Remesh’s Mathematics [2.

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS]

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1
A function f : A  B is invertible if and only if it is a bijective. If y  f ( x)  x  f  y  , is known
as x is equal to f inverse y.
1
There are six inverse functions viz. sin x,cos1 x,tan 1 x,cos ec1x, sec1 x and cot 1 x.

Principal value of an Inverse function

The ranges of the inverse trigonometric functions are called principal values of the inverse function. The
 
principal value of sin 1 x , tan 1 x and cosec1x are the angles that lie between  and and the principal value
2 2
of cos1 x , sec1 x and cot 1 x are the angles that lie between 0 and  .

Domain and Range of Inverse T-functions

Function Domain Range

sin 1 x 1, 1   

 2 , 2 
 

cos1 x 1, 1 0,  

tan 1 x  ,   or R   
 , 
 2 2

cosec 1x x  1 or x  1   
  2 , 2   0
 

sec1 x x  1 or x  1 
0,     2 
 

cot 1 x  ,   or R  0, 

Properties of Inverse T-functions

 
If   sin 1 x  sin   x , where 1  x  1 and  
2 2
11

 
For example, if   sin 11  sin   1  sin   sin   
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Property 1:

 
1. sin 1  sin x   sin sin 1 x  x

 
2. cos 1  cos x   cos cos 1 x  x

3. tan 1  tan x   tan  tan 1 x   x

4. cosec1  cos ecx   cos ec  cos ec 1x   x

5. sec1  s ecx   s ec  s ec 1x   x

6. cot 1  cot x   cot  cot 1 x   x

Property 2:

1
1. sin 1 x  cos ec 1   , x  1
x
1
2. cos 1 x  s ec 1   , x  1
x
1
3. tan 1 x  cot 1   , x  R
x
1
4. cos ec 1x  sin 1   , x  1
x
1
5. sec 1 x  cos 1   , x  1
x
1
6. cot 1 x  tan 1   , x  0
x
 1  1 
   tan   , x  0
 x
7. cot 1 x  
 tan 1  1  , x0
 x
  

Property 3:


1. sin 1 x  cos1 x  , x  1 or x [1, 1]
2

2. tan1 x  cot 1 x  , x  R
2

3. cos ec 1 x  sec 1 x  , x  1 or x  R   1, 1
2
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Property 4:

1. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  , if  1  x, y  1 and x 2  y 2  1

 
2. sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1  x 1  y 2  y 1  x 2  , if  1  x, y  1 and x 2  y 2  1
 
3. cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  , if  1  x, y  1 and x  y  0
 
4. cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1  xy  1  x 2 1  y 2  , if  1  x, y  1 and y  x  0
 
 1  x  y 
 tan   if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
  x y
5. tan1 x  tan1 y    tan1   if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
 1  x  y 
 tan     if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
 1  x  y 
 tan   if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
  x y 
6. tan1 x  tan1 y    tan1   if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 
 1  x  y 
 tan     if x  0, y  0 and xy  1
  1  xy 

Property 5: (Conversion formulae)

 2x 
sin 1    2 tan1 x, x [1, 1]
2
1.
1  x 
1  x2 
2. cos1    2 tan1 x, x  [0, )
1  x2 
 
 2x 
tan1    2 tan1 x, x  (1, 1)
2
3.
1  x 

4.    1 1
3 sin 1 x  sin 1 3x  4 x 3 if x   , 
 2 2

5.   1 
3 cos1 x  cos1 4 x 3  3x if x   , 1
2 
13

 3x  x 3 
3 tan1 x  tan1   if x    1 , 1 
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6.  
 1  3x 2   3
  3

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Remesh’s Mathematics [2. INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS]

 1  x2     
cos1 x  sin 1  1  x 2   tan1    cos ec 1    cot 1  
1 x
7.
   x   2   2 
   1 x   1 x 
     2 
8. sin 1 x  cos1  1  x 2   tan1 
x   sec 1  1   cot 1  1  x 
   2   2  x 
 1 x   1 x   
     2 
tan1 x  sin 1 
x   cos1  1   sec 1  1  x 2   cos ec 1  1  x 
9.
       
2
1  x2    x
 1 x    

10. 2 sin 1 x  sin 1  2 x 1  x 2 

 
11. 2 cos1 x  cos1 2 x 2  1 
Note:

1. If sin 1 x  sin 1 y  sin 1 z  , then x 1  x2  y 1  y 2  z 1  z 2  2 xyz

2. If cos1 x  cos1 y  cos1 z  , then x2  y 2  z 2  2 xyz  1
3. If tan 1 x  tan 1 y  tan 1 z  , then x  y  z  xyz

4. If cot 1 x  cot 1 y  cot 1 z  , then x  y  z  xyz
2

Tips 

1. sin x 1  sin 1 x

2. Range is same as principal value range of the inverse circular function.
3. To learn this chapter well, you should thorough in Trigonometric functions especially, compound angles,
reduction formulae, multiple and sub multiple angles (Portions available in Formula Master Part I of the
author).

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“Beauty in Mathematics is seeing the truth without effort” – Descartes

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