Pakistan Movement

Evolution of muslim nationality (1857 to 1930)

 War of independence
War of Independence is an important landmark in the history of Sub-Continent. This War was
fought in 1857 by Indians against the British in order to get rid of their domination. It is also given
names as Indian Rebellion, Indian Mutiny as well as Indian Revolt. The main causes of the War were
political, social, economical, military and religious. It was an extreme effort made by Indians, but
they failed due to certain reasons including mutual jealousies, disunity, and lack of central
leadership etc.

This war was not spread throughout India but it was limited to few areas mainly Meerut, Delhi,
Kanpur, Lucknow etc. The main event which became the immediate cause of the war was the
refusal of the Sepoys to use the grease covered cartridges (greased with fat of pig and cow) on
January 23, 1857. At the same time, an Indian sepoy killed two British officers at Barrackpore, when
he was forced to use greased cartridges. He was arrested and hanged to death on April 8, 1857. This
news spread as fast as jungle fire.

 Role of Sir Syed Ahmad khan

Syed Ahmad Taqvi bin Syed Muhammad Muttaqi (17 October 1817 – 27 March 1898),
commonly known as Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, was an Indian Muslim pragmatist,[ Islamic
reformist,philosopher of nineteenth century British India and the first who said about the
people of India that Hindu and Muslims are the two communities stand in the same relation to
India in which the head and the heart stand in relation to the human body.” In 1884".He was
born into a family with strong ties with Mughal court, Syed studied the Quran and sciences
within the court. He was awarded honorary LLD from the University of Edinburgh.[8]

The Aligarh Movement was the push to establish a modern system of education for the Muslim
population of British bharat, during the later decades of the 19th century.[1] The movement′s
name derives from the fact that its core and origins lay in the city of Aligarh in Northern India
and, in particular, with the foundation of the Mohammedan Anglo Oriental Collegiate School in
1875.[2] The founder of the oriental college, and the other educational institutions that
developed from it, was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. He became the leading light of the wider Aligarh
Movement.

The educational reform established a base, and an impetus, for the wider Movement: an Indian
Muslim renaissance that had a profound implications for the religion, the politics, the culture
and society of the Indian sub-continent.
 Partition of Bengal 1905

The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of
India, Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim
eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated
Bengal's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a
province that would unite the province of Bihar and Orissa. Hindus were outraged at what they
saw as a "divide and rule" policy (where the colonisers turned the native population against
itself in order to rule), even though Curzon stress

Reasons of Bengal Partiton

1. Vastness of Province: The Province was spread over the area of 1, 89, 000 square
miles with the population of 80 million, which was too vast to be managed by one lieutenant
Governor. He could not make a tour for the whole province due to its vastness once in his
tenure.

2. Limited Sources of Communication: The sources of communication

in the provinces were limited due to rivers and forests. The law and order condition of the
provinces was also worst due to insufficient police and in-efficient management. Therefore the
need of partition of province was felt severally.

3. Difference of Language: There was also the difference of Languages and

civilization of the natives of West Bengal and East Bengal. The natives of West Bengal considered
themselves superior in civilization to the resident of East Bengal. The Condition demanded for
the division of Provinces.

4. Need of the time: The division of Bengal was the need of the time to develop
trade in East Bengal and to promote the Port of Chittagong, which could be done only by
division of the Provinces.
 Formation of Muslim League 1906
The Formation of Muslim League

BACKGROUND :

After the defeat in the war of Independence . The muslims became the target of british
victimization . To save the muslims From attrocities of Britishers , Sir Syed Ahmed Khan took the
responsibilty of protecting rights of the muslims without formation of any political organization .
After the death of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan in 1888 , the anti muslim activities of congress further
increased . At last a Deligation consisting of 35 members , under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan
met the Viceroy of India . Due to the positive answer of viceroy , a feeling of Confidence and
unity was Created . The All India Muslim League was created out of this Convection .

INTRODUCTION :

Muslims Leader met at Dhaka at Dec , 1906 on the occasion of annual meeting of Mohammadin
education conference . The meeting took place at dhaka under the presidency of Nawab waquril
muk , Sir Suleman [ the Nawab of Dhaka ] voted the resolution for establishing muslim
organization to be called as All India Muslim League . Mulavi Ali Jahal Hakim , Ajmal Khan and
Moulana Zafar Ali also supported the Resolution .

REASONS OF CREATION :

1 . Hindi and Urdu Conflict .

2 . Negative of Hindu Sectorian parties and Movement .
3 . Problem of Slaughtering cow .
4 . Claim of congress to the only reponsible properties .
5 . Success of Simla Deligation on Nob - 1906 .

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES :

1 . To Provide the Muslims of India feeling Loyalty to the British Government .

2 . To Provide the rise among the muslims of india any feeling of hostality towards other
community without prejudice to other ojects of League .
3 . To Protect muslims and Rights and Interests .

HEAD OFFICE :
Aligarh was at a central position in the Political , Educational and Economic Progress of Indian
Muslims . So the Head Office of All India Muslim League was Also formed in Aligarh .

FIRST OFFICE HOLDER :

In the Meeting of March 1908 , Sir Agha Khan was elected as President and Syed Hasan Bilgrani
waas elected as a General secetory of Muslim League .
 ACHIEVEMENTS OF MUSLIM LEAGUE :

1 . Representative of Muslims of Sub-continent .

2 . Answer to COngress Propaganda .
3 . Approval of Seperate Election .
4 . Formation of Aligarh Muslim University

 Simla Diputation 1906

The Simla Deputation of 1906 was the first systematic attempt on the part of the Muslims to
present their demands, to the British government and to seek their acceptance.

The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India. It was a galaxy of Muslims
leaders from all the provinces, from one end of India to the other and it had Muslims of all
background. Therefore, when in 1906, this deputation called on the Viceroy, it was the most
representative Muslim delegation. This delegation was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin
ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was
called as Simla Deputation.
.

Demands of Simla Deputation

Muslim leaders presented following demands:

· Representation more than their population because of their importance.

· Separate electorate
· Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs.
· Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and syndicates
· Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council.
· MuslimUniversity at Aligarh.

The Viceroy was sympathetic towards the demands. It encouraged the Muslims to launch
struggle for their rights parallel to the Indian National Congress but it required an organized
platform.

 The Lucknow Pact 1916

The high profile leaders of the All India Muslim League and the Indian National Congress met at
Lucknow in 1916 to ponder over the self-government in India. Both the parties agreed on the
Congress-League Scheme commonly known as Lucknow Pact. Congress was led by Bal
 Gangadhar Tilak, the Maratha leader and Jinnah presided over the All India Muslim League.
Jinnah advocated that both the Hindus and Muslims should live in unity to resist against the
British Raj and attain self-government in India for the Indians.

The salient features of Lucknow Pact are as under:

 Hindus surrendered to the separate identity of the Muslims for the first time and agreed on the
separate Muslim electorate.
 The Muslims succeeded in getting 1/3 number of seats in the Imperial Legislative Council, 50%
seats reserved in Punjab,40% in Bengal,33% in Bombay, 25% in the U.P. and 15% each for the
Central and Madras assemblies.
 The provinces shall be given the provincial autonomy while the solutions for the communal
issues shall be sought.

 The khilafat Movement 1919

The Khilafat movement, also known as the Indian Muslim movement (1919–24),
was a pan-Islamist political protest campaign launched by Muslims of British India
led by Shaukat Ali, Mohammad Ali Jauhar and Abul Kalam Azad[1] to restore the
caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate, who was considered the leader of Sunni
Muslims, as an effective political authority. It was a protest against the
humiliating sanctions placed on the caliph and the Ottoman Empire after the First
World War by the Treaty of Sèvres

 The Simon Commission, Nov 1927

Simon Commission, group appointed in November 1927 by the British

Conservative government under Stanley Baldwin to report on the working of the
Indian constitution established by the Government of India Act of 1919. The
commission consisted of seven members—four Conservatives, two Labourites,
and one Liberal—under the joint chairmanship of the distinguished Liberal lawyer,
Sir John Simon, and Clement Attlee, the future prime minister. Its composition
met with a storm of criticism in India because Indians were excluded. The
commission was boycotted by the Indian National Congress and most other Indian
political parties. It, nevertheless, published a two-volume report, mainly the work
of Simon.

 The Nehru Report ,1928

The Nehru Report of 28–30 August, 1928 was a memorandum outlining a

proposed new dominion status for the constitution for India. It was prepared by a
committee of the All Parties Conference chaired by Motilal Nehru with his son
Jawaharlal Nehru acting aThe Committee invited the Muslim League, Hindu
Mahasbha, Sikh Central League and the other remarkable political parties to join
hands in framing the constitution of the Sub-Continent. The Muslim League
disagreed with the Congress in the points concluded by Nehru. At the fourth
meeting, Moti Lal Nehru presented his report known as Nehru Report. The main
features of the Nehru Report were as under:

 “India should be given the status of a dominion.

 There should be federal form of government with residuary powers vested
in the center
 India should have a parliamentary form of government headed by a Prime
Minister and six ministers appointed by the Governor General.
 There should be a bi-cameral legislature.
 There should be no separate electorate for any community.
 System of weightage for minorities was as bad as that of separate
electorates.
 Reservation of Muslim seats could be possible in the provinces where
Muslim population was at least 10 percent, but this was to be in strict
proportion to the size of the community.
 Muslims should enjoy one/fourth representation in the Central Legislature
 Sindh should be separated from Bombay only if the certified that it was
financially self-sufficient.
 The N.W.F.P should be given full provincial status.
 A new Kanarese-speaking province Karnatik should be established in South
India.
 Hindi should be made the official language of Indias secretary. There were
nine other members in this committee.

 Fouteen Poins of Quaid e Azam 1929

JINNAH'S FOURTEEN POINTS -1929

 1.Federal System
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the residuary
powers rested in the provinces.
 2.Provincial Autonomy
A uniform measure of autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
 3.Representation of Minorities
All legislative in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted
on the definite principles of adequate and effective representation of
minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province
to a minority or even equality.
 4.Number of Muslim Representative
In the central legislative ,Muslims representative shall be not less than one
-third.
 5.Separate Electorates
Representative of communal groups shall continue to be by means of
separate electorates as at present provided it shall be open to any
community,at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint
electorate.
 6.Muslim Majority Provinces
Any territorial re-distribution that might at any time be necessary shall not
in any way,effect the Muslim majority in Punjab,Bengal and N.W.F.P.
 7.Religious Liberty
 Full religious Liberty,liberty of belief,worship and observance,association
and education shall be guaranted to all the communication.
 8.Three-Fourth Representation
No bill or resolution shall be passed in any legislative or any other elected
body if three-fourths of the members of any community in that particular
body oppose such a bill.
 9.Separation of Sind
Sind should be separated from Bombay Presidency.
 10.Introduction of Reforms in N.W.F.P and Baluchistan
Reforms should be introduced in the North-West Frontier Province and
Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.
 11.Government Services
Muslims should be given adequate share along with other Indians in the
services of State.
 12.Protection of Muslim's culture and Language
The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of
Muslim culture,language,religion and civilization.
 13.One-Third Muslim Ministers
No cabinet,either central or provincial be formed.Without being a
proportion of at least one-third Muslim Ministers.

 14.Constitution
No change shall be made in the constitution of state except with the
concurrence of State constituting the Indian Federation.

 The Allahabad Address,1930

The Allahabad Address is a speech by British Indian born scholar Sir

Muhammad Iqbal, one of the best-known in Pakistan history. It was
delivered by Iqbal during the 25th annual session of the All-India Muslim
League, on the afternoon of Monday, 29 December 1930, at Allahabad
British India. In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state
for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India, thus becoming the
first politician to articulate what would become known as the Two-nation
theory—that Muslims are a distinct nation and thus deserve political
independence from other rIn this address, Allama Iqbal gave the lucid
explanation of the inner feeling of the Muslims of India. He narrated the
basic principles of the Islam and loyalties of the Muslims to their faith. He
gave the idea and concept about a separate homeland in this address
because the Muslim were a nation and had a right that they got the
identification and passed their lives in order to the Islamic principles. Due
to these reasons, he expressed his thoughts in this address.
There were many reasons which caused Muslims to think about the
separate homeland and compelled to protect the rights of the Muslim.
There was a two branched attack on the Muslim interests. On the one side,
Hindus were creating the restrictions in the way of the Muslim and hurting
the feeling of the Muslim to propose the Nehru report as the ultimate
constitution for India. On the other side, the British government totally
ignored the Muslim’s rights and other facilities were not being provided to
them. They were ignored in every field of life, especially in education and
government.
In that critical condition, Allama Muhammad Iqbal realized that these
eccentric problems of the Muslims in North West India needed to be
addressed. In order to solve these problems, Allama Iqbal pointed a line of
action.egions and communities of India.

Prepared By; Muhammad Asif Khan