bit Significant Bit

– Images, sound, etc. 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0


1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

• Bit Numbering 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

– Least significant bit (LSB) is rightmost (bit 0)


– Most significant bit (MSB) is leftmost (bit 7 in an 8-bit
number)
Binary to Decimal Conversion
• Each bit represents a power of 2
• Every binary number is a sum of powers of 2
• Decimal Value = (dn-1  2n-1) + ... + (d1  21) +
(d0  20)
• Binary (10011101)2 = 27 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 1 =
• Answer: 157
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Some common
powers of 2
Binary to Decimal Conversion
• 10011011)2 = ( ? )10
• Every binary number is a sum of powers of 2
• Decimal Value = (dn-1  2n-1) + ... + (d1  21) +
(d0  20)
• Binary (10011011)2 = 27 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 1 =
• Answer: …..
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

Some common
powers of 2
Binary to decimal Conversion

• 10101.101
• 100001
• 1111.011
• (1010101011.1101)2
Decimal to Binary Conversion
• Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 2
• Each remainder is a binary digit in the translated value

least significant bit

37 = (100101)2

most significant bit

stop when quotient is


zero
Decimal to Binary Conversion

• 10
• 25
• 15
• 16
• 57.125
Hexadecimal Integers
• 16 Hexadecimal Digits: 0 – 9, A – F
• More convenient to use than binary numbers
Binary, Decimal, and Hexadecimal Equivalents
Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

❖ Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to 4 binary bits

❖ Example:

Convert the 32-bit binary number to hexadecimal


1110 1011 0001 0110 1010 0111 1001 0100

❖ Solution:

E B 1 6 A 7 9 4
1110 1011 0001 0110 1010 0111 1001 0100
Converting Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Multiply each digit by its corresponding power of 16
Value = (dn-1  16n-1) + (dn-2  16n-2) + ... + (d1  16) + d0

• Example1: (1234)16 = ( ? )10

• Example2: (3BA4)16 = ( ? )10

• (1234)16 = (1  163) + (2  162) + (3  16) + 4 =

• Decimal Value 4660


• Examples: (3BA4)16 = ( ? )10

• (3BA4)16 = (3  163) + (11  162) + (10  16) + 4 =

Decimal Value 15268


Converting Decimal to Hexadecimal
❖ Repeatedly divide the decimal integer by 16
❖ Each remainder is a hex digit in the translated value

least significant
digit
most significant
digit
stop when
quotient is
zero
Decimal 422 = 1A6 hexadecimal
Binary Addition
• Start with the least significant bit (rightmost bit)
• Add each pair of bits
• Include the carry in the addition, if present
carry 1 1 1 1

0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 (54)
+ 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 (29)
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 (83)
bit position: 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Hexadecimal Addition
• Start with the least significant hexadecimal digits
• Let Sum = summation of two hex digits
• If Sum is greater than or equal to 16
• …..Sum = Sum – 16 and Carry = 1
• Example:
carry: 1 1 1
1C37286A
+ A + B = 10 + 11 = 21
9395E84B Since 21 ≥ 16
Sum = 21 – 16 = 5
AFCD10B5 Carry = 1

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