SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, WAH

CANTT

FLUID MECHANICS – I (LAB)

ASSIGNMENT – 1
(SOLUTION)
SUBMISSION DATE :
Section A: 26/09/2018
Wednesday
Section B: 27/09/2018
Thursday
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NOTE: *Assignment should be submitted in hand written form. *if required paste the complex figures
in printed form relevant to the question. *marks deduction will be on the basis of 1. late submission 2.
assignment presentation 3. irrelevant data.
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GIVE THE SHORT AND PRECISED ANSWERS OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.

1. What is fluid, types of fluid, how these types are different from each other?
2. What is ideal or perfect fluid?
3. Define density, specific gravity & specific volume (define, mathematical form, unit)?
4. What is viscosity & Express the viscosity and the kinematic viscosity in SI units?
5. Why does a ship float*, explain with figures (applied forces, metacentric height)?
6. What is the water pressure on the sea bottom at a depth of 6500m? The specific
gravity of sea water is assumed to be 1.03.? (Ans: 6.57 * 10^7 pa)
7. What is streamline, streak line & path line?
8. What are the types of flow? (also define them)
9. What is Reynolds number & what is critical Reynolds number?
10. What is Bernoulli equation, what does it states, and what are its application ?
11. Define coefficient of contraction, coefficient of velocity, coefficient of
discharge?
  Question no.1
 
Ans.

Fluid:- A substance that has no fixed shape and yields easily to external pressure a
gas or (especially) a liquid.

Types of fluid:-

1. Ideal fluid
2. Real fluid
3. Newtonian fluid
4. Non-Newtonian fluid, and
5. Ideal plastic fluid

1. Ideal Fluid: A fluid which cannot be compressed and have no viscosity falls in the
category of ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is not found in actual practice, but it is an imaginary fluid
because all the fluid that exist in the environment have some viscosity. there is no ideal
fluid in reality.

2. Real Fluid: A fluid which has at least some viscosity is called real fluid. Actually, all the
fluids existing or present in the environment are called real fluids. for example, water.

3. Newtonian Fluid: If a real fluid obeys the Newton’s law of viscosity (i.e. the shear
stress is directly proportional to the shear strain) then it is known as the Newtonian fluid.

4. Non-Newtonian Fluid: If real fluid does not obey the Newton’s law of viscosity
then it is called Non-Newtonian fluid.

5. Ideal Plastic Fluid: A fluid having the value of shear stress more than the yield value and
shear stress is proportional to the shear strain (velocity gradient) is known as ideal plastic
fluid.
 QUESTION No.2
Ans.

Ideal Fluid: A fluid which cannot be compressed and have no viscosity falls in the category of
ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is not found in actual practice, but it is an imaginary fluid because all the
fluid that exist in the environment have some viscosity. there is no ideal fluid in reality.

QUESTION NO.3
Ans.

Density: - Density is the ratio between mass and volume or mass per unit volume.
Mathematical form,

ρ=m/v

Specific Gravity: - The specific gravity is the ratio between the density of an object, and a
reference substance.

Mathematical form,

Specific Volume: - The specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the substance's volume
to its mass. It is the reciprocal of density and an intrinsic property of matter as well.

Mathematical form,

ρ=v/m
 QUESTION No.4
Ans.

Viscosity: - A quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as

measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow.

SI unit: - m2/s

Kinematic viscosity: - The kinematic viscosity (also called "momentum

diffusivity") is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity μ to the density of the fluid ρ.

SI unit:- m2/s

QUESTION No.5
Ans.
Ancient Greek scientist named Archimedes first studied the science behind floating. He
showed when an object is placed in water, it pushes sufficient water out of the way to make
room for itself. This is called displacement.

Two forces act upon an object when it enters water. Gravity as a downward force is determined
by the object's weight. Another force is determined by the weight of the water displaced by the
object. This force is known as a Buoyancy i.e. the upward force.
Metacentric Height:- The metacentric height is a measurement of the
initial static stability of a floating body. It is calculated as the distance between the
center of gravity of a ship and its metacenter.

Concept Of Equilibrium For Floating Bodies

 QUESTION NO 6

Solution :- Depth = h = 6500m

Specific gravity = 1.03

Pressure = p =?

Density of water = ρ w= 1000 kg/m3 We

know that,

1.03 = ρ / 1000
ρ = 1030 kg/m3

PRESSURE = ?

P=ρgh = (1030) (98) (6500)= 65611000=

6.561 * 10^7 Pa
 QUESTION NO 7

Streamline:- Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent

to the velocity vector of the flow.

Streak line:- Streaklines are the loci of points of all the fluid particles that have
passed continuously through a particular spatial point in the past.

Path line:- Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow.

QUESTION No.8
Ans.

Types Of Fluid Flow: -

1. Steady & Unsteady Flows.
2. Uniform & Non-uniform Flows.
3. Laminar & Turbulent Flows.
4. Compressible & Incompressible Flows.
5. Rotational & Irrotational Flows.
6. One , Two & Three Dimensional Flows.

 Steady Flows: -In which the fluid Characteristics Like velocity, pressure, density , etc. At a Point
do not change with time.
 Unsteady Flow: - In which the fluid velocity , pressure or density at a point changes with respect
to time.
 Uniform Flow:- In which the velocity at given time does not change with respect to space (
length of direction of the flow ).
 Non-Uniform Flow:- In which the velocity at any time changes with respect to space. Changing
in space
 Laminar Flow:-In which the fluid particles move along well defined paths or stream line.
 Turbulent Flow:- Fluid moves in very irregular paths or zig – zag Way. velocity at a point
fluctuates.
 Compressible Flows:-In which the density of the fluid changes from point to point. The density
is not constant for the fluid.
 Incompressible Flows:-In which the density of fluid changes from point to point. the density is
constant for the fluid.
 Rotational Flow :-In which the fluid particles while flowing along stream lines, Also rotate about
their own axis.
 Irrotational Flow:- In which the fluid particles while flowing along stream lines, do not rotate
about their own axis.
 One Dimensional Flow:- In which the flow parameter such as velocity is a function of time and
one space co-ordinate only.
 Two Dimensional Flow:-In which the velocity is a function of time and two rectangular space
co-ordinates.
 Three Dimensional Flow:- In which the velocity is the function of time and Three mutually
perpendicular direction
 QUESTION NO 9
Ans.

Reynolds number :-
The Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and is a convenient
parameter for predicting if a flow condition will be laminar or turbulent.

Critical Reynolds number :-

The critical Reynolds number is associated with the laminar-turbulent transition, in
which a laminar flow becomes turbulent.

QUESTION NO 10

Ans.

Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs

simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential
energy.

Applications of Bernoulli’s equation :-

 Pumps
 Ejectors
 Carburetor
 Siphon
 Pitot tube
 QUESTION NO 11
"Also Add *Denoted By & *Mathematical form for each term "

Coefficient of contraction: - It is defined as the proportion between the areas of the stream at the
vena contraction to the area of the orifice. It is denoted by the symbol Cc.

Coefficient of discharge: - The ratio of the mass flow rate at the discharge end of the nozzle to
that of an ideal nozzle which expands an identical working fluid from the same initial conditions to
the same exit pressures.

Coefficient of velocity: - The ratio of actual velocity of the jet, at vena-contract, to the
theoretical velocity is known as coefficient of velocity.

THE END