Fluid Dynamics LAB

LAB Copy

Submitted To:
Engineer Mudassar Hameed
Submitted By:
Hamza Naeem Rather
Registration No:
2016-CH-421

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)
 General safety rules for Fluid lab
Safety is as simple as ABC “Always Be Careful”

General rules:
 Do not perform experiment alone in the LAB
 Smoking is prohibited in the LAB
 Do not use mobile phone in the LAB
 LAB coat must be worn during LAB
 Do not play with the equipments
 Wear the safety glasses
 Never Horse Around the LAB. Be serious
 Do not eat or drink in the LAB
 Wash your hands after performing the LAB
 If you do not know about anything. Ask!
 Report to teacher if something wrong has happened
 Never touch any electric equipment if your hands are wet
 Clean up your LAB area after experiment
 Dispose unwanted material
 Workstation must be clear from handbag, laptop, bag, books
 Never to fix any faulty item on your own. Report LAB attendant

“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”

Caution:
LAB safety is not only important for you but also for the others in LAB. A single mistake
can lead to injury and a single safety can lead to life.

Experiment # 3
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
 Hydraulic Bench
Objective: To determine the discharge coefficient of different weir notches
Apparatus:
 Sharp crested weirs as V notch 60o, 90o and rectangular.
 Measuring cylinder
 Stop watch

Theory:
 Hydraulic Bench:
A hydraulic bench consists of a molded plastic sump tank which supports CRR bench top
incorporating a flow channel a volumetric measuring tank.
 Parts of hydraulic Bench:
 Centrifugal pump: It draws water from sumo tank and supplies it for
performing experiment.
 Vertical pipes: it supplies water to the upper part of hydraulic bench.
 Control valve: It is used to regulate the flow in pipe to control the flow rate.
 Drain valve: It is used for entering Sump tank.
 Volumetric tank: It stores water coming from channel. This tank is stopped to
accommodate low or high flow rate.
 Stilling baffles: It decreases the turbulence of water coming from channel.
 Dump valve: It is used for empting volumetric tank and is located at the
bottom of volumetric tank.
 Actuator: Dump valve is separated by actuator lefting the actuator opens the
dump valve.

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)
  Types of weirs:
Generally there are three different types of water weirs can be used
1. For rectangular weir
Height of head Height of weed ∆H=h2 - h1 Discharge rate Dischage coefficient
(cm) (cm) Q=L/S (m2 /s)
10 8.5 1.5 0.13 0.804
12.8 8.5 4.3 0.42 0.535
11.4 8.5 2.9 0.47 0.108

2. For Weir of 90 angle

Height of head Height of weed ∆H=h2 - h1 Discharge rate Dischage coefficient
(cm) (cm) Q=L/S (m2 /s)
11.8 8.9 2.9 0.41 0.02
11.9 8.9 3 0.38 0.017
10.9 8.9 2 0.22 0.028

3. For weir of 60 angle

Height of head Height of weed ∆H=h2 - h1 Discharge rate Dischage coefficient
(cm) (cm) Q=L/S (m2 /s)
11.2 8 3.2 0.2 0.00046
12 8 4 0.1 0.000132
13 8 3 0.5 0.0135

Procedure:
 Determine the specification of the weir. Keep the surface of weir clean to be tested
and install it tightly to the flume of hydraulic bench while watching the glass flow
meter and open up gradually to keep steady flow over the weir then close the water
supply valve and wait a while to stabilize the surface of the flow means flow stop
that fluid match to the bottom.

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)
  Record the fluid level.
 Reopen the water supply content valve and establish various flow rate and then
measure the H, height of the surface is established.
 Measure the flow rate using volumetric measuring tank with linkage volume state.
 Pot Q in cubic meter per second versus H.
 Repeat above but increase the magnitude of H weir by weir.
Result:
Measure discharge coefficient for obstacle.

Orifice meter setting at 5 mm

Pitot the setting Inclined Static pressure Differential Guage pressure
manometer pressure difference
0 2.6 3.8 10.3 40
10 3 3.9 11.6 40
20 2.9 4.1 12.5 40
30 2.8 4.1 13.7 40
40 2.5 2.1 15.6 40
Orifice meter setting at 10 mm
0 1.10 3.9 4.1 40
10 1.50 2.7 8 40
20 1.4 4.1 8.2 40
30 1.45 4 3.2 40
40 1.3 2.1 4.6 40

Absolute pressure=po = h0 + Pa
Absolute temperature =T0 =T + 273
Specific weight of air = Po / 29.41 + T0

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)
 Experiment # 4
Liquid Fluidization Study Apparatus
Objective: To investigate the behavior of particles by liquids.
Apparatus:
 Fluidized Bed Apparatus.
 Water storage tank.

Procedure:
 I turned on the water tap and started the pump so as to full the storage tank with
water.
 I dropped sand particles into the column and then measured the bed weight. I
calculated the average particles size.
 I rounded how rate against pressure drop across the bed for both the fixed bed and
fluidized bed regimes. When the bed began to fluidized, I also measured the bed
height at each flow rate and continued these measurements until a “diffuse” bed is
obtained.
 I reduced the water flow rate so that a fairly compact bed was obtained.
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
  I measured size of the particles with the help of Tyler standard screens and
determined the solid density of the material.

Precaution:
Remove all air bubbles from manometer lines.

Result:
Plot pressure drop across bed versus liquid flow rate, then show that the results obey
general correlation.
K [Vo /Vt ]= A Renv
And determine the constant A and n
Where
K= 2d3 (ρs – ρ)P/3η2
D= average particles
ρ=liquid density
ρs = Solid density
η=Liquid viscosity
Vo = Linear velocity of liquid based on the empty column
Vt = terminal velocity of the particles
Ref =dρVr /η
Vf = relative velocity b/w particles and fluid

Flow meter Manometer Manometer Height Pressure drop

reading height height (h2) difference (∆P)
(∆H)
6 6.1 8.1 2 106.42
8 5.8 8.4 2.6 138.35
10 5.5 8.6 3.1 164.96
12 5.3 8.9 3.7 196.89
Experiment No # 5
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
Objective:
“To demonstrate the relationship between flow rate, velocity and
pressure in the venture”

Apparatus:
A water tank , an electric pump , A flow control value , A rotameter , Type
flowmeter , a venturi , pressure gauges , Thermometer pipes.

Material:
Water

Theory:
Venturi Meter
Venturi meter is a flow measuring instrument which uses a converging section of pipe to
give an increase in flow velocity and a corresponding pressure drop from which the
flowrate can be deduced.

Principle:
The working of venturi meter is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s theorem.

Bernoulli’s Statement:
It states that in a steady , ideal flow of an incompressible fluid , the total energy at any
point of fluid is constant the total energy consists of pressure energy, K.E and P.E.

Mathematically,
P/₰g + v/₰g + z = constant

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)
Construction:
Venturi meter has three main parts

1. Short Converging Part:

It is a trapered portion of venturi , here the velocity of the fluid increases and
pressure decreases as the fluid flow forward.

2.Throat:
It is middle portion of venturi , here the velocity of the fluid increases and
pressure decreases. It possesses the least cross-section area .
3. Diverging Part:
In this part , the fluid diverges.

Applications:
 It is used to measure pressure of blood in vessels.
 Used to measure the flow of chemicals in pipelines.
 Used in carburetes to measure air flow in car engines.

Procedure:
 Make sure that the apparatus is setup correctly.
 Close the flow control value and start the pump.
 Open the flow control value until you reach a flowrate of 10 L/min. wait
for flow to stabilize.
 Look at clear pipe to left of apparatus when pump started to produce
bubbles start moving down the pipe. Wait for bubbles to stop and take
readings of the upstream and treat pressures.
 Use the flow control value to increase flow from 15 L/min to 20 L/min
take pressure readings at each flowrate then turn off the pump.
 Use the continuity equation to calculate flow velocities and prove that
you can predict the throat flow velocity from the inlet flow velocity.
 Use the simplified Bernoulli’s equation

P1+ ₰v12/2 = p2 + ₰v22/2

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
 Experiment No # 6

Objective:
“ To demonstrate cavitation and to show how to predict its onset”

Apparatus:
A water pump , an electric pump a flow control value , a rotameter type ,
flowmeter , a venturi pressure guage , thermometer , pipes.

Material:
Water

Cavitation:
The causes and phenomenon of cavitation are one of the most important
subjects in any course.
It occurs whenever the working fluid reaches to vapour pressure is determined by
relationship of tempreture and pressure of fluid.
“Cavitation is the formation of vapour cavities in a liquid that are the consequences of
forces acting upon liquid”

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)
Procedure:
 Make sure that the apparatus is setup correctly.
 Close the flow control value and start the pump.
 Open the flow control value until for reach a flow rate of 10 L/min. wait for the
flow to stabilize.
 Measure and recorrect the ambient atmosphere pressure. Use the thermometer to
measure water temperature.
 Look at clear pipe to the left of apparatus. When pump is started , bubbles start
moving down the pipe. Wait for bubbles to stop and take readings of upstream and
throat pressures.
 Use the flow control value to increase the flow.
 As you increase the flowrate moniter venturi and look for signs of cavitation
around throat section.
 Switch off the pump.
 Use the continuity equation to calculate inlet flow velocity for each flow rate.
 Complete the extra column of p1 +p2.
 Plot a chart of p1 + p2 against v12/2.
 Calculate the gradient of chart this will be h2.

Table:
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
 Flow Upstream P1+Pa Upst Ρv/2 Throat Flow
reading (Q) Pressure ream pressure veloci
10l/min=0.0 1bar=105 flow 1bar=105 ty of
0166 velo throat
city
L/m m3/sec bar pa Pa m/se bar pa m/sec
in c
25 4.16*104 0.07 7*103 7*103 5.91 7405 0.625 0.625*10 115.75
5

27 4.5*104 0.15 15*103 15*103 3 4500 0.84 0.84*105 1.25*104

29 4.8*104 0.20 20*103 .20*103 0.24 28.80 0.83 0.85*105 133*103
31 5.1*104 0.45 45*103 45*103 1.03 638.45 0.82 0.82*105 141*105
38 8*104 1.04 1.4*103 1.04*103 0.60 1800 0.79 0.79*105 757*107

PV2 /2 (kg/m2sec) vs (P1 + P)

7000
PV2 /2 (kg/m2sec)

6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
P1 + P

Experiment No # 7
Flow past immersed bodies
To illustrate the use of channel fit a round cylinder in working section about 4 degree
bends. Cuts of the cylinder should be horizontal and the cylinder should rest on model
platform.
The arrangement is also use to demonstrate the flow over a broad crested weir, sphere
and other weir of different shapes.
Apparatus:
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
 Open channel experiment
1. Hydraulic jump following broad crested weir.
To demonstrate this half cylinder is placed on the metal plate downstream of
cascade bends.
As water velocity increases, various stages of hydraulic jump are observed.
In this case less energy loss will be observed.

2. Hydraulic jump following under shot weir.

The knife edge provided in the model but is used for experiment and also setup as
downstream of cascade bends.
By increasing flow rate, various stages of hydraulic jump were observed
3. Hydraulic jump following foil edge weir.
To demonstrate this a foil edge weir is placed on the model form downstream of
the cascade bends.
As water velocity increases, various stages of hydraulic jump were observed.
4. Hydraulic jump following circular weir.
To demonstrate this a circular weir is used and placed in the fluid on model
platform downstream of cascade bends.
As flow rate of water inreases,various stages of hydraulic jump were observed
Flow meter Manometer Manometer Height Pressure drop
Reading height (h1) height (h2) Difference (∆H) (∆P=ρgh)
6 6.1 8.1 2 106.42
8 58 8.4 2.6 138.35
10 5.5 8.6 3.1 164.96
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
(FSD Campus)
12 5.2 8.9 3.7 196.89
14 4.6 9.1 4.5 239.46
16 4.1 9.6 5.5 292.67
18 4.0 11 7.0 292.67

Graph

∆P(Pa) vs Flow rate

350
300
250
200
∆P(Pa)

150
100
50
0
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Flow rate

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY LAHORE

(FSD Campus)