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AN ANALYSIS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL PROTECTIVE FACTORS

AGAINST NEURODEGENERATIVE SYMPTOMS

OF ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:

A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of
STEM of
Far Eastern University High School

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
Practical Research 1

by

Barlis, Chrystal Kate.

Bauzon, Frances Kiel
Cabral, Chelsea Maisie
Carino, Nikki Neil
Claveria, Shaina Regina
Dizon, Kyle Joshua
Quindoy, Kate Raven
Senting, Maria Angela Joy
Vallo, Kyle Dominic

January 2018
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ABSTRACT

Alzheimer’s disease, a term all of us are familiar with—we all know how

devastating Alzheimer’s can be, and we all know that Alzheimer’s has no possible

cure. Every one of us can change the world, every one of us has the freedom to

contribute in the world’s progression, and all it would take is a little wisdom and

bravery—this is what motivates the researchers to make the study, to aid in

finding and analyzing the protective factors that can hold back the symptoms of

Alzheimer’s. The study, “An analysis of psychosocial protective factors against

neurodegenerative symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease”, is a phenomenological

study that focuses on analyzing and finding the different protective factors that

can further enhance identifying the cure for Alzheimer’s disease. The study

includes further expanding the knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease, and how

the symptoms of this disease can possibly be held back.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page……………………………………………………………………….. 1

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………. 2

Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………..3

Chapter 1

Introduction/Background of the Study………………………………….5

Research Questions……………………………………………………..8

Theoretical Framework…………………………………………………9

Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………14

Significance of the Study……………………………………………….16

Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………..18

Operational Definition…………………………………………………..19

Chapter 2

Foreign Literature………………………………………………………..22

Local Literature…………………………………………………………28

Chapter 3

Research Design…………………………………………………………41

Population and Sampling……………………………………………….42

Participants………………………………………………………………44

Research Instruments ……………………………………………………44

Research Procedure/Data Collection Procedure and Analysis………..46

Ethical Considerations………………………………………………….48
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Appendices………………………………………………………49

References……………………………………………………….54
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

As we grow older and our bones grow weaker, our mind tends to be more

susceptible to mental illnesses. It’s not a surprise if anyone who would grow old

would attain a type of mental illness; this is what fuels the researchers’ motivation

in finding the psychosocial protective factors for Alzheimer’s disease, to break

this cycle of mental illness. The Philippines’s citizens aren’t immune to mental

illnesses, what’s worse is that not all people take mental illnesses seriously and

just write it off as something that naturally happens, an even worse scenario is

that since poverty is very common in the Philippines, not all people can get

diagnosed and help with their treatments. These are common problems that make

mental illnesses such as Alzheimer’s an even more dangerous disease, the

researchers would like to change this and to also assist in furthering the research

for psychosocial protective factors in Alzheimer’s disease.

Can Alzheimer’s really be prevented just by utilizing various protective

factors? Although the effects of Alzheimer’s can be potentially minimized, it

cannot be prevented. Alzheimer’s tend to develop due to the result of complex

interactions among multiple factors, including age, genetics, environment,

lifestyle, and coexisting medical conditions (“Alzheimer’s association,” n.d.)

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Alzheimer’s disease, a surprisingly common and well-known disease, is

characterized by different changes in behavior such as impaired memory,

confusion, restlessness, personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, etc.

(“Columbia Neurology,” n.d.). It is an odd disease that can severely alter the

identity of the person and change the way the person interacts with relatives,

friends, and loved ones. Not only can Alzheimer’s disease change behavioral

patterns it could also indirectly kill the victim by the secondary complications it

causes in the victim’s body, one of these complications is the risk of fatal blood

clots and a weakened immune system. (Rachael Rettner & Senior Writer, 2016)

Regular physical exercise may be a beneficial strategy to lower the risk of

Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Exercise may directly benefit brain cells by

increasing blood and oxygen flow in the brain. Because of its known

cardiovascular benefits, a medically approved exercise program is a valuable part

of any overall wellness plan (“Alzheimer’s association,” n.d.) This factors can

possibly benefit in slowing down the effects of Alzheimer’s, not only lowering

the risk of the disease.

Several conditions known to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease —

such as high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol — also increase the

risk of developing Alzheimer's. Some autopsy studies show that as many as 80

percent of individuals with Alzheimer's disease also have cardiovascular disease,

(“Alzheimer’s association,” n.d.) Meaning to say that heart conditions are also

important factors to consider especially when Alzheimer’s is involved. Certain

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heart conditions can easily affect the way the disease progresses either by

lessening it or by making the disease progress even further.

The Impact of social relationships on Alzheimer’s memory impairment:

mechanistic studies indicate that maintaining strong social connections and

keeping mentally active as we age might lower the risk of cognitive decline and

Alzheimer's. Experts are not certain about the reason for this association. It may

be due to direct mechanisms through which social and mental stimulation

strengthen connections between nerve cells in the brain, according to the

(“Alzheimer’s association,” n.d.) This plays into the researchers’ main topic

giving more evidence and making the research for protective factors affecting the

effects of Alzheimer’s more valid.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions are characterized by the presence of

numerous inflammatory proteins. This has led to the hypothesis that brain

inflammation is a cause of neuronal injury in AD and that anti-inflammatory

drugs may act as protective agents. (Patrick L. McGeer, Michael

Schulzer, &Edith G. McGeer, 1996) Medicine as a protective factor can possibly

maintain some of the disease’s symptoms and keep it at bay; it may even prevent

the development of the disease and lessen the effects (“National Institute on

Aging,” n.d.)

The study would like to play a role in escalating common knowledge

about Alzheimer’s disease and would like to increase the disease’s information to

other people. Researching this topic contributes knowledge about certain factors
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that can slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease, this very topic can

spark new ideas from future researchers and from other people that may study

something related to the topic.

This topic was chosen by the researchers in order to help future

researchers and/or provide information to other people who may be studying a

topic related to the researchers’ current topic, the topic was also chosen for the

reason that the research may spread information about how Alzheimer’s disease

Statement of the Problem

Psychosocial interventions may be particularly efficacious for the

symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease may

exceptionally respond well to social activities but there is no certainty with their

responses.

This study aims to determine the Psychosocial a Protective Factors of

Alzheimer's Disease and the following questions are subsequently generated:

1. What are the psychosocial protective factors against neurodegenerative

symptoms of Alzheimer's disease as perceived by paraprofessionals?

1.1 Social Interaction

1.2 Social Support

2. What are the effects of these psychosocial protective factors to the patients

with Alzheimer ’s disease as perceived by paraprofessionals?

3. How does utilizing certain protective factors contribute in lessening the

symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

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Theoretical Framework

In this chapter, the researchers aim to outline important theoretical

perspectives for our study and an in-depth review of the literature on the subject

of protection against neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

Researching Progressive Factor: Theory for the causes of dementia and

other neurodegenerative diseases, involving an out-of-control immune

system.

In this chapter, the researchers aim to outline important theoretical

perspectives for our study and an in-depth review of the literature on the subject

of protection against neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

Neurodegenerative: Primary Protective Factor of Alzheimer’s Disease.

In view of the University of Adelaide, the researcher has developed

another study for dementia / Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative

diseases, including an insensitive framework. Alzheimer's disease, including the

most common factor in Alzheimer's disease, and related neurodegenerative

conditions, occur immediately as individuals live more and our populace ages, as

dependent on the investigation of the lead Professor Robert Richards, from the

The School of Biological Sciences at Adelaide University (Richards 2014).

Australia anticipates that by 2050, the number of people living with Alzheimer's

disease will increase even over the number of Alzheimer's patients these days, and

based on a few nations, there will be a comparable increase in the number of

people living with Alzheimer's disease they said as year passes by the populace
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will be twice the same number of as individuals ages.Currently, we do not have

effective treatments to help the millions of people affected, but they can be

reduced by neurodegenerative protective factors that help to slow down these

diseases, which place a huge burden on families and the public health system.

Scientists have already concentrated on the work of protein stores considered

amyloid plaques that stop in the Alzheimer's cerebrum influenced individuals. In

any case, it is currently certain this is a lacking clarification for Alzheimer's

Disease. There are numerous unmistakable elements of neurodegeneration

including Alzheimer's Disease. These conditions incorporate and are recognized

by the diverse kinds of cerebrum nerve cells that are first influenced and by the

manifestations that initially show up. In any case, as they treated this kind of

malady it might enhance and advance dependent on the investigation of Professor

Richards trusts that rather than various systems, every illness has the equivalent

basic component, and usually the loss of nerve cell which we fundamentally know

as variables that trigger the loss of memory and other basic (Richards, 2014). This

enthusiasm for the body's own (natural) safe framework as the guilty party started

when we found that insusceptible framework operators wind up initiated in a

research facility model of Alzheimer's Disease. Different speculations from the

analyst's different labs were in the meantime announcing comparative highlights

in different elements of neurodegenerative maladies. When we pulled the proof

together, it made an exceptionally solid case that uncontrolled intrinsic

invulnerability is to be sure the regular reason. A few glitches may happen in

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view of the different variables that may trigger including hereditary changes,

disease, poisons or physical damage, all of which have been connected with

various types of neurodegeneration. Initially the innate immune system protects

the tissue against these triggers, but prolonged activation of protective factors the

person with Alzheimer’s Disease may have a high risk of lessening AD (Lardelli

& Richards 2014).

Researching and Validating an Effective and Progressive factor to lessen

Memory Loss

Depending on the exchange of the complexity of dietary and nutritional

mediations to avoid AD, the present survey centers could be around some key

healthy aggravates that have been considered in humans and further discussions

on the method of reasoning behind their use. The three basic aspects of the

translation of accessible human information on nourishing supplementation for

the avoidance of AD are first, traditional test plan and up to date study has to a

great extent concentrated on the utilization of single agents. Investigations of mix

treatments and intercessions are still in their early stages, yet might be critical for

the identification of really successful procedures for the avoidance of AD. The

second one is considerations of dietary overabundance and the negative results of

some dietary constituents (particularly those describing the current "Western" diet

may meddle with the conceivably constructive outcomes of explicit healthful

mediations).This appeared unmistakably with regard to the benefits of omega-3

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fatty acids, which are killed by the high dietary intake of omega-6 and immersed

fat. Finally, our understanding of AD includes a preclinical stage of 10 to 20 years

in which precautionary systems should be retained so that their effects can be

seen. At best, it will be an accessible prevention data that is gotten from

preliminaries with short intercession periods normally stretching out to year and a

half, with few investigations reaching out to a at least 3 year time. Moreover,

there is an overall scarcity of "best quality level," randomized, twofold visually

impaired, fake treatment controlled, clinical preliminaries examining the effect of

nourishing supplementation in AD. Notwithstanding, analysts, and clinicians

remain effectively occupied with testing the speculation that nutritional

approaches may demonstrate beneficial for the treatment of AD (Swaminathan &

Jicha, 2014).

Causes and Specific Detail: Person with Alzheimer’s Disease

Dietary ways of dealing with the course and movement of AD are among

the most up- to- date researchers ' techniques. Specifically structured restorative

nourishments in different blends is used to concentrate on the basic procedure in

AD.T he reason behind this method is that AD results from or causes biochemical

adjustments in metabolic pathways that consist of different and connected parts of

many and depend on different nutritional mixes and co- factors. Focusing on such

complex pathways may require mixing treatment for maximum performance and

the use of a single specialist supplement may be insufficient outside of the

uncommon patient that may have an explicit wholesome lack. Current

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imaginative methods incorporate providing such supplement mixes in a fake

frame to upgrade synaptic wellbeing and neuronal strength. Souvenaid® is a

therapeutic sustenance intended to contain simply such a supplement blend. Also

called Fortasyn Connect®, this therapeutic sustenance is intended to advance

synaptic arrangement and capacity (Kamphuis et al., 2011; Shah et al., 2013). The

item incorporates antecedents (uridine monophosphate; choline; phospholipids;

EPA; DHA) and cofactors (nutrients E, C, B12, and B6; folic corrosive; selenium)

vital for the development of neurotransmitters, respectability of neuronal films,

protection from oxidative pressure, and ideal metabolic action in the brain

(Kamphuis et al., 2011; Shah et al., 2013).

The synthesis and processing of the various accumulating factors in

neurodegenerative disorders was addressed. The regulation of transcription and

mRNA for specific proteins is also aimed at controlling the levels of abnormal

proteins that affect the immune system and help to prevent the enormous burden

of the family health care system, Neurodegenerative is a protective factor that

helps to reduce the loss of memory and to improve progress. As far as efficacy

and progressive factor are concerned, RNA interference is a very promising

avenue for therapeutics, and the nature of dietary and nutritional medications

helps to avoid the complex stage of Alzheimer's disease patient. Recently, we

believe that these therapies can do more than just prevent the progression of

disease and delay, because important research has changed our thinking about

neurodegenerative disorders. As for the causes, it would be a critical malfunction

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for people with Alzheimer's disease if Alzheimer's disease cannot be treated and

fake medications is controlled it would be a critical malfunction to people with

Alzheimer’s Disease. For specific details, the neurodegenerative process can be

switched off and reversed more impressively if captured early (Yamamoto et al.,

2000). In addition, new data from multiphoton microscopy and other techniques

have shown that the turnover of many culprit proteins is fast–not slow (Meyer-

Luehmann et al., 2008; Spires-Jones et al., 2009b). Aggregates can form a

corrosion and dissolve. Once not under attack by the mutant protein, cells are able

to discard the detritus of aging and rejuvenate themselves.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Perceived psychological protective factors of Alzheimer’s Disease

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The researchers will first conduct the interview with the respondents about their

personal experiences with the patients before acquiring symptoms or before

diagnosis. The researchers will inquire about the behaviors, mental states of the

patients and their relationship with or knowledge about the relationship of the

respondent with people close to the respondent.

The researchers, still interviewing, will ask the respondents some

questions about after diagnosis and the changes in the relationship with the

patient's friends and family. The researchers will also be discussing the changes in

behavior of the patients that we will compare with the other interviews that will

be useful in determining the probable for finding the probable lessening of the

symptoms

After transcribing the interview and analyzing the data acquired the

researchers will start to draw the neurodegenerative symptoms that may the

patient has acquired or developed in the degeneration of memory. The researchers

may start to infer the possible psychological protective factors that may help

prevent or slow down the AD of the the patients

With the data analyzed may start to compare the similar results and start to

conclude the positive psychological protective psychological factors that may be a

solution to lessening the symptoms that affect the degeneration of neurons due to

the patient's condition. After this, the researchers may start to help the patient

slow down their condition with this study. With this study, the researchers may

add to the previous studies of other researchers. The researchers may also aid
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future researchers as they may use our research as reference to the benefit of

theirs.

With this study, researchers may give support to and educate future

generations, friends and relatives who will encounter and will administer to

people with AD.

Significance of the Study

Since people’s lack of knowledge on the neurodegenerative symptoms of

Alzheimer’s disease may be considered one of the reasons why number of cases

of such disease continues to increase statistically. The output of this paper and

with the help of the data gathered from the paraprofessional, it aims to state how

psychosocial protective factors may be put into the action and how will they work

against the said symptoms. Furthermore, the importance could be the following:

To the medical field, the data gathered from the paraprofessional will be

recommended to the medical field because of the experience of dealing with such

disease. This will let the medical professionals learn further about how

Alzheimer’s disease behave and can be controlled or fought with using

psychosocial protective factor. With such, they would not need to just rely on the

medicine and therapies. Also to help to lessen the effect of Alzheimer’s disease

and to prevent other patients from reaching severe stages of same disease since it

is fact genetic.

To concerned community, symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease shall be

known fully by them. Community shall be involved in raising awareness globally

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about the protective factors against Alzheimer’s disease to decrease its cases, if

not eliminate.

To the future generation, the proper application of the result of this study

may statistically decrease the number of cases of Alzheimer’s disease per certain

group of people. Through time, the continuous proper execution of preventive

methods for such disease will help the community be fully aware of the disease.

And to the future researchers, the concepts to be produced by this paper may

become part of the broader related to the study. This may also continued or

extended depending on the need of the society, thus making this research more

timely for their generations.

Scope and Limitations

The general purpose of this study is to find the psychosocial factors against

neurodegenerative symptoms of people who are diagnosed with an Alzheimer ’s

disease. In this study the researchers will also focus on the behavior of the patient

on the effectiveness of psychosocial protective factors on slowing the progression

of the symptoms of an Alzheimer’s disease.

The scope of the study’s focal point is on the psychosocial factors which

involve high-educational achievements, mentally-simulating activities, social

engagement and physical exercise as protective factors of the clinical

manifestation of Alzheimer's disease. It also focuses on how an individual interact

towards them, how it will affect their emotions, their feelings and well-being. The

modification of multiple factors and the maintenance of social-integrated

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lifestyles and mentally-stimulating exercises are expected to postpone the onset of

Alzheimer’s disease and reduce the burden of the disease at both the individual

and societal levels.

The study which will be conducted through an interview and will take

place around clinics, hospitals or other places all over Luzon with

paraprofessionals such as relatives, caregivers and nurses who have encountered

or experienced treatments of individuals who has been diagnosed with

Alzheimer's disease.

Furthermore, the inclusion criteria of this study are the population of the

caregivers, relatives, and nurses who are in-charge of patients with the said

disease and are considered adults. The exclusion criteria of this research are the

exact respondents but are not in the legal age and right state of mind, also the

paraprofessionals which are the relatives that only accompanied the patient for a

short period of time for they do not have the right amount of observation.

Operational Definitions

The following terms were operationally defined to ensure common understanding

and assistance among the readers of this paper when reading, interpreting and

evaluating the study.

Alzheimer’s Disease. Refers to a neurodegenerative brain disease, which

has an unknown cause. It is the most common form of dementia. This disease

results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes

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in personality and mood. Also this kind of disease usually starts in late middle age

or the old age.

Cognitive Development. Pertains to the progress of themental action or

process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience,

and the senses. It includes the processes of remembering problem solving,

decision-making from childhood, adolescence up to adulthood.

Dementia. It is not a specific disease. It's an overall term that describes a

group of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills

severe enough to reduce a person's ability to perform everyday activities.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common type of Dementia. It is a disorder in the

mental processes of the brain, usually marked by memory disorders, personality

changes, and impaired reasoning as well.

Neurodegeneration. Neurodegeneration (root word:

Neurodegenerative) is the degradation of structure or function of neurons,

including death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative diseases– such

as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,

and Huntington's disease – occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes. The

greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is aging. Mitochondrial DNA

mutations as well as oxidative stress both contribute to aging. Many of these

diseases are late-onset, meaning there is some factoring that change as a person

ages for each disease

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Neurologists. Refers to a kind of medical doctor that specializes in

treating the diseases that are concerning to the nervous system. They are trained to

investigate, or diagnose and treat neurological disorders. Neurologists may also be

involved in clinical research, clinical trials, and basic or translational research.

While neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is

neurosurgery.

Nihilistic Emotions. Refers to Nihilistic dismissing all religious and good

standards in the conviction that life is trivial. The act of nihilistic is nihilism.

Nihilism comes the Latin word “nothing”, it’s the conviction that life has no

inborn importance or worth. Regarding the universe, existential nihilism places

that a solitary human or even the whole human species is unimportant, without

reason and improbable to change in the entirety of existence. Meaning, nihilistic

emotion is when a person outlook in life is pessimistic. They don’t believe in

things and they think all things are insignificant.

Paraprofessional. Pertains to an individual who does a particular aspect

of a professional task but is not licensed to practice as a fully qualified

professional. An individual who is most likely to help those who are professionals

with their work. A practitioner with some training but less comprehensive or

extensive training than a full-fledged member of the profession.

Protective Factors. Refers to the state or attributes such as expertise,

strengths, or coping strategies, to an individual or a group of people that helps

them to cope up more adequately with upsetting occasions, and relieve or remove
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risk in families and networks. In the field of Preventative Medicine and Health

Psychology, allude to any factor that diminishes the odds of a negative wellbeing

result happening. On the other hand, a Risk factor will expand the odds of a

negative wellbeing result happening. Similarly as measurable relationships and

relapses can inspect how a scope of independent variable affect a needy variable,

we can analyze what number of Protective and Risk factors add to the probability

of a sickness happening.

Psychosocial. Refers to the interrelation or the connection of

psychological and social factors. Psychological factors pertain to the thoughts and

behaviours of an individual while the surroundings or the social environment of a

human being is the social factor. Both of these factors have effects in the physical

and mental wellness of a person and also their ability to function. This approach

is used in a broad range of helping professions in health and social care settings as

well as by medical and social science researchers.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter provides an overview on previous research on knowledge

sharing and intranets. It introduces the framework for the study that compromises

the main focus of the research described in this research paper.

Foreign Literature and Studies

Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major public health problem with

substantial economic and social impacts around the world. The hallmarks of AD

pathogenesis include deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles, and

neuro inflammation. For many years, research on Alzheimer’s disease has been

focused on Aβ, amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as

the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer

patients, accumulation in senile plaques, a microscopic mass of fragmented and

decaying nerve terminals around an amyloid core, as these aggregations were

perceived as the main cause of the neurodegeneration found in AD. However,

increasing evidence suggests that inflammation also plays a critical role in the

pathogenesis of AD. Microglia cells are the resident macrophages of the brain and

act as the first line of defense in the central nervous system (Fernandez, 2014).
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This study can help progress the research since the researchers are looking

for certain things that help people with Alzheimer’s disease that slows the

progress and symptoms of the said disease. These studies provide the researchers

enough basic information that can help the researchers understand what

Alzheimer’s disease is.

Aβ activates microglia through a variety of innate immune receptors

expressed on these cells. The mechanisms through which amyloid deposits

provoke an inflammatory response are not fully understood, but it is believed that

these receptors cooperate in the recognition, internalization, and clearance of Aβ

and in cell activation. In this review, we discuss the role of several receptors

expressed on microglia in Aβ recognition, uptake, and signaling, and their

implications for AD pathogenesis (Doens & Fernandez, 2014).

To receive a diagnosis of Alzheimer's, the person must have experienced a

decline in cognitive or behavioral function and performance compared with how

they were previously. This decline must interfere with their ability to function at

work or in usual activities. Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease can affect

younger people with a family history of the disease, typically between the ages of

30 and 60 years (Legg, 2018).

The Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, the manner of development of a

disease, is not restricted to the neuronal compartment, but includes strong

interactions with immunological mechanisms in the brain. Misfolded and

aggregated proteins bind to pattern recognition receptors on Microglia, known as

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the cells that mediate immune responses in the central nervous system, and

Astroglia, cells that regulate the transmission of electrical impulses within the

brain, and trigger an innate immune response characterized by release of

inflammatory mediators, which contribute to disease progression and severity. A

Genome-wide analysis, an observational study of a genome-wide set of genetic

variants in different individuals, suggests that several genes that increase the risk

for sporadic Alzheimer's disease encode factors that regulate glial clearance of

misfolded proteins and the inflammatory reaction (Neurol, 2015).

Alzheimer’s being a disease will need protective factors to help regulate

the said disease. Those protective factors are what will slow down the

development of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s relies on protective factors to control

the growth of Alzheimer’s disease and possibly prevent it as well (Alzheimer’s

Association, n.d.). Alzheimer’s, being a mental disorder, will be involved on the

protective factors that may slow down the progression of the disease and possibly

eliminate it as well.

Alzheimer’s disease as a type of Neurodegenerative disease

An article issued by the Disease Models & Mechanisms (2017),

showed a collection of articles that focused on neurodegenerative diseases, the

articles include original research articles that can deliver new insights into the

world of pathology. They also include some of the reviews that are connected in

some of the new explanation advances made in studies of neurodegenerative

disease.
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Neurodegenerative disease can be a major threat to the health of people.

These disorders are currently increasing because the population of elderly has

increased in recent years (Heemels, 2016). Some of the examples of

neurodegenerative diseases are Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease,

Alzheimer’s disease, and etc. This special collection showcase the original

research articles that our connected to the understanding of neurodegenerative

disease.

From common ones like the Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease to

rare neurological disorders are span different disease in this paper. Some focus on

modelling the human gene defect, where others biomarkers, a measurable

substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon such

as disease, infection, or environmental exposure, grow to tract disease

progression. They show how can some symptoms powerfully diverse model

system be used to explore the mechanism of neurodegenerative (Gitler, Dhillon,

& Shorter, 2017).

Neurodegenerative diseases represent a major threat to human health.

These age-dependent disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent, in part

because the elderly population has increased in recent years (Heemels, 2016).

Examples of neurodegenerative diseases are Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's

disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal

dementia and the spinocerebellar ataxias. These diseases are diverse in their

pathophysiology – with some causing memory and cognitive impairments and

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others affecting a person's ability to move, speak and breathe (Abeliovich and

Gitler, 2016; Canter et al., 2016; Taylor et al., 2016; Wyss-Coray, 2016).

Effective treatments are desperately needed but will only come with a deep

understanding of the causes and mechanisms of each disease.

Neurodegenerative disease, being a mental health disorder, is closely

connected to dementia. Although dementia is different from neurodegenerative

diseases since dementia is a syndrome, it does not change the fact that both

mental health disorders deteriorate the mind of a person and may even possibly

cause the malfunction of one’s mind (JPND, 2018)

Alzheimer’s disease as a form of Dementia

Dementia is a syndrome defined as the progressive cognitive impairment

and is associated with impairment in functional abilities. In many cases,

behavioral and psychological symptoms are the ones greatly affected by this

syndrome (Foley & Swanwick, 2014). Dementia is also a brain disorder that most

often affects the elderly. It is caused by the failure or death of nerve cells in the

brain, Alzheimer’s disease being the most common cause.The types of dementia

provides greater insight on these diseases, one of that information being that

Alzheimer's disease is a dementia recognized by excessive and progressive

memory loss (Alzheimer’s Association, n.d.).

This disease has been observed to be occurring late in life, but some rare

and familial cases can present early signs. Vascular dementia is characterized by

the development of the cerebro-vascular disease which was observed through

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history, focal neurological signs, impairments of nerve, spinal cord, or brain

function that affects a specific region of the body, and imaging studies. Patchy

patterns are seen on cognitive deficits on the affected region of brain (Westendorf,

Sarah et.al., 2000.) Lewy body dementia is commonly characterized by the

presence of early and prominent visual hallucinations, fluctuations of symptoms

and features that can be seen on Parkinson’s Disease. This dementia has a quicker

progression and development compared to Alzheimer’s disease (Alzheimer’s

Association, n.d.).

The study also states causes and recognitions of data such as that physical

examination should be essential to cardiovascular disturbances, neurological

signs, sensory and motor loss, and the exclusion of any possible reversible causes

of cognitive deficits. Another type of cause and recognition is cognitive

assessment. The tests on cognitive function greatly add evidences on the clinical

assessment and investigations. Cognitive screening tools are available and can be

used for any patients with dementia and like diseases(Alzheimer’s Association,

n.d.).

Several factors can raise your risk for developing dementi includes aging,

smoking, uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure, and drinking too much

alcohol. Risk also increases if close family members have had

dementia.Symptoms of dementia might be reversed when they are caused by

dehydration or other treatable conditions. But most forms of dementia worsen

gradually over time, and there is no treatment. Scientists are searching for ways to
 PAGE 28

slow down this process or prevent it from starting in the first place (News in

Health, n.d.).

Different approaches are now being studied as treatments for Alzheimer’s

disease, Parkinson’s dementia, and certain other forms of dementia. Currently

approved medications may improve symptoms, but none can halt or reverse

progressive damage to the brain. Dementia is not a single disease in itself, but a

general term to describe symptoms of impairment in memory, communication,

and thinking. While the likelihood of having dementia increases with age, it is not

a normal part of aging. (Legg, 2017)

To make a diagnosis, physicians usually ask about a person’s medical

history and do a physical exam including blood tests. They also check for

thinking, memory and language abilities, and sometimes order brain scans. This

evaluation will determine if the symptoms are related to a treatable condition—

such as depression, an infection, or medication side effects. With some types of

dementia, a clear diagnosis cannot be made until the brain is examined after death

(News in Health, 2017)

Protective factors in relation to Alzheimer’s disease

Protective factors in mental health are the very factors that can regulate

Alzheimer’s disease and control its growth. These protective factors are essential

to further reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s and possibly even prevent

Alzheimer’s. A protective factor is characterized as anything that may reduce the

negative impacts on the outcome (SAMHSA, 2018).

 PAGE 29

A small percentage of people with Alzheimer’s disease (less than 1

percent) have an early-onset type associated with genetic mutations. Individuals

who have these genetic mutations are guaranteed to develop the disease. The

article states many different prevention studies that keep striving to extend the

limit of what they know about protective factors such as an ongoing clinical trial

conducted by the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, is testing whether

antibodies to amyloid beta, a large membrane protein that normally plays an

essential role in neural growth and repair, can reduce the accumulation of amyloid

beta plaque in the brains of people with such genetic mutations and thereby

reduce, delay or prevent symptoms (Alzheimer’s Association, n.d.).

The article provided a whole lot of crucial information when

determining the causes of Alzheimer’s disease, such as that experts agree in the

vast majority of cases, Alzheimer's, like other common chronic conditions,

probably develops as a result of complex interactions (Alzheimer’s Association,

n.d.), the article will support in determining the causes of Alzheimer’s that will

prove to be very beneficial in the researchers’ effort to present the different

prevention tips, and may also help the studies of future researchers.

An article made by Edmund Howe (2008), uses current guidelines and

practices of caretakers of patients with Alzheimer's to discourage some with the

use of pharmaceutical treatments because they were too risky and use

psychological interventions instead.

 PAGE 30

His research showed that even though there are temporary pharmaceutical

treatments for patients with Alzheimer's. For example, they use atypical

antipsychotics, known as neuroleptics or major tranquilizers, for patients who are

highly irritated or agitated but research has shown it may cause to death. Due to

these findings, it was concluded that psychosocial interventions may be more

safer and effective for treating patients. It has been shown that agitated and

irritated Alzheimer's patients had not only responded to personal interactions but

also in videotapes and audiotapes of people they know, music that they feel

positive to and in social activities (Howe, 2008)

This article has a good explanation of why it is much safer to use

physiological means instead of pharmaceutical means (Edmund Howe, 2008). It

also brings up ideas and topics that may aid us to find protective factors to slow

down Alzheimer's disease to further develop our research. With our research, this

article and others, we may help future researchers of related topics to provide

them with references and to further improve their research as well.

Local Literature and Studies

Alzheimer’s disease

According to neurologist, Dr. Socorro Martinez, and the US National

Institute on Aging website, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) results when an abnormal

build up of protein in the brain forms neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques,

which appear like clumps in the brain. The clumps and the tangles interrupt the

synapses between the neurons in the brain. The result is a disruption in the
 PAGE 31

person’s cognitive function. The first to be impaired is the hippocampus, that part

of the brain that forms new memories (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2016)

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a helpful instrument

utilized by clinicians to identify subjective impedance and analyze plausible

Alzheimer's disease while in its beginning periods. Diagnosing dementia in its

mellow stage is a specific test in the Philippines where psychological decrease is

generally rejected as a component of ordinary maturing, the elderly are pardoned

from requesting mental exercises, and access to masters for opportune

determination is constrained (Davis, Creavin, Yip, Noel-Storr, Brayne, Cullum,

2015)

Age and education factors are considered, where proper cut-off scores are

regularly used to modify for contrast in these statistic factors. In spite of the fact

that regularly utilized, the MMSE does not distinguish mellow psychological

disability, therefore a requirement for an increasingly delicate screening device

for recognizing mild dementia. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was

intended to recognize gentle psychological impedance in those with typical

MMSEscores, and thusly remains as a superior screening instrument for early

identification of mild Dementia (Saczynski et. al. 2015)

Protective factors in relation to Alzheimer’s disease

Protective factors are elements that slow down the progress of many

mental health disorders, one of those being Alzheimer’s disease, and may even

possibly eliminate the disease all in all. These factors are what help supports the
 PAGE 32

regression of the disease and negates the many possible negative outcomes that

may possibly affect the disease’s growth; protective factors may even eliminate

the disease’s growth.

The study published by The Filipino Doctor, showed various ways to

possibly interfere with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Not only through

pharmaceutical means but also through physical means and psychological means.

The article mentioned commonly prescribed drugs; one of the drugs mentioned

was Memantine. Memantine is used to treat the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.

The study showed different protective factors that may reduce the effects of

Alzheimer’s, different physical activities and physical exercises that can possibly

prevent or slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s. It acts by reducing

abnormal activity in the brain, thereby, reducing memory loss and thinking

problems. Memantine may improve the mental functions of a person with

Alzheimer’s disease; however, this does not cure the disease (The Filipino

Doctor, n.d.)

The study gave examples of physical and social activities that can help

reduce the symptoms of Alzheimer’s, such as doing physical activities and doing

physical exercises, eating healthy fruits and vegetables while avoiding smoking

cigarettes and drinking alcohol is also a factor in reducing the symptoms of

Alzheimer’s disease. Being socially active and to interact often with people is also

mentioned in the article to reduce the likelihood of Alzheimer’s (The Filipino

Doctor, n.d.)
 PAGE 33

Alzheimer’s disease as a form Dementia

Dementia is characterized as a group of symptoms caused by disorders

that may damage the brain, often leading to memory loss or other problems with

brain function. Dementia is a serious cognitive disorder and a problem faced by a

number of people in old age (The Philippine Star, 2010).

A study made by Dominguez , Fe de Guzman , Reandelar , & ThiPhung,

aimed to provide a reliable estimate of dementia prevalence and identify

associated risk factors in the Filipino population. The Philippines is experiencing

rapid demographic aging and with it, the dementia epidemic. Prevalence of

dementia and associated risk factors have not been studied in the Philippines

(Dominguez et. al., 2018).

1460 people were randomly selected, 1367 agreed to participate and

underwent all assessments. The response rate was 93.6%. Dementia prevalence

was found to be 10.6% the breakdown 85.5% Alzheimer’s disease, 11.7%

Vascular Dementia, and 2.7% other dementias. In this population, 82.0% of men

and 70.4% of women had at least one cardiovascular risk factor (hypertension,

diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking), which was associated with Vascular Dementia

prevalence but not Alzheimer’s disease. The study concluded that the prevalence

of dementia, cognitive impairment no dementia, and cardiovascular risk factors

are high in the Philippines (Dominguez et. al., 2018).

Alzheimer’s disease as a type of Neurodegenerative disease

 PAGE 34

The researchers made the recommendation with the aim of assisting

healthcare providers in their management of patients with Alzheimer’s disease

(AD). The concepts, ideas, and procedures presented on the paper illustrate the

different types of therapies and management techniques which according to them,

when compacted, produce an excellent and maximized care to the patients. The

researchers grouped these concepts and then categorized them into two (2) major

management options: The non-pharmacological management; and the

pharmacological management. The reviews of such management options are then

enumerated (Martinez, Sacorro et.al., 2006).

Non-pharmacological helps to reduce, prevent and treat the illness of

dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Non-pharmacological management is

the best first move towards treating behavioral disturbances, including sexually

inappropriate behavior, in patients with AD. Giving training, support and

education in patient and guardians come first in the administration of all phases of

Alzheimer’s disease. Also, it offers therapeutic activities for patients to improve

their health and well-being. One of the goals of non- pharmacological

management is to give projects that are coordinated toward teaching family

guardians about Alzheimer’s disease ought to be offered to diminish the physical

and emotional effect of the disease. (Martinez, Sacorro et.al., 2006)

Pharmacological Alzheimer’s disease Management is, according to them,

the procedure of taking care of patients with Alzheimer’s disease with the use of

medicines and drugs intake, other than the usual therapies and cognitive exercises.
 PAGE 35

This type of management includes treatment of cognition problems, the use of

neuro protective and other similar agents, and the partial to full intake of drugs

and agents that will calm down behavioral problems. Agents for cognition and

executive body function are the ones greatly tackled by the researchers of the

article – two of which are the cholinesterase inhibitors which is responsible for

treatment of presynaptic cholinergic deficits; and the thiamine, known globally as

Vitamin B, which on the other hand is responsible for the stop page of the

progress of amnesia and the like diseases with the timely injection. Other neuro

protective agents that helps slow down the progression of Alzheimer ’s disease

(AD) like selegiline, piracetam, lechitin, and statins are also discussed but are too

broad to be tackled down on this review. By using the stated agents and drugs,

though highly necessary for severe cases as stated by the researchers, patient

should be gradually ascertained to the maximum tolerable dose in the course of 4

to 6 weeks to prevent the commoncholinergic side effects. (Martinez,

Sacorroet.al., 2006)

The similarities or goals of non-pharmacological and pharmacological

management: include: 1.) the both goal of this is to ensure the overall health of the

patients, and their well-being. 2.) is to reduce the impact of illness of dementia

and Alzheimer’s disease. 3.) both help to reduce the burden to the patients andto

the caregivers in terms of taking care of them. 4.) is to enhance cognition, mood

and behaviour of patients. And 5.) is to maintain the quality life of the patients.

(Martinez, Sacorro et.al., 2006)

 PAGE 36

Non-pharmacologist management uses the strategies of therapies to help

the patients. They also give education, support and do counseling to patients and

teach the health personnel in their right approach to their patients in the way of

having a short program to give advice and knowledge. Pharmacologist

management uses medicines and drugs intake to reduce the impact of

Alzheimer’sdisease and dementia other than the usual use of therapies and

exercise (Martinez, Sacorro et.al.,2006)

Nowadays, people lack knowledge about Alzheimer’s disease. This is one

of the growing health problems that we are facing now. It is important for us to

have a proper understanding about this disease. Either no pharmacologic or

pharmacologic, both managements are helpful. We can use therapies, drugs or

medicine, but still depends on the needs of the body of the patient (Martinez,

Sacorro et.al., 2006)

SYNTHESIS

The following studies tackles about the definition of Alzheimer’s disease,

it gives the readers of this study enough knowledge about the illness to further

understand the content of this research. Also, according to a study, it is a subject

that needs to be talk about for Thus, there is a need for this subject to be studied

for according to a study, Alzheimer’s disease results into a disruption in the

person’s cognitive function. The subsequent articles are also consisting of the

effects and the impacts of Alzheimer’s disease to the patient, as well as the
 PAGE 37

protective factors that would help the patient to avoid the effects of the

Alzheimer’s disease.

The first subheading focused on the description, effects and impact of

Alzheimer’s disease to the patients acquiring this disease. These articles contain

basic information about Alzheimer such as what are its symptoms and causes and

Alzheimer’s deeper meaning. You will see in these articles how can we detect

early periods of Alzheimer’s disease using a MoCA instrument. But this

instrument, in spite that regularly utilized, does not distinguish mellow

psychological disability.

The second subheading tackles about how Protective factors of mental

health may help prevent or even stop Alzheimer's disease. The articles and

researches tackle the possible protective factors of Alzheimer's disease. There are

physical, pharmaceutical, and means to possibly prevent Alzheimer's disease.

Most of the articles are foreign because Alzheimer's disease lack local researchers

to conduct the research. The examples of protective factors mentioned in the

articles are health habits like positive and prevention of negative habits,

antibodies to beta-amyloid, positive interaction, caretaker to patient relationship

and mental challenges. The articles that are made to aid future researchers,

caretakers and doctors that treat or care for Alzheimer's disease. These articles

are going to help us narrow down the possible protective factors and may aid

researchers as reference for future research.

 PAGE 38

The third subheading is composed of how Alzheimer’s disease is

associated with Neurodegenerative diseases. The study shows the diverse kinds of

treatments and the healthcare providers which, as per them, when compacted,

produces an unsurpassed and augmented consideration to the patients.

Nonpharmacological AD Management Nonpharmacological lessens, avert and

treat the ailment of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease AD). This study also

includes the overview of the Examination Nonpharmacological and

pharmacological administration: first, the both objective of this is to guarantee the

general strength of the patients, and their prosperity. Second, to decrease the

impact of ailment of dementia and Alzheimer's Disease infection. Pharmacologist

the executives, utilizes meds and medications admission to decrease the factor of

Alzheimer's Disease ailment and dementia other than the standard utilization of

treatments and exercise. According to the study the researcher can utilize

treatments, medications or drug, yet at the same time relies upon the necessities of

the body of the patient.

The fourth subheading is all about the description of Dementia and how it

is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. In this part of the RRS, the meaning of

dementia is widened and deepened and also, its causes and types are discussed.

The article also states causes and recognition of data and several factors that can

risk you to develop dementia. There are now different approaches that are being

studied as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and other types of dementia. There
 PAGE 39

are also tests and interviews by a physician to evaluate if the symptoms are

treatable.

The first subheading plans to help advance the knowledge about

Alzheimer’s since the researchers are searching for specific things that may assist

individuals with Alzheimer's disease. It can also moderate the advancement and

manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease. As part of the researchers’ present study

the first subheading also aimed to develop a progressive factor for Alzheimer’s

disease which can slow down the symptoms or can possibly prevent or reduce the

factors of the said disease. The study’s aim is to seek certain protective factors to

control and possibly cure Alzheimer's disease; this all depends on the defensive

elements of the study. Concerning the second subheading it means to edify the

specialist about the variables that aims to help the patients experiencing with

Alzheimer's disease. Emotional well-being is one of the simple factors that can

direct Alzheimer's ailment and control its development since these defensive

elements can additionally decrease the indications of Alzheimer's and perhaps

even prevent Alzheimer's. The researchers also aim to incorporate a portion of the

surveys that are associated in a portion of the new clarification progresses made in

investigations of neurodegenerative diseases. These studies also aided the

researchers to fully be aware of factors that can control and somehow reduce the

causes of Alzheimer’s disease. Lastly, the fourth subheading, which is the

defensive variables, will be associated with dementia and it aims to examine the

defensive components that will conceivably contribute in relieving the danger of

 PAGE 40

dementia, it ultimately plans to teach the researchers to be increasingly educated

about this study. It also aims to educate us about the several factors, capacity and

different approaches and correspondence of the body when it comes to treatments

and medicine.

The studies presented above supports the researchers' study in describing

the definition of Alzheimer’s disease as well as in finding various protective

factors for patients with Alzheimer's disease which will help to slow the effects of

the said illness to the person’s cognitive function. The articles also help the

researchers’ to be knowledgeable enough about the connection of Dementia to

Alzheimer’s disease and also the concept of Neurodegenerative Diseases.

 PAGE 41

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

A lot of people suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, describing it as one of the

top 7 “disabling chronic diseases” in the general population. A plethora of studies

indicate that maintaining strong social connection and keeping mentally active as

a person ages might lower the risk of cognitive decline.

Therefore, to further investigate the lived-experiences as well as the

insights of individuals who have encountered patients with Alzheimer’s disease,

the researchers will conduct a phenomenological study under qualitative research.

A phenomenological study is a qualitative research that attempts to set aside

biases and preconceived assumptions about human experiences, feelings and

responses to particular situation. A qualitative research is a naturalistic inquiry

that focuses on the “why” rather than the “what” of social phenomena (University

of Utah). This phenomenological study will take place in Luzon because it’s more

convenient to search for respondents since the researchers are living around the

area.

This focuses on the mental health of the patients and the experiences of

the people around them. The researchers aim to fully understand the patients who

have gone through this timely issue and to determine the factors that could help

prevent or slow down the progress of this disease.

 PAGE 42

Sampling Technique

In this study, the researchers employed the purposive sampling method for

the selection of the participants. The purposive sampling refers to the sample

selected intentionally according to the study's needs. This means that the

researcher selects participants because they are willing to take part in the study.

This strategy also allows the researcher to gather relevant and useful information

to answer the research question. Face-to-face interviews are conducted; however

interviewees will be interviewed via email and phone calls if they will have a

hectic scheduling.

The researchers selected a sample based on their research and knowledge

of the population. The participants are patients who have experienced the

progression of Alzheimer's disease. In addition, participants are chosen on the

basis of their ability to answer specific questions that will meet the objectives of

this study. The participants were able to answer the question truthfully and be able

to express the experiences they had with patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

certainly (YS Onyiuke, 2010).

Sample/Population

In this research study, the research is composed of ten (10) respondents

who had the experience of handling person with Alzheimer’s Disease. The study

covers one (10) ten paraprofessionals which are composed of caregivers, nurses as

well as relatives that are in charge of the patient with Alzheimer’s disease. These

respondents should be eighteen (18) years old and above that is knowledgeable
 PAGE 43

about the protective factors and Alzheimer’s Disease processes and progress,

furthermore, the respondent should truly experience or witnessed the progress of a

person with Alzheimer’s Disease. The researchers will interview neurologists and

paraprofessionals which include family members or anyone who is related to the

patient as well as caregivers. The interview will be conducted within the vicinity

of Luzon Area.

The inclusion criteria of this study is that the interviewee must be an adult

and is in the right state of mind for these people are considered to have more

knowledge and experience in taking care of the patient. We also include the

presence of the respondents because it is essential for enabling a patient to

participate in clinical trials guidance, support and for the patients to be properly

taking care of because of the need to record reliably progress of patients with

Alzheimer's disease. This study includes participants from 3 groups of

respondents who will be consented to be contacted about additional studies and

are fully aware of the protective factors of people with Alzheimer's Disease and

can understand the condition of the patient with Alzheimer’s Disease.

While the exclusion criteria are the minors that are related to the patient

for they are not that mindful in taking care of the patient and not that keen in

observing the behavior and the change that is happening with the patients’ body

and attitude. Also this study will not consider the family members that do not

have experience with taking in-charge with the patient.

 PAGE 44

Research Instruments

Research instruments are the things that the researches need and will be

using during the research. The list of things that is needed during the interview are

the consent form, interview guide, personal data sheets, and lastly a recorder.

The first research instrument is the consent form; it is a letter that contains

the researchers requesting for the interview and the information of what will be

the interview is all about. It also contains what will be the researchers’ topic for

the interview, the time and date of the interview, and the place where the said

interview will take place. The second research instrument that we need is the

interview guide; before that interview starts, we will give it to the interviewee, it

contains the list of questions that we will be asking to the interviewees beforehand

so that the interview flows smoothly. The third research instrument is the personal

data sheet that has the interviewees’ basic information such as its name, age,

occupation and their relationship with the patient. Lastly, this research will be

using a phone as a recorder to record the conversation with the interviewee, so the

researchers can listen to it when writing the study to serve as a basis for the

research papers.

Data Collection Procedure

Majority of the data to be gathered by the researchers will be from a face-to-face

interview from the paraprofessionals. A face-to-face approach will be used on

data gathering because of its personal approach and accurate. Interview is the

primary technique for information gathering during the systems analysis phases of
 PAGE 45

a development project. (Martin, 2007) The interview will cover the scope stated

on this paper, and shall include technical, medical, and psychological aspects of

Alzheimer’s Disease as required for the accomplishment of the research.

In order for us to successfully collect proper data: first, the researchers

will make a consent form to get the approval of the interviewee which are the

paraprofessionals. Next, the researchers will schedule a meeting interview

depends on the availability of the following interviewee. Then, the researchers are

going to interview them aligned on the research questions that was related to the

needs of the research topic. Lastly, the researchers have to assure that the data we

gathered is reliable, consistent and accurate to our topic.

These steps are important for the fulfilment of the study to make it

successful. Through data and information that we will gather, it serves as guide

and bases for analysis. Data provides the researches facts that help them answer

the research questions. Any answers that are from the researchers minds should

not only depend on it. With the help of their procedures the researchers can get

accurate knowledge and ideas that is relevant in the study.

Data Analysis

In this study, we aim to examine the data or part of the data if there are

similarities and patterns of the themes that arise from the correspondents that can

be used in determining the psychosocial protective factors of preventing

Alzheimer's disease. We will be using Thematic analysis Which is a type of

analysis that produces solutions and outcomes by looking at patterns, similarities

 PAGE 46

and compare reoccurring themes to make sense of them and form a definitive and

accurate outcome.(Maguire and Delahunt, 2017)

After recording the data necessary, the researchers will review and study

the data, while doing so the researchers will jot down notes of key points in the

data recorded. Then the researchers will organize the data in and neat and

understandable manner. After organizing the data, the next is to find reoccurring

pattern or patterns that have significance with the research. Then the researchers

will evaluate and make sense of the gathered themes and patterns. This is also

where the researchers may create subthemes wherein the data will be categorized

even thoroughly within the categories. After Categorizing the researcher will

understand the reoecurring pattems and understand what it is depicting. This is

also where the researchers will be drawing conclusions with the gathered data. In

the end we will be recording and writing the conclusions that was drawn from the

data for further use.(Maguire and Delahunt, 2017)

The analysis of the data received will be crucial in determining the outcome of the

given research. Data analysis will be useful in making sense of the vast data we

will be receiving from the correspondents. It will help us narrow down and filter

out the unnecessary data we received. It will also help us get the data that are the

similar and can be used for the progression of our research into finding answers.

Ethical Consideration

Ethics is an important factor in managing the flow of the research is also one of

the important supporting pillars in keeping the research standing. There is a

 PAGE 47

perfect reason why ethics is such an important element in maintaining the status

of one’s research, that reason being that ethics keeps both the researchers and the

interviewees away from infringing upon any rights that may break the law and

provide protection from these infringements. Ethics acts like a barrier to prevent

individuals from crossing boundaries that may provide harmful in physical and

social ways.

The informed consent form provided by the researchers emphasizes on

keeping the interviewee’s answers anonymous if needed be. This will also ensure

that any illegal or illicit acts will not be crossed. This also will inform

interviewees that the researchers will not overstep any unethical bounds in order

to obtain information. Lastly, this form will keep the interviewees’ answers safe

from any breach of data privacy.

Anonymity will be an important aspect in keeping the interviewees safe

from data privacy breaches, keeping their identities completely or partially

anonymous will be crucial to ensure their anonymity. The importance of

anonymity should be maintained to keep the interviewees from any harm that

stemmed from their answers. Anonymity is also a crucial part in keeping the

research running and at the same time assuring the confidentiality of the

interviewees from their answers (Lavrakas, 2008).

Everything about this research can be potentially lost if privacy and

confidentiality is not properly fulfilled through the research. Privacy and

confidentiality — one of the essential components in keeping the research

 PAGE 48

standing, is a necessary element in accomplishing the research’s objectives and

questions. Keeping privacy and confidentiality ensures interviewees that their

answers would be kept in an anonymous position, and that the researchers would

not press on questions that may infiltrate the interviewee’s privacy unwillingly

(Explorable, 2008).
 PAGE 49

APPENDICES
 PAGE 50

APPENDIX A

PERSONAL NA DATOS

(Personal Data Sheet)

Pangalan (Name) [Opsyonal(Optional)]: _______________________

Tirahan( Address):_________________________________________________

Kasarian (Gender): ( ) Lalaki (Male)

( ) Babae (Female)

Edad (Age):____________

Numerong Matatawagan (Contact Number): ________________________

Pangmamamayang kalagayan

(Civil Status):

o Walang Asawa (Single)

o May Asawa (Married)

o Hiwalay (Separated)

o Byudo/Byuda (Widowed)

Pang-EdukasyonnaKakayahan

(Educational Attainment):

o Tapos ng Elementaryo (Elementary Graduate)

 PAGE 51

o Tapos ng Haisku l(High School Graduate)

o Hindi nakapagtapos ng Kolehiyo (College Undergraduate)

o Tapos sa Kolehiyo (College Graduate)

o Post Gradweyt (Post Graduate)

Please answer the following questions with full honesty:

1. Are there any improvements regarding the patient's state that you may

notice from time to time?

2. What activities do you think helps the patient’s state to be improved?

3. What are your proposed treatments options that can be done with the

people who have brain disorder such as Alzheimer’s disease, based on

your experiences?

4. What are the changes that you observe with the patient towards their

behaviour and attitude?

 PAGE 52

APPENDIX B

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

This informed consent is for (description of participants). We are inviting you to

participate in a research entitled: (Title of Research). This research would be an

essential tool in determining the (topic of research).

Researchers:

(Researcher’s Names)

We are inviting you to take part in this research because we believe that you can

contribute greatly to our data collection. If there would be any reason or a

situation arises that would demand you to not participate in the study, you are free

to withdraw anytime.

All information will be treated as confidential and the results of the study will be

reported as a group, and not on individual terms. And for educational purposes

only. The data gathering will be scheduled at your most convenient time.

The research has been approved by (strand) of Far Eastern University High

School & if you have any other concerns about the foregoing, you can ask the

researchers for any questions and clarifications. You may contact the researchers

through (contact number and email address).

 PAGE 53

To be signed by participants:

I voluntarily agree to participate in the research conducted by (name of

researcher), (strand) students from Far Eastern University High School. I

understand that the research aims to determine (focus of interview/topic of

research)

I understand that my participation is on a voluntary basis and I will not be paid in

exchange for my participation. I may also withdraw from the study at any point

without any penalty. I have been given a copy of this consent form.

Signature Over of Printed Name of Participant

Signature Over Printed Name of Legal Guardian (if applicable)

Date: ______________
 PAGE 54

REFERENCES

Edmund, H. (2008). Key Psychosocial Interventions for Alzheimer's Disease.

National Canter for Biotech Information. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2708110

Maguire, M. & Delahunt, B. (2017). Doing a Thematic Analysis: A Practical,

Step-by-Step

Guide for Learning and Teaching Scholars. Dundalk: Dundalk Institute of

Technology.

What is Alzheimer’s Disease [Web log post]. (2019). Alzheimer’s Association.

Retreived from https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-

dementia/research_progress/prevention?fbclid=IwAR3k4jW8orj9n7YLA

O7YzjRKinCbREokt530oQMhHl357FDZDZMTLzloqMM

Prevention[Web log post]. (2019). Alzheimer’s Association. Retreived from

https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-

dementia/research_progress/prevention?fbclid=IwAR3k4jW8orj9n7YLA

O7YzjRKinCbREokt530oQMhHl357FDZDZMTLzloqMM

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