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Department of Education: Module in General Biology 1 Grade 12 First Quarter Week 1

This document provides an overview of the cell theory and cell structure for a 12th grade general biology class. It discusses: (1) The history of cell theory development from early microscope observations in the 1600s-1800s to the unified cell theory established in 1855. (2) The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. (3) The major organelles found in cells and their basic functions, including the cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and nucleus.

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Chimmy Changa
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235 views2 pages

Department of Education: Module in General Biology 1 Grade 12 First Quarter Week 1

This document provides an overview of the cell theory and cell structure for a 12th grade general biology class. It discusses: (1) The history of cell theory development from early microscope observations in the 1600s-1800s to the unified cell theory established in 1855. (2) The main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structures. (3) The major organelles found in cells and their basic functions, including the cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, chloroplasts, and nucleus.

Uploaded by

Chimmy Changa
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
N a t i o n a l C a pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Pi ñ a s C i t y

Name: __________________________________________ Score: ___________________

Grade and Section: _________________________________ Teacher: _________________________________

Module in General Biology 1


Grade 12
First Quarter
Week 1
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES
• Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)
• Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)
WHAT’S IN
The cell is the basic unit of biology. Every existing living organism either consists of cells or is itself a single cell.
Therefore, it is only through detailed understanding of the structure and function of cells that we can appreciate the abilities
and limitations of every single biological organism. Our current understanding of what the cells are and how they work are
results of previous studies started more than 300 years ago. In this introductory lesson, we will look briefly at the origin of
the fundamental unit of life, the cell theory, the unifying principle of biology.

History of the Cell Theory


The microscopes we use today are far more complex than those used more than 300 years ago when important
scientists have first made observations about the existence of cells. The timeline below will provide you the significant
highlights that led to the development of the cell theory.

1665
Robert Hooke observed honeycomb-like
1670s
compartments in a cork slice using a
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to
primitive compound microscope. He
see living microscopic organisms he
called it cell from the Latin word cellula,
called as animalcules in pond water.
meaning “little room”.
In later years, he was also able to
observe blood and sperm cells.
1831
Robert Brown discovered the nucleus in
plant cells.
1838
1839 Matthias Jakob Schleiden proposed that
Theodor Schwann reached the all plant tissues are composed of cells.
conclusion that not only plants, but He also stated that cells are the basic
animal tissue as well is composed of building blocks of all plants.
cells. Together with Schleiden, he then
developed a single unified theory of
cellular organization:
(1) All organisms consist of one or more 1855
cells. Rudolf Virchow concluded that cells arose
(2) The cell is the basic unit of only from pre-existing cells as originally
structure and function for all organisms. stated in Greek, omnis cellula e cellula.
He added the third part of the theory:
(3) All cells arise only from preexisting
cells.
Two Types of Cells
1) Prokaryotic Cell
A prokaryotic cell (Greek pro, before, and karyon, kernel referring to the
nucleus) lacks a nucleus and its DNA is coiled into a nucleoid region. Since no
membrane surrounds the nucleoid region, the DNA is in direct contact with the rest
of the cell contents. Bacteria and archaea cells are classified as prokaryotic.

Figure 1. Common Types of Bacteria Infecting Humans


Image source: https://st2.depositphotos.com/2852841/5987/v/950/
depositphotos_59877737-stock-illustration-common-bacteria-infecting-human.jpg

2) Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells (Greek eu, true and karyon, kernel) are more complex than prokaryotic cells. From the given
examples below, notice that most of the structures present in a eukaryotic cell are composed of membranes. These
membrane-bound structures are referred to as organelles. Also, its DNA has a nuclear membrane and is contained inside
the nucleus. Eukaryotic organisms include protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, and animals.

Figure 2. Plant cell Figure 3. Animal cell


Image source: https://www.biologyjunction.com /07-08-PlantCell-L.jpg Image source: https://www.biologyjunction.com /07-08-AnimalCell-L.jpg

Cell Structure and Composition


One basic tenet included in the cell theory states that cell is the functional unit of life. Therefore, there are certain
structures that permit the cell to carry out vital metabolic functions, and these are the organelles generally found in the
cytoplasm. The major parts of the cell may be divided into three: (1) external covering, (2) cytoplasm and (3) nucleus.

Table 2. Cell Structure Composition and Their Functions


1. External covering serves as the outer boundary of the cell.
Structure Composition Function
Cell or plasma Phospholipid bilayer Protection and support
membrane Passageway of materials exiting and entering
the cell
Cell wall Cellulose Protection and support
2. Cytoplasm has thick, semifluid aggregate of compounds known as cytosol.
Mitochondria Phospholipid bilayer Powerhouse of the cell
Double-walled organelle Produces ATP
Has own DNA and ribosomes Gives energy to the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum Flattened sheets of sacs and tubes Production of secretory proteins (rough ER)
(Rough and smooth ER) Synthesis and transport of lipids (smooth ER)
Golgi apparatus Flattened membrane-bound sacs For modification, sorting and packaging of
substances
Lysosome Phospholipid bilayer Contains lysozyme, a digestive enzyme that
breaks down molecules and defective cellular
parts
Vacuole Membrane-bound sac For storage of substances
Vesicles Membrane-bound sac Carry molecules and packed substances
Cytoskeleton Filamentous or fiber-like Give support and structure to the cell
Chloroplast Double-membrane organelle Site for photosynthesis
Has own DNA and ribosomes
Centriole Filamentous or fiber-like For cellular division
Ribosome Protein and RNA Site of protein synthesis
3. Nucleus acts as the control center of the cell.
Nucleoplasm Semifluid medium separated from Contains thin fibers of DNA and protein
the cytoplasm
Nuclear envelope Double membrane perforated with Control the flow of materials into and out of the
nuclear pores nucleus
Nucleolus Mass of fibers and granules For synthesis of ribosomes

General Biology 1 Q1W1 Prepared by: Añano, JAP, Alvero, APS, & Taguas, MES

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