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com
 FULL FORM OF COMPUTER
C = COMMONLY
O = OPERATED
M = MACHINE
P = PARTICULARLY
U = USED
T = TRAINING
E = EDUCATION
R = RESEARCH
What is Computer?
Computer is an electronic device/machine that takes raw data as input from the user and process these data under
the control of set of instructions and gives the output and saves output for future use is called computer.
Charles Babbage is father of the computer.
A computer has four functions:
a. accepts data Input
b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage

Input (Data):
Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the collection of letters, numbers,
images etc.
Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the computer
system.
Output:
Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as Result. We can save
these results in the storage devices for the future use.
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER
 SPEED
 ACCURACY (No Error if input correct)
 REPETITION
 STORAGE CAPACITY
 AUTOMATION
 DILIGENCE (Not Lazy)
 CONVENIENCE (Very Easy for access)
 STORE AND RECALL

Computer System
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the simple equations.
COMPUTER SYSTEM = HARDWARE + SOFTWARE+ USER
Main Four Parts of Computer:
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) or Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, CPU
• Hardware = Internal Devices + Peripheral/External Devices
All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can touch) are known as Hardware. Hardware is the
collection of physical elements that constitute a computer system. E.g. keyboard, mouse , printer etc.
• Software = Programs Software gives “intelligence” to the computer. It is a set of programs and procedures.
Software tells the hardware what to do and how to complete a task. E.g. word processor, notepad, excel etc.
•Program = It is a set of instruction given to a computer in order to perform some task.
•Instruction = It is a command given to a computer in the computer language by the user.
• USER = Person, who operates computer.

What is Mouse (Input Devices)?

Mouse is a pointing device which provides a means to input data and commands in graphic from by selecting
through moving an arrow called pointer on monitor.
There are five actions of mouse:
Click:- It selects an item on the screen.
Left click/ Double click:- It is used to open a document or program.
Right click:-it displays a list of commands on the screen. Right clicking is used to access the properties of
selected object.
Scroll Button:- Page up / down
Drag and drop:- It is used to move an item/file on the screen.

What is keyboard?
Keyboard is used to enter data or information which may be in numeric form or alphabets form in a computer
system. Most Keyboards have keys arranges in Five groups
1.Alphanumeric keys
2.Numeric keypad
3.Function Keys
4.Modifier Keys
5.Cursor-Movement Keys

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 What is Monitor?
Monitor is also known by Visual Display Unit (VDU). Monitor is used to view the display result or output. The
popular type of monitor are:
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
 Liquid Crystal Display(LCD)
 Liquid/Light Emitted Diode
 3-D Monitor

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 Major parts of the Computer : Input Devices

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Prepared By: Mr. Imdad Ali Rajper Mobile: 03003131584. E-mail: [email protected]
Components of CPU:
 Motherboard
 Hard Disk
 RAM
 ROM
 Processor
 SMPS& Connecting wire
 UPS
 DVD/CD-RW
 Modem
 Floppy Drive
 Sound Card
 Graphics Card
Motherboard
 Power Supply

RAM
ROM

HARD DISK

ROM

RAM

DVD Processor P-4 & Core i7

Modem

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 Graphics Card
Floppy Drive Sound Card

Power supply unit SMPS

PROCESSING OF THE COMPUTER (CPU)

The most essential part of the computer that perform various operations provided. It is also called the brain
of the computer. It is mainly divided into three categories:
 Arithmetic and logic unit:
It performs all arithmetical as well as logical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. Also it performs the comparison between the entities and thus help in decision making to the
computer.
 Control unit:
Control unit coordinates with the input and output decices of a computer. To miantain the proper sequence of
processing data, the control unit uses clock inputs. Control unit gets the program instruciton from memory and
executes them on after another.
 Registers:
In a computer a register is one of a small set of data holding places that are part of a computer processor. Registers
store data, instructions, address and intermediate results of processing.

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Memory Units: It is the amount of data that can be stored in the storage unit. The storage capacity are expressed in
terms of Bytes.

1 Hexabyte 1 HB = 1024 Petabyte

1 Yotabyte 1 YB = 1024 Hexabyte
Computer Memory:

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage
space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

The memory is divided into large number of small parts. Each part is called cell. Each location or cell has a unique
address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one.

For example, if computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory location. The
address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535.

Memory is primarily of three types:

 Cache Memory
 Primary Memory/Main Memory
 Secondary Memory
Cache Memory

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Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory, which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between
the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program
which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are
transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from where CPU
can access them.

Advantage

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.

 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantage:

 Cache memory has limited capacity.

 It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has limited
capacity and data gets lost when power is switched off.
It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and
instructions required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and
ROM.
Characteristic of Main Memory
 These are semiconductor memories.
 It is known as main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
 It is working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 A computer cannot run without primary memory.

RAM
RAM is stand for random access memory, a type of computer memory that can be accessed randomly; that
is, any byte of memory can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common
type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers. Types of RAM There are two
different types of RAM:
DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory). The two types of RAM differ in the technology they use to hold
data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be
refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it
faster than DRAM
ROM
ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of
memory is non-volatile. The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM,
stores such instruction as are required to start computer when electricity is first turned on, this operation is referred
to as bootstrap. ROM chip are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing
machine and microwave oven.
MROM (Masked ROM)
The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or instructions. These
kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs. It is inexpensive ROM.
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PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)
PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM and enters the
desired contents using a PROM programmer.Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses which are burnt open
during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
EPROM(Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of upto 40 minutes. Usually, a EPROM
eraser achieves this function. During programming an electrical charge is trapped in an insulated gate region.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)
The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten thousand times.
Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (milli second). In EEPROM, any location can be selectively
erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather than erasing the entire chip.
Secondary Memory
This type of memory is also known as external
memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main
memory. These are used for storing
Data/Information permanently.CPU directly does
not access these memories, instead they are
accessed via input-output routines. Contents of
secondary memories are first transferred to main
memory and then CPU can access it. For example

A. Hard Disk (Local Disk)

B. Optical Disks:CD-RW, DVD-RW
C. Pen Drive
D. Zip Drive
E. Floppy Disks
F. Memory Cards
G. External Hard Disk

Characteristics of Secondary Memory

 These are magnetic and optical memories.

 It is known as backup memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of the data in the computer.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
 Slower than primary memories.

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Busses:
A processor communicate with input/output circuits and memory by using signals. These signals travel along the
set of wires or connections called bus that connect the different component together.
There are three types of signals address bus, control buses and the data bus.

Address Bus:
Connections between the CPU and memory which transmit the address from which the CPU will read or to which
the CPU will write or a collection of wires connect icing the CPU with the main memory that is used to identify
particular location in main memory where data is stored.
Control But:
It is a physical connection that carry control information between the CPU and the other devices within the
computer. The control but carries signals that report the status of various devices.
Data Bus:
It is a communication route through which the data can travel between the computer’s central processing unit,
memory and peripherals.
Number System:

The system of counting and calculation is called as number system. Following are te four different number system
that are used in computer language.

i. Decimal
Decimal is the Latin word that is used for the mathematics that is 10. It consists on ten different
including 0 to 9.
ii. Binary
Binary is the Latin word that is used for the internal working of the computer. Its base is 2. It consists of
two number including 0 (Off) and 1 (ON).
iii. Octal
Octal is a Latin word that is used for 8. Octal has eight fundamental digits from 0 to 7.
iv. Hexadecimal
Hexadecimal is a Latin word that is used for 16. It has 16 fundamental digits. It consists of the 0-9
mathematical and A-F (A,B,C,D,E,F) in English alphabets.

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Motherboard
The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a computer together. A motherboard
connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound card and other ports and expansion cards
directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.

Port :

A computer port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be connected to the computer.
A computer port can also be programmatic docking point through which information flows from a program to
computer or over the internet.
Examples of external devices attached via ports are mouse, keyboard, monitor, microphone , speakers etc.

Following are few important types of ports

Serial Port: Used for external modems and older computer mouse. . Data
travels at 115 kilobits per second. A serial port also called a male connector
has 9 or 25 pins. Used for modems, mice, & printers.

Parallel Port: A socket on a computer for transmitting data in parallel , which means more than one bit at a time is
called parallel port. There may be 8, 16 or 32 channels (wires) each channel carries one bit of information.
25 pin model. Also known as Female connector. used for CD-ROMs, HD,&
printers.

PS/2 Port
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port
VGA Port
Power Connector
Power Connector
Modem
Ethernet Port
Game Port
Digital Video Interface , DVI port
Sockets

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Elements of Computer

Software :
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions given to the computer in the form of a program is
called Software. Software is the set of programs, which are used for different purposes. All the programs used in
computer to perform specific task is called Software.
Types of software

1. System software: System software operates controls & extends the working capabilities of a computer
a) Operating System Software
DOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Unix/Linux, MAC/OS X etc.
b) Utility Software
Windows Explorer (File/Folder Management), Windows Media Player, Anti-Virus Utilities, Disk Defragmentation,
Disk Clean, BackUp, WinZip, WinRAR etc…
2. Application software: Application software solves a particular or group of problems
a) Package Software
Ms. Office 2003, Ms. Office 2007, Macromedia (Dreamweaver, Flash, Freehand), Adobe (PageMaker, PhotoShop)
Languages c,c++,java,html,vb,Fortran , Database(Ms Access, SQL Server, Oracle etc)
b) Tailored or Custom Software
SAGE (Accounting), Galileo/Worldspan (Travel) etc.
3. Computer Languages & Scripting:
Low Level Language
Machine Level Language
Assembly Language
Machine language: These language instructions are directly executed by CPU. A
machine language is a basic language that was used to perform the basic task of the
computer. It is also called as binary language becaues it is the language of 0s and 1s.
each machine langauge statement corresponds to the machine action.

Assembly language: The endeavor of giving machine language instructions a name

structure that means bit strings of instructions of machine language are given name here

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High Level Language: This language is closer to the human under stable language. It includes statement like
GOTO and PRINT that are common words.

Translator:
Assembler is needed to convert assembly language into machine language
Complier: is needed to convert high level to machine language.
Interpreter: Interpreter is a translator program which converts source program into object and it translate one
instruction at a time.

b) High Level Language

COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language), FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-
purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), C, C++ etc. are the examples of High Level Language.

Types of Computer
ON THE BASIS OF WORKING PRINCIPLE
a) Analog Computer
An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses continuous physical
phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved.

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b) Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities
represented as digits, usually in the binary number system.

c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog signals. A
hybrid computer system setup offers a cost
effective method of performing complex
simulations.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANALOGUE AND DIGITAL COMPUTER

COMPUTERS CAN BE BROADLY CLASSIFIED BY THEIR SPEED AND COMPUTING POWER.

a) Super Computer

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are
employed for specialized application that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a
supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration. An
extremely fast computer which can perform hundreds of millions of instructions
per second.

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b) Mainframe Computer
Multi-user computer system. Capable of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously. Software technology is different from minicomputer. A
very large and expensive computer capable of supporting hundreds, or
even thousands, of users simultaneously. In the hierarch that starts with a
simple microprocessor (in watches, for example) at the button and moves
to supercomputers at the top mainframes are just below supercomputers. In
some ways, mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers because
they support more simultaneous program. But super computers can execute
a single program faster than a mainframe.

C) Mine Computer
A midsize computer. In size and power,
minicomputers like between workstations
mainframes. In the past decade, the distinction
between large minicomputers and small mainframes
has blurred, however, as has the distinctions between
small minicomputers and workstations. But in general
a minicomputer is a multiprocessing system capable
of supporting from 4 to 200 user at the same time.

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 d) Micro Computer

i. Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.

ii. Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and
keyboard. It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than
a notebook computer.

iii. Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no
keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.

e)Workstations
A terminal or desktop computer in a network. In this context, workstation
is just a generic term for a user's machine (client machine) in contrast to a "server"
or "mainframe."

 Personal Computer
Small size, relatively cheaper, micro processor technology.

 Types of PC
Desktop. Note Book, Laptops, Sub Note book computer, Palmtop, PDA, Smart Phone

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AGES OF COMPUTER:
There are three ages of computer. These are as follows.
Dark age:
In this age all the equipment was manual. The manual machines that were used to process the data are as under.
ABACUS:
The Abacus is the old machine to count the numbers. It is known as ancient digital computer. It was the first
equipment that was used to make the calculations.
It was developed in china around 300 BC.
NAPIER’S BONES:
A Scottish mathematician designed a device called as napier’s bones that was used to calculate the number. It was a
set of eleven rods with numbers marked on them in such a way that by placing the rods side by side a person can
calculate the products and quotients and quotients of large numbers.
BLAISE PASCAL:
it was first mechanical calculator, and it can gives the result up to he eight digits.
MIDDLE AGES:
The middle age of the data processing are said to age of punch cards.
History of computers:
The man is continuously trying to make the calculations easier.
For this purpose the Chinese made the wooden frame that was called as an abacus. The Neiper’s bones for the
calculation of the products and the quotients.

In 1671, the LEIBNIZ invented the better calculating device as compared to the pascal that was only used to add or
subtract the numbers but this was used to do multiplication of even square roots.

Then the French engineer, Joseph developed the punch card system for the power loms in 1801.
In 1948, Howard developed and electromechanical computer called as Mark 1 this is considered to be the first
computer because it was used to store the information and instructions.

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 First Generation of Computer(1940-1956)
 UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
 ENIVAC , UNIVAC-1
 Vacuum Tubes
 Fast in calculation
 Big Size, Slow speed, Not portable, Limited commercial use.
Second Generation(1956-1963)
 Transistor
 IBM 7094, IBM 1400, CDC 164
 Small size, less energy usage, Assembly language
 Cooling system , Costly, used for specific purpose

Third Generation of computer (1964-1971)

 IC(Integrated circuit)
 IBM 370, UNIVAC 1108, UNIVAC AC 9000
 Air Conditioner required.
 Sophisticated technology required IC (1961), chip or micro chip.
Fourth Generation computer (1971 - Present)
 Microprocessor
 LSI (Large scale integration)
 VLSI (Very large scale integration)
 Apple, Macintosh, IBM PC
 Small size, fast processing, cheapest, high level language
 Require Micro processor
Fifth Generation Computer
 Artificial intelligence
 IBM Watson computer

Generation & Description

S.N.
First Generation
1
The period of first generation: 1940-1956. Vacuum tube based.
Second Generation
2
The period of second generation: 1956-1963. Transistor based.
Third Generation
3
The period of third generation: 1964-1971. Integrated Circuit (IC) based.
Fourth Generation
4
The period of fourth generation: 1971-1980. VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated) microprocessor based.
Fifth Generation
5 The period of fifth generation: 1981-onwards. ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integrated) microprocessor based
artificial intelligence (AI)
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Computer - Applications
Following list demonstrates the various applications of Computers in today's arena.
Business
The computer's characteristic as high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility has made it
an integrated part in all business organizations.
Banking
Today, Banking is almost totally dependent on computers.
Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. The Insurance Companies,
Finance houses and Stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
Education
The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the Education System.
Marketing
With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise copy, and print and disseminate
ads with the goal of selling more products.
Health Care
Computers have become important part in all Medical Systems.
Engineering Design
Computers are widely used in Engineering purposes.
Military
Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc., employ computerized control
systems.
Communication
Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is received and understood clearly and
correctly by the person for whom it is meant.
Government Applications Computers play an important role in government applications like sales
tax department, income tax department and computerization of voters lists, etc.

Computer - Internet & Intranet

Internet
 Internet is a world-wide/global system of interconnected computer networks.
 Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
 Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
 IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer location.
 A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that user can
locate a computer by a name.
 For example, a DNS server will resolve a name www.google.com to a particular IP address to unique
identify the computer on which this website is hosted.
 Internet is accessible to every user all over the world.

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Some Basic Terminology:

PC : Personal Computer XP : eXPerience (introduced in 2001By Microsoft)

CPU : Central Processing Unit NT : New Technology
AC : Alternating Current XT : Extended Technology
CD-RW : Compact Disk Re-Writeable AT : Advance Technology
DVD : Digital Video Disk DNS : Domain Name Server
ALU : Arithmetic and Logic Unit IC : Integrated Circuit
CU : Control Unit VLSI : Very Large Scale Integrated)
BIOS : Basic Input & Output ULSI : Ultra Large Scale Integrated)
HDD : Hard Disk Drive IBM : International Business Machines
FDD : Floppy Disk Drive JPEG or JPG: Joint Photographic Experts Group
MS : Microsoft (graphics file compression standard)
MS-DOS : Microsoft Disk Operating System MHTML: multilingual HTML
MPEG: Moving Picture Experts Group (defines
OS : Operating System
compression standards)
RAM : Random Access Memory GIF: Graphic Interchange Format
DRAM : Dynamic Random Access Memory PNG : Portable Network Graphics (Comparatively
SRAM : Static Random Access Memory better then JPEG and support binary
ROM : Read Only Memory transparency and alpha channel transparency)
MROM : Masked ROM BMP : Bitmap
PROM : Programmable Read only Memory PSD : PhotoShop images
EPROM : Erasable and Programmable Read RAW: Raw format
Only Memory TIFF: Tagged Image File
EEPROM : Electrically Erasable and
Programmable Read Only Memory
ISP : Internet Service Provider
WWW : World Wide Web
TCP : Transfer Control Protocol
IP : Internet Protocol
LCD : Liquid Crystal Display
USB : Universal Serial Protocol

Image file formats

There are many different types of formats for storing image files. On this page,only the most commonly used image
file formats are discussed. These are: Tagged Image File (TIFF) File extension *.tif Compuserve Graphics
Interface Format (GIF) File extension *.gif, Joint Photographics Expert Group (JPEG) File extension *.jpg PC
Paintbrush Format (PCX) File extension *.pcx, Standard Windows Bitmap BMP) File extension *.bmp, Portable
Network Graphics (PNG) File extension *.png, PhotoShop images (PSD) File extension *.psd, Macintosh format
(PICT) File extension *.pic or *. pct, Pixar Image Computers (PIXAR) File extension *.pxr, Scitech continuous
tone ( SCITEX CT) File extension *.pxr, Truevision video board (TARGA) File extension *.png, Raw format (RAW)
File extension *.raw.

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MS office 2007 Rows Numbers: 1048576

Columns Numbers: 16384

File extensions

MS Word .doc or .docx

MS Excel .xls or .xlsx MS

Power Point .pptx

MS Access .accdb

HTML .htm or .htm

SHORTCUT KEYS LIST

Ctrl+X Cut
Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+V Paste
Ctrl+Z Undo
Ctrl+A Select All
Ctrl+= Zoom In
Ctrl+- Zoom Out
Alt+Tab Switch between open applications
Cycles through items in the order that
Alt+Esc
they were opened
Alt+(underlined letter of menu) Opens corresponding menu
Ctrl+Alt+Delete Opens Windows Task Manager
Displays the desktop, press again to
WinKey+D
return programs
WinKey Displays the Start menu
WinKey+L Locks your computer
WinKey+F Search for files
Win+Pause Access System Properties which holds system properties.

Shift+Alt Languages change (like English to sindhi(

Shift+Left Alt+Num lock Key board mouse on .

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 Dialog Box
Displays the help menu (Also works
F1
in Firefox)

F4 Drops down address bar

Alt+F4 Closes dialog box

MS Word 2007 Shortcut keys:

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Press To set line spacing to Ctrl + F6 Switch between open workbooks or windows.
CTRL + 1 Single line space Ctrl + Page up Move between Excel work sheets in the
CTRL + 2 Double line space same Excel document.
CTRL + E Center align Ctrl + Page down Move between Excel work sheets in the
CTRL + J Justify a paragraph same Excel document.
Ctrl + Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files.
CTRL + L Left align
Alt + = Create a formula to sum all of the above cells
CTRL + R Right align Ctrl + ' Insert the value of the above cell into cell
CTRL + M Indent a paragraph from the left currently selected.
CTRL + SHIFT + M Remove a paragraph indent Ctrl + Shift + ! Format number in comma format.
from the left Ctrl + Shift + $ Format number in currency format.
CTRL + SHIFT + F Change the font Ctrl + Shift + # Format number in date format.
CTRL + SHIFT + P Change the font size Ctrl + Shift + % Format number in percentage format.
Ctrl + Shift + ^ Format number in scientific format.
CTRL + SHIFT + > Increase the font size
Ctrl + Shift + @ Format number in time format.
CTRL + SHIFT + < Decrease the font size Ctrl + Arrow key Move to next section of text.
CTRL + ] Increase the font size by 1 Ctrl + Space Select entire column.
point Shift + Space Select entire row.
CTRL +[ Decrease the font size by 1 Ctrl + - Delete the slected column or row.
point Ctrl + Shift + = Insert a new column or row.
Ctrl + Home Move to cell A1.
Ctrl + ~ Switch between showing Excel formulas or their
Microsoft Excel shortcut keys values in cells.
Alt+Enter To use for New line in cell.
Shortcut Description
F2 Edit the selected cell.
F3 After a name has been created F3 will paste names.
F4 Repeat last action. For example, if you changed the
color of text in another cell pressing F4 will change the
POWERPOINT
text in cell to the same color. Action Keystroke
F5 Go to a specific cell. For example, C6.
F7 Spell check selected text or document. Document actions
F11 Create chart from selected data. Open a presentation CTRL+O
Ctrl + Shift + ; Enter the current time. New presentation CTRL+N
Ctrl + ; Enter the current date.
Save As F12
Alt + Shift + F1 Insert New Worksheet.
Alt + Enter While typing text in a cell pressing Alt + Save CTRL+S
Enter will move to the next line allowing for multiple Print CTRL+P
lines of text in one cell. Help F1
Shift + F3 Open the Excel formula window.
Shift + F5 Bring up search box. Presentation actions
Ctrl + A Select all contents of the worksheet. Begin slide show F5
Ctrl + B Bold highlighted selection.
Next slide ENTER or
Ctrl + I Italic highlighted selection.
Ctrl + K Insert link. Down arrow key
Ctrl + U Underline highlighted selection. Previous slide BACKSPACE or
Ctrl + 1 Change the format of selected cells. Up arrow key
Ctrl + 5 Strikethrough highlighted selection. Activate pen tool CTRL+P
Ctrl + P Bring up the print dialog box to begin printing. Erase pen strokes E
Ctrl + Z Undo last action. Deactivate pen tool CTRL+A
Ctrl + F3 Open Excel Name Manager.
Ctrl + F9 Minimize current window. Show/Hide black screen B
Ctrl + F10 Maximize currently selected window. Show/Hide white screen W
Show/Hide pointer & button A
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Mobile: 03003131584. slide show ESC
[email protected]

Action Keystroke
ACCESS
Browser Shortcuts
Action Keystroke
Tabs
Database actions Ctrl+1-8 – Switch to the specified tab, counting from the left.
Open existing database CTRL+O Ctrl+9 – Switch to the last tab.
Open a new database CTRL+N Ctrl+Tab – Switch to the next tab – in other words, the tab on the
Save CTRL+S right. (Ctrl+Page Up also works, but not in Internet Explorer.)
Save record Ctrl+Shift+Tab – Switch to the previous tab – in other words, the
SHIFT+ENTER tab on the left. (Ctrl+Page Down also works, but not in Internet
Print Explorer.)
CTRL+P Ctrl+W, Ctrl+F4 – Close the current tab.
Display database window Ctrl+Shift+T – Reopen the last closed tab.
F11 Ctrl+T – Open a new tab.
Find and Replace Ctrl+N – Open a new browser window.
CTRL+F Alt+F4 – Close the current window. (Works in all applications.)
Copy Mouse Actions for Tabs
CTRL+C Middle Click a Tab – Close the tab.
Cut Ctrl+Left Click, Middle Click – Open a link in a background tab.
CTRL+X Shift+Left Click – Open a link in a new browser window.
Paste Ctrl+Shift+Left Click – Open a link in a foreground tab.
CTRL+V Navigation
Undo Alt+Left Arrow, Backspace – Back.
CTRL+Z Alt+Right Arrow, Shift+Backspace – Forward.
Help F5 – Reload.
F1 Ctrl+F5 – Reload and skip the cache, re-downloading the entire
website.
Toggle between Form and Design view Escape – Stop.
Alt+Home – Open homepage.
F5 Zooming
Ctrl and +, Ctrl+Mousewheel Up – Zoom in.
Others Ctrl and -, Ctrl+Mousewheel Down — Zoom out.
Insert line break in a memo field Ctrl+0 – Default zoom level.
CTRL+ENTER F11 – Full-screen mode.
Insert current date CTRL+; Scrolling
Insert current time CTRL+: Space, Page Down – Scroll down a frame.
Copy data from previous record CTRL+' Shift+Space, Page Up – Scroll up a frame.
Add a record CTRL++ Home – Top of page.
Delete a record CTRL+- End – Bottom of page.
Middle Click – Scroll with the mouse. (Windows only)
Address Bar
Ctrl+L, Alt+D, F6 – Focus the address bar so you can begin
typing.
Ctrl+Enter – Prefix www. and append .com to the text in the
address bar, and then load the website. For example, type
howtogeek into the address bar and press Ctrl+Enter to open
www.howtogeek.com.
Alt+Enter – Open the location in the address bar in a new tab.

Prepared By: Mr. Imdad Ali Rajper Mobile: 03003131584. E-mail: [email protected]
Search
Ctrl+K, Ctrl+E – Focus the browser’s built-in search box or focus the address bar if the browser
doesn’t have a dedicated search box. (Ctrl+K doesn’t work in IE, Ctrl+E does.)
Alt+Enter – Perform a search from the search box in a new tab.
Ctrl+F, F3 – Open the in-page search box to search on the current page.
Ctrl+G, F3 – Find the next match of the searched text on the page.
Ctrl+Shift+G, Shift+F3 – Find the previous match of the searched text on the page.
History & Bookmarks
Ctrl+H – Open the browsing history.
Ctrl+J – Open the download history.
Ctrl+D – Bookmark the current website.
Ctrl+Shift+Del – Open the Clear Browsing History window.
Other Functions
Ctrl+P – Print the current page.
Ctrl+S – Save the current page to your computer.
Ctrl+O – Open a file from your computer.
Ctrl+U – Open the current page’s source code. (Not in IE.)
F12 – Open Developer Tools. (Requires Firebug extension for Firefox.)

Prepared By: Mr. Imdad Ali Rajper Mobile: 03003131584. E-mail: [email protected]