GEN MATH - Module (Banesio)

i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Philippine Politics and Governance
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General Mathematics
General Overview:
In this module, the learner will learn the basic concepts of the the different topics from
different branches of Mathematics such as Algebra, Business Mathematics, and Logic.
At the first part is the Algebra, containing sub-topics such as Rational functions,
exponential functions, and logarithmic function. In this branch, the learner will encounter more
on algebraic expressions such as equations, inequalities and functions. Definitions and
examples are provided, to serve as guide in answering the activities, exercises and
assessments that will help learners develop their mathematical skills.
Second, the Business Mathematics, contains interests, annuities, stocks and bonds and
loans. Given that Mathematics is an important part of managing business, the learner will have
the idea on how to manage money as some point or the other to take decisions, they will
understand the importance of money, and they will get the basic ideas in dealing money issues
such as making money, saving money, investing money and etc..
Lastly, the Logic, contains Propositions, Logical Operators, Truth Tables, Logical
Equivalence and Conditional Propositions. By these topics, learners will be able to develop
their critical-thinking skills, decision-making skills, and logical reasoning skills. It will train
learners to construct effective arguments and to spot weak ones, which is a skill that is useful
in just about every field of endeavor, as well as in everyday life. It helps steer us in the
direction of truth and away from falsehood.
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MODULE 1: Representation of Functions
Module Overview:
This module contains the basic concepts of functions, involving peicewise, rational, exponential
and logarithmic function in order to create its representation from real-life situations which are evident in
our daily routines. It will give ideas to the learners that our actions and decisions has a relation with
mathematics.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: Representation of functions
a. Definition of function
 Piecewise Function
 Rational Function
 Exponential Function
 Logarithmic Function
Module Learning Outcomes:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of functions.
LESSON 1: Representation of Functions
Specific Objective(s):
1. Represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise, Rational function,

Exponential function and Logarithmic function
Definition of Function
 Function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the
range by some rule
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 Piecewise Function is a type of function that are defined by multiple sub-functions, and each
sub-function applying to a certain interval of the main function’s domain.
p ( x)
 Rational Function is a function of the form f ( x )= where p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomial
q(x)
functions, and q ( x ) is not the zero function (q ( x ) ≢ 0). The domain of f ( x ) is all values of x
where q ( x ) ≠0.
 An Exponential Function with base b is a unction of the form f ( x )=bx ∨ y=b x where b> 0 , b≠ 1
.
 Logarithmic Function is a function of the form f ( x )=log b x , b>0 , b ≠ 1.
Representation of Functions in Real-life Situation
Function can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model
will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.
 Example 1. Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs
₱ 40.
Solution. Since each meal cost ₱ 40, then the function is C ( x )=40 x.
 Example 2. One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose rectangular area next to a
river. Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x .
Solution. The area of a rectangular enclosure is a=xy . We will write this as a function of x .
100−x
Since only 100 m of fencing is available, then x +2 y =100 or y= =50−0.5 x . Thus,
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A ( x )=x ( 50−0.5 x ) or A ( x )=50 x−0.5 x .
Piecewise Function
Some situations can only be describe by only one formula, depending on the value of the
independent variable.
 Example 3. A user is charged ₱300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100
free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged ₱1 each. Represent the amount a
consumer pays each month as a function of the number of messages m sent in a month.
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Solution. Let t ( m ) represent the amount paid by the consumer pays each month. It can be
expressed by the piecewise function
t ( m )= 300 if 0< m≤ 100

{
300+m if m>100
 Example 4. A jeepney costs ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometers , and each additional integer
kilometre adds ₱1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare F in
termsof the distance d in kilometers .
Solution. The input value is distance and the output value is the cost of the jeepney fare. If
F (d) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be represented as
follows:
8 if 0< d ≤ 4
f ( d )=
{8+1.5 ( d ) if d> 4
Rational Function
d
Average speed (or velocity can be computed by the formula s= . Consider a 100-meter track
t
used for foot races. The speed of a runner can be computed by taking the time it will take him to run the
100
track applying it to the formula s= , since the distance is fixed at 100 meters.
t
 Example 5. Represent the speed of a runner as a function of the time it takes to run 100 meters
in the track.
Solution. Since the speed of a runner depends on the time it takes the runner to run 100
meters, we can represent speed as a function of time.
Let x represent the time it takes the runner to run 100 meters. Then the speed that can represented as
a function s ( x ) as follows:
100
s ( x )=
x
d
Observe that it is similar in structure to the formula s= relating speed,distance and time.
t
5
 Example 6. Continuing the scenario above, contruct a table of values for the speed of a runner
against different run times.
Solution. A table of values can help us determine the behavior of a function as the variable x
changes.
Let x be the run time and s( x ) be the speed of the runner in meters per second, where
100
s ( x )= . The table of values for run times from 10 to 20 seconds is as follows:
x
x 10 12 14 16 18 20
s( x ) 10 8.33 7.14 6.25 5.56 5
x=10 100 100

s ( x )= s ( x )=
100 12 14
s ( x )=
10 s ( x )=8.33
s ( x )=1 x=14 s ( x )=7.1
x=12
From the table, we can observe that the speed decreases with time.
Logarithmic Function
 Given: Earthquake Magnitude on a Richer scale
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by
2 E
R= log ⁡ 4.40
3 10
where E (in joules) is the energy release by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40 is
the energy released by a very small reference earthquake.
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The formula indicates that the magnitude of an earthquake is based on the logarithm of the ratio
between the energy it releases and the energy released by the reference earthquake.
 Example 7. Supposed that an earthquake released approximately 1012 joules of energy.
a. What is its magnitude on a Richer Scale?
b. How much moe energy does this earthquake released than that by the reference earthquake?
2 1012 2 7.6
Solution. (a.) Since E=1012, then R= log 4.40
= log10 .
3 10 3
Since the definition log 107.6 =7.6is the exponent by which 10 must be
raised to obtain 107.6 then log 107.6 =7.6
2
Thus, R= ( 7.6 ) ≈5.1 .
3
10 12 7.6
(b.) This earthquake releases 4.40
=10 ≈ 39810717 times more enery than by
10
the reference earthquake.
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Complete the table below by providing 5 examples of functions in every column.
Logarithmic
Peicewise Function Rational Function Exponential Funcion
Function
1. 1. 1. 1.
2. 2. 2. 2.
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3. 3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4. 4.
5. 5. 5. 5.
Activity Sheet 1.2
Direction: Read carefully and answer the following problems below.
1. A videoke machine csn be rented for ₱1,000 for three days, but for the fourth day onwards, an
additional cost of ₱400 per day is added. Repesent the cost ofrenting a videoke machine as a
piecewise function of the number of days it is rented.
__________________________________________________________________________________
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2. The fee for hiring a uide to explore a cave is ₱700. A guide can only take care of a maximum of 4
persons, and additional guised can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a
function of the number of tourist who wish to explore the cave.
__________________________________________________________________________________
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3. The cost of hiring a catering service in to serve food for a party is ₱150 per head fr 20 persons or
less, ₱130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and ₱110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more
persons, the cost is at ₱100 per head. Represent the total cost as a function of the number of
attendees of the party.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment 1.1
1) Represent the following problems as a rational function by completing the table of values.
a) An object is to travel a distance of 10 meters. Express velociy v as a function v(t) of travel time
10
t , in seconds. ( use the function v ( t )= )
t
t (seconds ) 1 2 4 5 10
v( t)
5t
b) Suppose that c ( t ) = 2 (in mg/mL) represents the consentration of a drug in a patients
t +1
bloodstream t hours after the drug was administered. Provide c (t) given that t=0 , 1 ,2 , 5 ,10
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t 0 1 2 5 10
c (t)
x f (x)
-4
(2) -1 Represent the following exponential and logarithmic function by completing the
table 0 of values. Show your solutions.
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c) Given the exponential function
f ( x )=3 x
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(Solu tions on this side)
d) Given the logarithmic function g ( x )=log 3 x
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(Solutions on this side)
x f (x)
-4
-1
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Given the following real-life problems, represent the following.
1. A cellphone plan cost P 350.00 a month. The plan includes 480 free minutes of calls and
charges P 7.00 for each additional minute of usage. Represent the following problem as a piecewise
function.
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__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. A family goes on a vacation in a resort in Laguna. Two cars are used to accommodate all the
family members. The first car leaves at 1:00 pm and travels at a constant rate of 40 kph towards the
destination. Thirty minutes later, the second car leaves and travels at a constant rate of 55 kph.
Represent the problem using the modeling of rational function.
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MODULE 2: Rational Function
Module Overview:
This module contains the basic concepts of rational function, equation ad inequality. The
learners will learn how to solve problems involving rational function, equation and inequality which they
might apply in real-life situations.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: Rational Functions, Equations and Inequalities
Lesson 2: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of rational functions.
LESSON 1: Rational Functions, Equations and Inequalities
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Specific Objective(s):
1. Distinguishes rational function, equation, and inequality.
Definition
 Rational Expression is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials.

It can be describe as a function where either the numerator, denominator, or both have a
variable on it.
 Examples:
Expression Reason
2
x +3 x +2 Rational expression because it is a ratio
x+4 of two polynomials.
Rational expression because the
1
numerator 1 is a polynomial (of degree of
3 x2
1).
2
x + 4 x−3 Rational expression which is also a
2 polynomial.
√ x +1 Not a rational expression since the
x 3−1 numerator is not a polynomial.
1 1
The expression is equal to ,
x +2 ( x+2 ) ( x−2 )
x−2 so it is a rational expression
 Definition:
Rational Equation Rational Inequality Rational Function

An equation involving An inequality involving A function of the form
rational expression. rational expression.
p ( x)
of f ( x )= where
q(x)
Definition p ( x ) ∧q ( x ) are
polynomials, and q (x)
is not the zero function.
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x 2+ 2 x +3
f ( x )= or
2 3 1 5 2 x +1
Example − = ≤
x 2x 5 x−3 x x 2+ 2 x +3
y=
x +1
Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Determine which of the following are rational expression (write RE) or not (write NRE). Write
your answers on the space provided.
15 __________6. √ x−2=4
__________1.
√ x−1
__________2. 5 x 4 6 x7 +1 x−1 3
__________7. =x
x+ 1
5−x 3
__________3. 7 x 3−4 √ x +1
x __________8. y=
x 2 +3
__________4. y=5 x 3−2 x+ 1
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__________9. 6 x− ≥0
x+ 3
8 x
__________5. −8=
x 2 x−1
x+1
__________10. <1
2x
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Write RE if it is a rational equation, RI if it is a rational inequality and RF if it is a rational

function. Write your answers on the space provided.
15 8 x
__________1. __________5. −8=
√ x−1 x 2 x−1
__________6. √ x−2=4
4 7
__________2. 5 x 6 x +1
x−1 3
__________7. =x
5−x 3
x+ 1
__________3.
x
7 x 3−4 √ x +1
__________8. y=
__________4. y=5 x 3−2 x+ 1 x 2 +3
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5 8 3x
__________9. 6 x− ≥0 __________15. =
x+ 3 x−2 5
x+1
__________10. <1
2x 2 x
__________16. f ( x )= − −15
3x 2x
5
__________11.
x 2 x−1
__________17. >5
x
3 x −2 5
__________12. =
2 x 5 x−1
__________18. <21
x−4
x 2−2 x+5
__________13. y=
x−1 __________19.
√3 12 =5
x−4
4 x−3 x−2
__________14. −
2 x+ 7 2 x−7 4 x−15
__________20. y=
3
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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc General Mathematics
LESSON 2: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
Specific Objectives:
1. Solves rational equation and inequalities.
2. Solves problems involving rational function, equation and inequality.
Definition
 To solve a rational equation:

1. Eliminate denominators by multiplying each term of the equation by theleast common
denominator.
2. Note that eliminating denominators may introduce extraneous solutions.Check the
solutions of the transformed equations with the originalequation.
2 3 1
 Example 1: Solve for x : − =
x 2x 5
Solution: The LCD of all denominator is 10 x . Multiply both sides of the equation and solve the
resolving equation.
10 x ( 2x )−10 x ( 23x )=10 x ( 15 )

20 x 30 x 10 x
− =
x 2x 5
20−15=2 x
5=2 x
2 x=5
5
x=
2
x 1 8
 Example 2: Solve for x : − = 2
x+2 x−2 x −4
Solution: Factor each denominator in thr rational expression
x 1 8
− =
x+2 x−2 ( x+2 )( x−2 )
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Multiply the LCD to both sides of the equation to remove the denominators.
[ ( x+ 2 )( x−2 ) ] ( x +2x )− [( x +2) ( x−2) ] ( x+21 )=[ ( x+ 2)( x−2) ]( ( x +2)(8x−2 ) )

( x−2 ) ( x )−( x+ 2 )=8
x 2−2 x−x−2=8
x 2−3 x−2−8=0
x 2−3 x−10=0
Upon reaching this step, we can use strategies for solving polynomial equation.
x 2−3 x−10=0→ ( x +2 )( x−5 )
x +2=0 or x−5=0
x=−2 or x=5
Since x=−2 makes the originsl equation undefined, x=5 is the only solution.
 Example 3. Jens walks 5 kilometers from his house to Quiapo to buy a new bikewhich he uses
to return home. He averaged 10 kilometers faster on his bike thanon foot. If his total trip took 1
d
hour and 20 minutes, what is his walking speed in kph? Use the formula v= .
t
d d
Solution. Using the formula v= , we derive the formula for the time t= . Let v be Jen’s
t v
5
walking speed. Then v+10 is his speed on his new bike. Jen’s walking time is and his biking
t
5
time is + 10.
v
5 5 4
The equation now becomes + =
v v+ 10 3
Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD and solve the resulting equation.
( ( 3 v )( v+10 ) ) ( 5v + v+10
5
)=(( 3 v )( v+ 10) )( 43 )
15 ( v +10 ) +15 v=4 v ( v +10 )
15 v +150+15 v=4 v 2 +40 v
30 v +150=4 v 2 +40 v
4 v 2 +40 v−30 v −150=0
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4 v 2 +10 v−150=0
( 2 v +15 ) ( v −5 )=0
−15
v= ∨v=5
2
−15
Rejecting the value v= , we conclude that Jen’s walking speed is 5 kph.
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 Interval and Set Notation

An inequality have infinitely many solutions. The set of all solutions can be expressed
using the set notation or interval notation. These notation are presented on the table:
 Procedure for Solving Rational Inequalities

To solve rational inequalities:
a. Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression on one side of theinequality symbol and
0 on the other side.
b. Determine over what intervals the rational expression takes on positiveand negative values.
i. Locate the x values for which the rational expression is zero orundefined (factoring the
numerator and denominator is a usefulstrategy).
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ii. Mark the numbers found in (i) on a number line. Use a shaded circle toindicate that
the value is included in the solution set, and a hollowcircle to indicate that the value is excluded.
These numbers partitionthe number line into intervals.
iii. Select a test point within the interior of each interval in (ii). The sign ofthe rational
expression at this test point is also the sign of the rationalexpression at each interior point in the
aforementioned interval.
iv. Summarize the intervals containing the solutions.
2x
 Example 1. Solve the inequality ≥1.
x+1
Solution. (a) Rewrite the inequality as a single rational expression.
2x
−1 ≥ 0
x+1
2 x−( x +1 )
≥0
x +1
2 x−x−1
≥0
x+1
x−1
≥0
x+ 1
(b) The rational expression will be zero for x=1 and undefined for x=−1. The x=1 is
include while x=−1 is not. Mark these on the number line. Use a shaded circle for x=1(a
solution) and an unshaded circle foe x=−1 (not a solution).
(c) Construct a table of signs to determine the sign of the function in each interval
determined by the values above.
Interval x ←1 −1< x <1 x >1

Test Point x=−2 X =0 X =2
x−1 −¿ −¿ +¿
x +1 −¿ +¿ +¿
x−1
+¿ −¿ +¿
x+ 1
(d) Since we are looking for the intervals where the rational expression is positive or
zero, we determine the solution to be the set {x ∈ R∨x←1∨x ≥ 1}.
3 1
 Example 2. Solve the inequality < .
x−2 x
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Solution. (a) Rewrite the inequality with zero on one side.

3 1
− <0
x−2 x
3 x −( x−2 )
<0
x ( x−2 )
2 x+ 2
<0
x ( x−2 )
2 ( x+ 1 )
<0
x ( x−2 )
(b) The rational expression will be zero for x=– 1 and undefined for 0∧2.
determined bby −1 , 0 ,∧2.
Interval x ←1 −1< x <0 0< x <2 x >2

−1 - X =3
Test point X =−2 X= X =1
2
2(x +1) −¿ +¿ +¿ +¿
x −¿ −¿ +¿ +¿
x−2 −¿ −¿ −¿ +¿
2 ( x+ 1 ) +¿
−¿ +¿ −¿
x ( x−2 )
(d) Summarize the intervals satisfying the inequality. The solution set of the
inequality is the set {x ∈ R∨x←1∨0< x <2.
5x
 Example 3. Solve for x : < 4.
x−1
Solution.
(a) Rewrite the equation with zero on one side
5x
−4 <0
x−1
5x
−¿
x−1
5 x−4 x +4
<0
x−1
20
x +4
<0
x−1
(b) The rational expression will be zero for x=−4 and undefined for x=1. Plot the points
on a number line and use hollow circles since these values are not part of the solution
set.
determined by the values above.
Interval x ←4 −4< x <1 x >1

Test Point x=−5 x=0 x=2
x +4 −¿ +¿ +¿
x−1 −¿ −¿ +¿
x +4 +¿ −¿ +¿
x−1
(d) We are looking for the intervals where the function will be negative. The solution set
is given by x ∈ R∨−4< x <1
 Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Find the solutions for each rational equation below. Make sure to check for
extraneous solutions.
3 2 2x 5
1. = 2. + =2
x+1 x−3 x+1 2 x
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 Activity Sheet 1.2

Direction: Find the solution set for each rational inequality below. Show your solutions.
x−1 1 1
1. >0 2. <
x+3 x x−3
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Find the solutions for each rational equation below. Show your solutions.
x2 −10 −14−5 x x2 −4 x 14−9 x

1. = 2. =
x−1 x−1 x−2 x−2
x2 −x−30 4 1
3. ≥0 4. ≥
x−1 2 x−1 x+1
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Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following. Show your solutions.
1.You have 6 liters of a pineapple juice blend that has 50% pure pineapple juice. How many liters of
pure pineapple juice needs to be added to make a juice blend that is 75% pineapple juice?
2. Two ships traveling from Dumaguete to Cagayan de Oro differ in average speed by 10 kph. The
slower ship takes 3 hours longer to travel a 240-kilometer route than for the faster ship to travel a 200-
kilometer route. Find the speed of the slower ship.
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MODULE 3: One-to-One Function and Inverse Functions
Module Overview: This module contains the definitions and examples of One-to-one functions. This
module will help the students identify and solve one-to-one function, particularly solving the inverse of a
one-to-one function.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: a. One-to-One Function

b. Inverse of One-to-One Function
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of inverse functions, exponential

functions, and logarithmic functions.
LESSON 1: One-to-One function
1. illustrate one-to-one function.
2. determines the inverse of a one-to-one function.
3. solves problems involving inverse functions.
 Definition: The function is one-to-one if for any x 1 , x 2 in the domain of f , then f (x 1)≠ f (x 2).
That is, the same y -value is never paired with two different x -values.
 Definition: Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the inverse of f ,
denoted by f – 1, is a function with domain B and range A defined by f −1 ( y ) =x if and only if
f ( x )= y for any y in B.
 A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one.
To find the inverse of a one-to-one function:
(a) Write the function in the form y=f (x ).
(b) Interchange the x and y variables.
(c) Solve for y in terms of x .
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 Properties of an inverse of a one-to-one function
 The inverse of f −1 ( x )=f ( x ).
 f ¿ for all x in the domain of f −1.

 f −1 ( f ( x ) )=x for all x in the domain of f .
 Example1. Find the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +1.

Solution: (a) The equation of the function is
y=3 x +1
(b) Interchange the x and y variables:
x=3 y +1
(c) Solve for y in terms of x .
x=3 y +1
x−1=3 y
x−10 3 y
=
3 3
x−1 x−1
= y → y=
3 3
−1 x−1
Therefore, the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +1 is f ( x )= .
3
 Example 2. Find the inverse of g ( x )=x 3−2

Solution:
y=x 3−2
x= y 3−2
x +2= y 3
√3 x+ 2= y
y= √3 x +2
3
Therefore, the inverse of g ( x )=x 3−2 is g−1 ( x )=√ x+2
2 x +1
 Example 3. Find the inverse of the function f ( x )=
3 x−4
Solution:
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2 x +1
y=
3 x−4
2 y +1
x=
3 y−4
x ( 3 y −4 )=2 y+ 1
3 xy−4 x=2 y+ 1
3 xy−2 y=4 x+ 1
(place all terms with y on one side and those without y on the other side)
y ( 3 x −2 )=4 x+1
4 x +1
y=
3 x−2
−1 4 x +1
Therefore, f ( x )=
3 x−2
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Give 10 examples of One-to-One Function.
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
Activity Sheet 1.2
Direction: Give 5 graphs of a one-to-one function and 5 graphs of not a one-to-one function.
1. 2. 3.
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4. 7. 10
5. 8.
6. 9.
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Find the inverse of the following one-to-one functions. Show your solutions.
1 2. f ( x )=( x +3 )3
1. f ( x )= x +4
2
3 x +3
3. f ( x )= 4. f ( x )=
x−4 x−3
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2 x +1
5. f ( x )=
4 x−1
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems.
1. You asked a friend to think of a nonnegative number, add two to the number, square the number,
multiply the result by 3 and divide the result by 2. If the result is 54, what is the original number?
Construct an inverse function that will provide the original number if the result is given.
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MODULE 4: Exponential Function
Module Overview: This module contains the basic concepts of exponential function, equation ad
inequality. This module will help learners how to solve problems involving exponential function,
equation and inequality that they may apply in real-life situations.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: Exponential Function, Equation, and Inequality
Lesson 2: Solving Exponential Equation and Inequalities

LESSON 1: Exponential Function, Equation, and Inequality

1. . distinguishes between exponential function, exponential equation, and exponential

inequality.
 Definition: An exponential expression is an expression of the form a . b x−c + d , where

b> 0∧b ≠ 1.
Exponential Exponential
Exponential Function
Equation Inequality
A function of the form of
p ( x)
f ( x )= where p ( x ) ∧q ( x )
q(x)
Definition An equation involving An inequality involving
rational expression. rational expression. are polynomials, and q (x) is
not the zero function.
30
2
1 f ( x )=( 1.8 )x or
Example 72 x−x = 2x
5 −5 x +1
≤0
343 y= (1.8 )
x
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Determine whether the given is an exponential expression or not.
_______________1. f ( x )=5 x 2 _______________11. e x +7
1 x
_______________12. f ( x )=3 x−5
_______________2. 2 ≥ ()
2
_______________13. 3 x−1<1
_______________3. 7 4 x = y
2
_______________14. 4 4 x−7 >e x −8
_______________4. 4 ( 10 x−2 ) =500
_______________15. 24 x ≤ 4
_______________5. 7<14 x +3
2
_______________16. ( 6 6 x )
_______________6. y=0.5x
_______________17. 16 x+5 +16 x−9 ≤ 4
_______________7. 49 x =7 2
_______________18. 18 x+1=18
_______________8. 3< 9x
_______________19. 52 x =125
_______________9. 3 ( 15 x ) =45
_______________20. √ 2x >5
x−1
_______________ 10. 3 ≥ 9
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Determine whether the given is an exponential function, an exponential equation, an

exponential inequality, or none of these.
_______________1. f ( x )=5 x 2 _______________3. 7 4 x = y
x
1 _______________4. 4 ( 10 x−2 ) =500
_______________2. 2 ≥ ()
2
31
_______________5. 7<14 x +3 _______________13. 3 x−1<1
2
_______________6. y=0.5x _______________14. 4 4 x−7 >e x −8
_______________7. 49 x =7 2 _______________15. 24 x ≤ 4
_______________8. 3< 9x 2
_______________16. ( 6 6 x )
_______________9. 3 ( 15 x ) =45 _______________17. 16 x+5 +16 x−9 ≤ 4
_______________ 10. 3 ≥ 9x−1 _______________18. 18 x+1=18
_______________11. e x +7 _______________19. 52 x =125
_______________12. f ( x )=3 x−5 _______________20. √ 2x >5
LESSON 2:Solving Exponential Equations, and Inequalities

1. Solves exponential equation and inequalities

2. Solves problems involving exponential function, equation, and inequalities.
 One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions

 If x 1 ≠ x 2thenb x ≠ b x .Conversely, ifb x =b x then x 1=x 2 .
1 2 1 2
 Example 1. Solve the equation 4 x−1=16

Solution: Write both sides with 4 as the base.
4 x−1=16
4 x−1=4 2
22(x−1 )=¿
Since both sides have the same base, get the exponents and solve for x .
32
2 ( x−1 )=2 ( 2 )
2 x−2=4
2 x=4 +2
2 x=6
x=3
 Example 2. Solve the equation 125 x−1 =25x +3.

Solution: Both 125 and 25 can be written using 5 as the base.
125 x−1 =25x +3
x−1 x+3
( 53 ) = ( 52 )
Since both sides have the same base, get the exponents and solve for x .
3 ( x−1 )=2 ( x+ 3 )
3 x−3=2 x +6
3 x−2 x=6+3
x=9
2
 Example 3. Solve the equation 9 x =3 x+3
2
x
( 32 ) =3 x+3
2
32 x =3x+ 3
2 x2 =x+3
2 x2 −x−3=0
( 2 x−3 ) ( x+1 ) =0
2 x−3=0 or x +1=0
2 x=3 or x=−1
3
x= or x=−1
2
 Property of Exponential Inequalities:
33
 If b> 1, then the exponential function y=b x is increasing for all x . This means that b x <b y if and
only if x < y .
 If 0< b<1, then the exponential function y=b x is decreasing for all x . This means that b x >b y if
and only if x < y
 Example 1. Solve the inequality 3 x < 9x−2

x−2
3 x < ( 32 )
3 x < 32 (x−2 )
Since the base 3 > 1, then this inequality is equivalent to
x <2 x – 4 (the direction of the inequality is retained)
4 <2 x−x
4<x
The solution set to the inequality is {x ∈ R∨x> 4 }.
x+5 3x
1 1
 Example 2. Solve the inequality ( ) ( ).
10
≥
100
1 1 2 1
Solution: Since = ( )
100 10
, then we write both sides of the inquality with
10
as the base.
x+5 3x
1 1
( ) ( )
10
≥
100
x+5 3x
( 101 ) ≥ ( 101 ) 2
x+5 6x
( 101 ) ≥ ( 101 )
Since the base < 1, then this inequality is equivalent to
x +5 ≤6 x (the direction of the inequality is reversed)
5 ≤ 6 x −x
5 ≤5 x
1≤x
34
The solution set is {x ∈ R∨x ≥ 1.
Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Solve for x in the following equations. Show your solutions.
1. 3 x =81 2. 57− x =125
Activity Sheet 1.2

Direction: Solve for x in the following inequality. Show your solutions.
1. 5 x > 25x+1 4 x 16
2. ()
6
≥
36
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Solve for x . Show your solutions.
35
1. 169 x =13x 2. 7 x =49
x+1
3 9 4. 4 3 x +2< 64
3. ()
5
=
25
49 x+1
7 x+1 1
5. ( )
81
≥
9
6. 4 =
64
7. 53 x+8=252 x 9. 10 x >100−2 x−5

8. 4 5 x−13=8 x
36
10. 49 x =3432 x−3
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems.
1. A researcher is investigating a specimen of bacteria. She finds that the original 1000 bacteria grew to
2,048,000 in 60 hours. How fast does the bacteria (a) double? (b) quadruple?
37
MODULE 5: Logarithmic Functions
Module Overview: This module contains the basic concepts of logarithmic function, equation ad
inequality. This module will helpthe learners how to solve problems involving logarithmic function,
equation and inequality that they may apply in real-lif situations.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: : Logarithmic Function, Equation, and Inequality
Lesson 2: Solving Logarithmic Equation and Inequalities

LESSON 1: Representation of functions

1. . Distinguishes between logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic inequality.
Definition: Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that b ≠ 1. The logarithm of a with base b is
denoted by log b a , and is defined as c=log b a if and only if a ≠ 0.
38
Definition: Common Logarithm are logarithms with base 10;log x is a short notation for log 10 x.
Definition: Natural Logarithm are logarithms to the base e (approximately 2.71828), and are denoted
by “ln ”. In other words, ln x is other way of writing log e x
Logarithmic Equation Logarithmic Inequality Logarithmic Function

An equations involving An inequality involving Function of the form
Definition
logarithms. logarithms. f ( x )=log b x ¿ ¿
2 2
Example log x 2=4 ln x > ( ln x ) g ( x )=log 3 x
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Give the following being ask.
A. 5 examples of Logarithmic Function
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. 5 examples of Logarithmic Equation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
C. 5 examples of Logarithmic
39
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Determine whether the given is a logarithmic function, logarithmic equation,

logarithmic inequality or neither.
_______________1. g ( x )=log 5 x
_______________2. y=2 log 4 x
_______________3.log ( 4 x ) =−log ( 3 x )
_______________4. x lo g2 ( x )−1> 0
_______________5. log x ( x−3 )=log 4
_______________6. log 3 ( x−2 )=5
_______________7. ln x ≥ 9
_______________8. y=−log 1 x
2
_______________9. log 1000=−x
_______________10. log x 16=2
_______________11. log 7 ( 4−x )
40
_______________12. f (x)=log 5 (4−x )
_______________13. log 5 (4−x)≥3
_______________14. log 4 (2 x−5)
_______________15. log x ( 5 x +4 ) <1
_______________16. log 2 ( 2 x −3 )=5
_______________17. log ( x +7 )=7
_______________18. log ( x +7 )= y
_______________19.ln ( x +3 )=ln( x +3)
_______________20. log 8 ( 2 x−5 ) <12
LESSON 2: Solving Logarithmic Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
1. Solves logarithmic equation and inequalities
2. Solve problems involving logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic

inequalities.
 Definition: Let b and x be real numbers such that b> 0 and b ≠ 1, the basic properties of
logarithms are as follows:
 log b 1=0
 log b b x =x
 If x >0, then b log x =x .
b
 Laws of Logarithms:
 log b ( uv )=log b u+ log b v
41
 log b ( uv )=log u−log v
b b
 log b un =n ¿ ¿
 Property of Logarithmic Equations

 If b> 1 then the logarithmic function y=log b x is increasing for all x . if 0< b<1, then the
logarithmic function y=log b x is decreasing for all x . This means that log b u=log b v if and only if
u=v .
 Techniques. Some strategies for solving logarithmic equations:
1. Rewriting to exponential form.
2. Using logarithmic properties.
3. Applying the one-to-one property of logarithmic functions as stated below.
 One-to-one property of Logarithmic Functions
For any logarithmic function f ( x )=log b x , if log b u=log b v , then u=v .
4. The Zero Factor Property: If ab=0, then a=0∨b=0.
 Example. Find the value of x in the following equations.
a. log 4 ( 2 x )=log 4 10 b. log 3 ( 2 x −1 )=2
c. log x 16=2
 Solutions:
a. log 4 ( 2 x )=log 4 10
2 x=10 (one-to-one property)
x=5
Check: 5 is a solution since log 4 ( 2.5 )=log 4 10 .
b. log 3 ( 2 x −1 )=2
42
2 x−1=32 (changing into exponential form)
2 x−1=9
2 x=10
x=5
Check: 5 is a solution since log 3 ( 2. ( 5 ) 1 ) =log 3 ( 9 )=2
c. log x 16=2
x 2=16 (changing into exponential form)
x 2−16=0
( x +4 )( x−4 )=0 (factorization using a 2−b2=(a+ b)(a−b)
x +4=0 | x−4=0
x=−4 | x=4
Check: 4 is a solution since log 4 ( 16 )=2. However, −4 is not a solution since log −4 (16) is not
defined (the base cannot be neative).
 Property of Logarithmic Inequalities

Given the logarithmic expression log b x ,
1. If 0< b<1, then x 1< x2 if and only if log b x 1< log b x 2 .
2. If b> 1, then x 1< x2 if and only if log b x 1< log b x 2.
 Examples: Solve the following logarithmic inequalities.

a. log 3 ( 2 x −1 )> log 3 ¿ ¿¿
b . log 0.2 ¿−3
c. −2< log x <2
 Solutions:
a. log 3 ( 2 x −1 )> log 3 ¿ ¿¿
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
Then 2 x−1>0 and x +2>0 must be satisfied.
43
1
2 x−1>0 implies x= and x +2>0 implies x >−2
2
1 1
To make both logarithms defined, then x > (If x > , then the x is surely greater than −2.
2 2
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied.
The base 3 is greater than 1.
Thus, since log 3 ( 2 x −1 )> log 3 (x +2) , then:
2 x−1> x+ 2
x >3 (Subtract x from both sides; add 1 to both sides)
∴ x>3
Hence, the solution (3 ,+∞ ).
b. log 0.2 ¿−3

Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined.
This means x >0.

−3
1 1
We first rewrite −3 as a logarithm to base
5
: −3=log 1 ()
5 5
.
We obtain the inequality

−3
1
log 1 x> log 1
5 5
()
5
1
The base is 0.2= , which is less than 1.
5
−3
1 1 −3
Thus, since log 1 x> log 1
5 5
()
5 ()
, then x <
5
=125.
Also, x should be positive (from Step 1). Thus, 0< x <125 .

Hence, the solution is (0 , 125).
c. −2< log x <2

Step 1: Ensure that the logarithm are defined.
This means that x >0.
44
We first rewrite −2∧2as logarithms to base 10, which are log 10−2 and log 102 respectively,
obtaining the inequality:
log 10−2 < log x <log 102
We split the compound inequality ito two simple inequalities:
log 10−2 < log x and log x <log 102
Since the base 10 is greater than 1, we simply both inequalities as
10−2 < x and x <102
1
Thus obtaining < x <100 , which automatically satisfies the condition in Step 1. Hence, the
100
solution is ( 1001 , 100).
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Solve the following value/s of x in the following equations/inequalities. Show your solutions.
1. log 15 x=log 30 2. log ( 3 x−2 )=log 2
3. log 8 ( 3 x−5 ) <2 4. log 4 ( x +1 ) < log 4 2 x
45
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Find the value/s of x in the following equations/inequalities. Show your solution.
1. log 3 ( x+ 4 )=log3 ( 2 x −4 ) 2. log 2 ( 3 x+5 ) ≥ log 2 ( x−9 )
2
3. ( log 2 x ) −4=0 4. log x +log ( x−3 ) ≤ log 10
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following word problems.
1. Using the formula A=P ( 1+r )n ) where A is the future value of the investment, P is the principal, r is
the fixed annual interest rate, and n is the number of years, how many years will it take an investment
to double if the interest rate per annum is 2.5%?
46
MODULE 6: Simple and Compound Interest
Module Overview: This module contains the basic concepts of interest. This module will help students
to determine the importance of interest in daily living, how to interest affects their lives and how to solve
problems involving interests.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: Simple Interest
Lesson 2 Compound Interest
Lesson 3: Compounding more than one a year
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of simple and compound interests,
and simple and general annuities.
LESSON 1: Simple and Compound Interest
47
1. . illustrates simple and compound interests.
2. distinguishes between simple and compound interests.
3. computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in simple interest
environment.
4. solves problems involving simple interests.
Definitions of Terms:
 Lender or creditor–person (or institution) who invests the money or makes the funds available.
 Borrower or debtor – person (or institution) who owes the money or avails of the funds from the
lender.
 Origin or loan date – date on which money is received by the borrower.
 Repayment date or maturity date –date on which the money borrowed or loan is to be
completely repaid.
 Time or term (t )– amount of time in years the money is borrowed or invested; length of time
between the origin and maturity dates
 Principal ( P)– amount of money borrowed or invested on the origin date
 Rate(r )– annual rate, usually in percent, charged by the lender, or rate of increase of the
investment
 Interest ¿)– amount paid or earned for the use of money
 Simple Interest ¿) – interest that is computed on the principal and then added to it
 Compound Interest ¿)–interest is computed on the principal and also on the accumulated past
interests
 Maturity value or Future value ¿) –amount after t years that the lender receives from the
borrower on the maturity date
Simple Interest
Annual Simple Interest Formula

I s=Prt
IS
P=
rt
IS
r=
Ps
48
IS
t=
Ps
where ,
I s−simple interest
P− principal ,∨the amount invested∨borrowed
r −simpole interest rate
t−term∨time∈ years
 Example 1. A bank offers 0.25% annual simple interest rate for a particular deposit. How much
interest will be earned if 1 million pesos is deposited in this savings account for 1 year?
Given:
P=1,000,000
r =0.25 %∨0.0025
t=1 year
Solution: I s=Prt
I s=(1,000,000)(0.0025)(1)
I s=2,500
Answer: The interest earned is ₱2,500.
 Example 2: How much interest is charged when P50,000 is borrowed for 9 months at an
annual interest rate of 10%?
Given:
P=50,000
r =10 %=0.10
t=9 /12 year =0.75 year (Note: When the term is expressed in months (M), it should be
M
converted in years by t = .
12
Solution: I s=Prt
I s=( 50,000 ) ( 0.10 ) ( 0.75 )
I s=3750
Answer: The simple interest charged is ₱ 3,750 .
49
 Example 3. When invested at an annual interest rate of 7%, the amount earned P11,200 of
simple interest in two years. How much money was originally invested?
Given:
r =7 %=0.07
t=2 years
I s=11,200
Solution:
Is
P=
rt
12,000
P=
( 0.07 )( 2 )
P=80,000
Answer: The amount invested is ₱ 80,000.
Maturity (Future) Value

F=P+ I S
Where
F = maturity (future) value
P = principal
s = simple interest
Substituting I S by Prt gives F=P+ Prt ,=P (1+rt)
50
Maturity Value
F=P ( 1+ rt )
Where:
P = principal
r = interest rate
t = term/ time in years
 Example 4: Find the maturity value if 1 million pesos is deposited in a bank at an annual simple
interest rate of 0.25% after
(a) 1 year?
(b) 5 years?
Given: P=1,000,000 r =0.25 %=0.0025
Solution: (a) F=P(1+rt )
F=(1,000,000)(1+0.0025(1))
F=1,002,500
Answer: The future or maturity value after 1 year is ₱ 1,002,500.
Solution: (b) F=P ( 1+ rt )
F=( 1,000,000 ) ( 1+ 0.0025 (5 ) )
F=1,012,500
Answer: The future or maturity value after 5 years is ₱ 1,012,500.
Activity Sheet 1.1
51
Direction: Using the Venn Diagram given below, use words or group of words to compare and contrast
simple interest and compound interest.
SIMPLE INTEREST COMPOUND INTEREST
Activity Sheet 1.2
Direction: Read and analyze carefully the problem. Observe the 2 table of investments given below.
1. Suppose you won 10,000 pesos and you plan to invest it for 5 years. A cooperative group offers 2%
simple interest rate per year. A bank offers 2% compounded annually. Which will you choose and why?
Investment 1: Simple interest, with annual rate r
Investment 2: Compound Interest, with annual rate r

52
Answer:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Complete the table below by finding the unknown principal ( P ) , rate (r ), time (t) and interest
( I s ¿.
A.
Principal (P) Rate (r ) Time (t) Interest ( I s )

2,000 5% 3 (1)
(2) 12% 5 20,000
88,000 (3) 4 8,000
500,000 9.5 % (4) 285,000
1,000,000 0.5% 12 (5) 53
B.
Present Value ( P) Rate (r ) Time (t) Interest ( I ) Maturity Value (F)

8,000 8% 6 years (6) (7)
5,000 (8) 1 month (9) 6,000
5 years and 3
(10) 12% 400,000
months
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems. Provide the given, solution, and answer.
1. Find the simple interest on a loan of P65,000 if the loan is given at a rate of 20% and is due in 3
years.
2. Amparo invested a certain amount at 10% simple interest per year. After 2 years, the interest she
received amounted to P3,000. How much did she invest?
3. Miko borrowed P25,000 at 10% annual simple interest rate. How much should he pay after 3 years
and 6 months?
54
4. how much moneyshould you deposit in a bank so that it will accumulate to P100,000 at 1% simple
annual interest for 10 years?
15. If you deposit P5,500 in a bank at an annual simple interest rate of 0.5% , how much money will
you have after 12 years?
LESSON 2: Compound Interest
1. computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in compound interest
environment.
2. solves problems involving compound interests.
Compound Interest
Maturity (Future) Value
55
F=P ( 1+ r )t
Where
P = principal or present value
F = maturity (future) value at the end of the term
r = interest rate
The compound interest I c is given by
I c =F – P
Example 1. Find the maturity value and the compound interest if P10,000 is compounded annually at
an interest rate of 2% in 5 years.
Given: P = 10,000 r = 2% = 0.02 t = 5 years
Find: (a) maturity value F
(b) compound interest I C
Solution: (a) F=P ( 1+r )t
F=( 10,000 ) ( 1+ 0.02 )5
F=11,040. 081
Answer: The future value F is ₱11,040.81
( b ¿ I C =F – P
I C =11,040.81 – 10,000
56
I C =1,040.81
Answer: the compound interest I C =1,040.81.
Example 2. Find the maturity value and interest if P 50,000 is invested at 5% compounded annually for
8 years.
Given: P = 50,000 r = 5% = 0.05 t = 8 years
Find: (a) maturity value F
(b) compound interest I C
t
Solution: ( a ) F=P ( 1+r )
F=( 50,000 ) ( 1+ 0.05 )8
F=73,872.77
(b) I C =F – P
I C =73,872.77 – 50,000
I C =23,872.77
Answer: The maturity value F is ₱ 73,872.77 and the compound interest is ₱23,872.77.
Present Value P at Compound Interest
F
P= t
=F ( 1+ r )−t
( 1+r )
Where
57
P = principal or present value
F = maturity (future) value at the end of the term
r = interest rate
Example 3. What is the present value of P50,000 due in 7 years if money is worth 10% compounded
annually?
Given: F = 50,000 r = 10% = 0.1 t = 7 years
Find:Present Value P
Solution: The present value P can be obtained by
t
P=F / ( 1+r )
50,000
P=
( 1+0.1 )7
P=25,657.91
Answer: The present value is ₱ 25,657.91 .
Example 4. How much money should a student place in a time deposit in a bank that pays 1.1%
compounded annually so that he will have P200,000 after 6 years?
Given: F = 200,000 r = 1.1% = 0.011 t = 6 years
Find: P
Solution: The present value P can be obtained by
P=F / ( 1+r )t
58
200,000
P=
( 1+0.11 )6
P=187,293.65
Answer: The student should deposit ₱187,293.65 in the bank.
Example 5. What is the interest of P25,000 if invested at 4.5% compounded annually in 3 years and 2
months?
Given: P = P25,000 r = 4.5% = 0.045 t = 3 years
Find: I C
t
Solution: F=P ( 1+r )
F=( 25,000 ) ( 1+ 0.045 )3.1667
F=28,739.22
Ic=F−P
Ic=28,739.22 – 25,000
Answer: The interest is ₱3,739.22.
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Find the unknown principal P, rate r, time t, and compound interest Ic by completing the
table.
Compound Interest
Principal (P) Rate ( r ) Time (t) Maturity Value (F)
(Ic)
6,000 8% 12 years (1) (2)
6 years and 9
12,000 5.5% (3) (4)
mos.
60,000 9.75% 10 mos. (5) (6)
(7) 1% 6 years (8) 25,000
59
4 years and 6
(9) 7.5% (10) 400,000
mos.
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems on compound interest. Show your solutions.
1. Peter borrowed P100,000 at 8% compounded annually? How much will he be paying after 2 years?
2. A time deposit account in a bank yields 5.5% compound interest annually. Jennifer invested
P450,000 for 4 years in this savings account. How much interest will she gain?
3. In order to have P250,000 in 5 years, how much should you invest if the compound interest is 12%?
60
4. How much money must be invested to obtain an amount of P150,000 in 2 years if money earns at
10.5% compounded annually?
5. What amount must be deposited by a student in a bank that pays 2% compounded annually so that
after 12 years he will have P100,000?
LESSON 3: Compounding More Than Once a Year

1. computes interest, maturity value, future value, and present value in compound
interest environment.
2. solves problems involving compound interests.
 Definition of terms:
61
 Frequency of conversion (m) – number of conversion periods in one year.
 Conversion or interest period– time between successive conversions of interest.
 Total number of conversion periods n
n=mt = ( frequency of conversion )∗(time∈ years)
 Nominal rate (i m)– annual rate of interest

 Rate (j) of interest for each conversion period
i m annual rate of interest

j= =
m frequency of coversion
Maturity Value, Compounding m times a year
F=P ¿
where
P = principal
i m = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)
m = frequency of conversion
Example 1. Find the maturity value and interest if P10,000 is deposited in a bank at 2%
compounded quarterly for 5 years.
Given: P=10,000 i 4 =0.02 t=5 years m=4
Find: a. F
b. I C
Solution.
Compute for the interest rate in a conversion period by
62
i 4 0.02
j= = =0.005
m 4
Compute for the total number of conversion periods given by
n=mt=(4 )(5)=20 conversion periods.
Compute for the maturity value using
F=P ( 1+ j )n
F=¿
F=11,048.96.
The compound interest is given by
I C =F – P=11,048.96 – 10,000=₱ 1,048.96 .
Example 3. Find the maturity value and interest if P10,000 is deposited in a bank at 2%
compounded monthly for 5 years.
Given: P=10,000 i 12 =0.02 t=5 years m=12
Find: a. F
b. I C
Solution.
Compute for the interest rate in a conversion period by
i 12 0.02
j= =
m 12
Compute for the total number of conversion periods given by n=mt=(12)(5)=60 conversion
periods.
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Compute for the maturity value using
n
F=P ( 1+ j )
F=10,000 ¿
F=₱ 11,050.79
.The compound interest is given by
I C =F – P=11,050.79 – 10,000=₱ 1,050.79 .
Present Value P at Compound Interest
1
P=
¿¿
where
P = principal
i m = nominal rate of interest (annual rate)
m = frequency of conversion
Example 1. Find the present value of P50,000 due in 4 years if money is invested at 12%
compounded semi-annually.
Given: F=50,000 t=4 i(2)=0.12

Find: P
Solution.
First, compute for the interest rate per conversion period given by
i2 0.12
j= = =0.06
m 2
The total number of conversion periods is n=tm=(4 )(2)=8.
The present value can be computed by substituting these values in the formula
F
P=
( 1+ j )n
64
Thus,
5,000 5,000
P= = =₱ 31,370.62
( 1+0.06 ) ( 1.06 )8
8
Example 2. What is the present value of ₱ 25,000 due in 2 years and 6 months if money is
worth 10% compounded quarterly?
Given: F=25,000 t=2½ yearsi 4 =0.10
Find: P
Solution.
The interest rate per conversion period given by
i 4 0.10
j= = =0.025
m 4
and the total number of conversion periods is n=tm=(2 ½)(4)=10.
The present value can be computed by substituting these values in the formula
F
P=
( 1+ j )n
Thus,
25,000 25,000
P= 10
= 10
=₱ 19,529.96
( 1+0.025 ) (1.025)
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Complete the table by computing the interest rate per period and total number of conversion
periods.
Nominal Rate i (m ) Interest Compounded FequencyConversion Interest rate for each
65
( m¿ conversion period
10% Semi-annually (1) (2)
(3) Quarterly (4) 0.015
12% Monthly (5)
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Complete the table by computing for the maturity values, compound interests and present
values.
Interest Total
Present Nominal Interest Time in Compound Maturity
rate per number of
Value Rate i (m ) Compounded Years Interest Value
period conversions
20,000 6% Semi-annually (1) 8 (2) (3) (4)
(5) 10% Quarterly 2.5% 6 (6) 100,000
7-8.Cian lends P45,000 for 3 years at 5% compounded semi-annually. Find the future value and
interest of this amount.
9-10. Tenten deposited P10,000 in bank which gives 1% compounded quarterly and let it stay there for
5 years. Find the maturity value and interest.
66
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems on compound interest.
1. Maryam is planning to invest P150,000. Bank A is offering 7.5% compounded semi-annually while
Bank B is offering 7% compounded monthly. If she plans to invest this amount for 5 years, in which
bank should she invest?
MODULE 7: Annuities
Module Overview: This module contains the basic concepts of annuities. This module will help
students so solve problems incolving annuities and how it is important in real-life situations.
Module Outline:

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of simple and compound interests, and
simple and general annuities.
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LESSON 1: Simple and General Annuities
1. illustrates simple and general annuities
2. distinguishes between simple and general annuities.
3. finds the future value and present value of both simple annuities and general annuities.
Annuities
According to payment interval General Annuity - an annuity
Simple Annuity- an annuity
and interest period where the payment interval is
where the payment interval is
not the same as the interest
the same as the interest period
period
Accoding to time of payment Ordinary Annuity (or Annuity
Annuity Due – a type of
Immediate) – a type of annuity
annuity in which the payments
in which the payments are
are made at beginning of each
made at the end of each
payment interval
payment interval
According to duration Contingent Annuity – an
Annuity Certain– an annuity in
annuity in which the payments
which payments begin and end
extend over an indefinite (or
at definite times
indeterminate) length of time
 Definitions:
 Term of an annuity, t – time between the first payment interval and last payment
interval.
 Regular or Periodic payment, R – the amount of each payment.
 Amount (Future Value) of an annuity, F – sum of future values of all the payments to
be made during the entire term of the annuity.
 Present value of an annuity, P – sum of present values of all the payments to be made
during the entire term of the annuity
Amount (Future Value) of ordinary annuity:
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The future value F of an ordinary annuity is given by
( 1+ j )n−1
F=R
j
where
R=¿ the regular payment
j =¿ the interest rate per period
n=¿ the number of payments
Example 1. In order to save for her high school graduation, Marie decided to save P200 at the end of
each month. If the bank pays 0.250% compounded monthly, how much will her money be at the end of
6 years?
Given: R = 200
m = 12
i 12=0.250 %=0.0025
0.0025
j= =0.0002083
12
t = 6 years
n=tm=( 6 )( 12 ) =72 periods
Find: F
Solution.
( 1+ j )n−1
F=R
j
69
( 1+0.0002083 )72−1
F=200
0.0002083
F=14.507 .00
Hence, Marie will be able to save P14,507.85 for her graduation.
Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity:
The present value of an ordinary annuity is given by
1−( 1+ j )−n
P=R ( j )
where
Example 2. Suppose Mrs. Remoto would like to save P3,000 every month in a fund that gives 9%
compounded monthly. How much is the amount or present value of her savings after 6 months?
Given: periodic payment R=P 3,000
term t = 6 months
interest rate per annum i (12)=0.09
number of conversions per year m=12
0.09
interest rate per period j= =0.0075
12
Find: present value P
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Solution:
1−( 1+ j )−n
P=R ( j )
1−( 1+0.0075 )−6
P=3,000
0.0075
P=17,536.79
Example 3. Mr. Ribaya paid P200,000 as down payment for a car. The remaining amount is to be
settled by paying P16,200 at the end of each month for 5 years. If interest is 10.5% compounded
monthly, what is the cash price of his car?
Given:
down payment = 200,000
R=16,200
i 12=0.105
m=12
0.105
j= =0.00875
12
t=5 years
n=mt=(12)(5)=60 periods
Find: cash value or cash price of the car
Solution: The present value of this ordinary annuity is given by
1−( 1+ j )−n
P=R
j ( )
71
1−( 1+ 0.00875 )−6
P= (16,200 ) ( 0.00875 )
P=753,702.20
Cash value = Down payment + present value = 200,000 + 753,702.20
Cash Value = P953,702.20
The cash price of the car is P953,702.20
Periodic payment R of an Annuity:

Periodic payment R can also be solved using the formula for amount F or present value P of
an annuity.
If F is given, then
F
R= n
( (1+ j ) −1 ¿ ¿ ¿ j )
If P is given, then
P
R=
( 1−( 1+ j )−n ¿ ¿ ¿ j )
where
P is the present value of an annuity
F is the future value of an annuity
Example 4. Paolo borrowed P 100 000. He agrees to pay the principal plus interest by paying an equal
amount of money each year for 3 years. What should be his annual payment if interest is 8%
compounded annually?
Given: P=100 000
(1)
i =0.08
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m=1
j=0.08
t=3 years
n=mt=(1)(3)=3 periods
Find: periodic payment R
Solution.
P
R=
( 1−( 1+ j )−n ¿ ¿ ¿ j )
100,000
R=
1−( 1+0.08 )−3
0.08
R=38,803.35
Thus, the man should pay ₱38,803.35 every year for 3 years.
General Annuity
 Examples of General annuity:
1. Monthly installment payment of a car, lot, or house with an interest rate that is compounded annually.
2. Paying a debt semi-annually when the interest is compounded monthly.
Future and Present Value of a General Ordinary Annuity:

The future value F and present value P of a general ordinary annuity is given by
( 1+ j )n−1 1−( 1+ j )−n

F=R
j
and P=R ( j )
73
where
j =¿ the equivalent interest rate per payment interval converted from the interest rate per
period
Example 1. Cris started to deposit P1,000 monthly in a fund that pays 6% compounded quarterly. How
much will be in the fund after 15 years?
Given: R=1,000
n=12(15)=180 payments
i (4 )=0.06
m=4
Find: F
Solution:
(Step 1) Convert 6% compounded quarterly to its equivalent interest rate for monthly payment interval.
F 1=F2
(12)t ( 4 )t
i (12) i( 4 )
P 1+(12 ) ( )
=P 1+
4
(12)t
i (12) 4
0.06
( 1+
12 ) ( = 1+
4 )
(12)t
i ( 12)
( 1+
12 ) =( 1.015 )
4
74
1
i (12)
( 1+
12 ) 4 12
=[ ( 1.015 ) ]
1
i( 12) 3
= (1.015 ) −1
12
i( 12)
=0.00497521= j
12
Thus, the interest rate per monthly payment interval is 0.00497521 or 0.497521%.
(Step 2) Apply the formula in finding the future value of an ordinary annuity using the computed
equivalent rate
( 1+ j )n−1
F=R
j
( 1+0.00497521 )180
F=1,000
0.00497521
F=290,082.51
Thus, Cris will have ₱290,082.51 in the fund after 20 years.
Example 2. Mrs. Remoto would like to buy a television (TV) set payable for 6 months starting at the
end of the month. How much is the cost of the TV set if her monthly payment is P3,000 and interest is
9% compounded semi-annually?
Given: R=3,000
m=2
i ( 2 ) =0.09
n=6 payments
Find: Cost (present value P)
75
Solution: Step 1: F 1=F2
P¿
1
i (12)
1+ ( )
12
2 12
=[ ( 1.045 ) ]
1
i( 12) 6
= (1.045 ) −1
12
i( 12)
=0.00736312= j
12
Thus, the interest rate per monthly payment interval is 0.00736312 or 0.736312%.
1−( 1+ j )−n
Step 2: P=R
j
1−( 1+0.00736312 )−6

P=3,000
0.00736312
P=17,545.08
Thus, the cost of the TV set is ₱ 17,545.08 .
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Find the future value F of the following ordinary annuities. Show your solutions.
1. Monthly payments of P3,000 for 4 years with interest rate of 3% compounded monthly
76
2. Quarterly payment of P5,000 for 10 years with interest rate of 2% compounded quarterly
3. Semi-annual payments of P12, 500 with interest rate of 10.5% compounded semi-annually for 6
years
4. Annual payments of P105,000 with interest rate of 12% compounded annually for 5 years
5. Daily payments of P20 for 30 days with interest rate of 20% compounded daily for 1 month
77
Activity Sheet 1.2
Direction: Find the present value P of the following ordinary annuities.
1. Monthly payments of P2,000 for 5 years with interest rate of 12% compounded monthly.
2. Quarterly payment of P15,000 for 10 years with interest rate of 8% compounded quarterly.
3. Semi-annual payments of P20,500 with interest rate of 8.5% compounded semi-annually for 3 years.
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4. Annual payments of P150,000 with interest rate of 8% compounded annually for 10 years.
5. Daily payments of P54 for 30 days with interest rate of 15% compounded daily for one month.
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Find the periodic payments of the following ordinary annuities.
1. Monthly payment of the future value of P50,000 for 1 year with an interest rate of 10% compounded
monthly .
2. Quarterly payment of an accumulated amount of P80,000 for 2 years with interest rate of 8%
compounded quarterly.
3. Payment every six months for the present value of P100,000 for 2 years with an interest rate of 12%
compounded semi-annually.
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4. Annual payment of the loan P800,000 for 5 years with an interest rate of 9% compounded annually.
5. Monthly installment of an appliance cash prize of P20,000 for 6 months with an interest rate of 6%
compounded monthly.
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems. Show your solutions.
1. ABC Bank pays interest at the rate of 2% compounded quarterly. How much will Ken have in the
bank at the end of 5 years if he deposits P3,000 every month?
Given: R=3,000
n=mt=(12)(5)=60 payments
i (4 )=0.02
Find: F
2, A sala set is for sale at P16,000 in cash or on monthly installment of P2,950 for 6 months at 12%
compounded semi-annually. Which is lower: the cash price or the present value of the installment term?
Given: Cash price : P 16,000 R=2,950
i (2 )=0.12 m=12
n=(12)(0.5)=6 monthly installment payments
Find: present value P
80
MODULE 8: Stocks and Bonds
Module Overview:
Module Outline:
Lesson 1:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts basic concepts of stocks
and bonds..
LESSON 1: Stocks and Bonds
1. . illustrate stocks and bonds.

2. distinguishes between stocks and bonds.
STOCKS
Some corporations may raise money for their expansion by issuing stocks. Stocks are shares in the
ownership of the company. Owners of stocks may be considered as part owners of the company. There
are two types of stocks: common stock and preferred stock. Both will receive dividends or share of
earnings of the company. Dividends are paid first to preferred shareholders. Stocks can be bought or
sold at its current price called the market value. When a person buys some shares, the person receives
a certificate with the corporation’s name, owner’s name, number of shares and par value per share.
BONDS
Bonds are interest bearing security which promises to pay amount of money on a certain maturity date
as stated in the bond certificate. Unlike the stockholders, bondholders are lenders to the institution
81
which may be a government or private company. Some bond issuers are the national government,
government agencies, government owned and controlled corporations, non-bank corporations, banks
and multilateral agencies. Bondholders do not vote in the institution’s annual meeting but the first to
claim in the institution’s earnings. On the maturity date, the bondholders will receive the face amount of
the bond. Aside from the face amount due on the maturity date, the bondholders may receive coupons
(payments/interests), usually done semi-annually, depending on the coupon rate stated in the bond
certificate.
Comparison of Stocks and Bonds
STOCKS BONDS
 A form of equity financing or raising  A form of debt financing, or raising money
money by allowing investors to be part by borrowing from investor
owners of the company.
 Stock prices vary every day. These prices  Investors are guaranteed interest
are reported in various media payments and a return of their money at
(newspaper, TV, internet, etc). the maturity dat
 Investors can earn if the stock prices  Investors still need to consider the
increase, but they can lose money if the borrower’s credit rating. Bonds issued by
stock prices decrease or worse, if the the government pose less risk than those
company goes bankrupt. by companies because the government
has guaranteed funding (taxes) from
which it can pay its loans.
 Higher risk but with possibility of higher  Lower risk but lower yield
returns
 Can be appropriate if the investment is for  Can be appropriate for retirees (because
the long term (10 years or more). This of the guaranteed fixed income) or for
can allow investors to wait for stock prices those who need the money soon
to increase if ever they go low. (because they cannot afford to take a
chance at the stock market)
82
Definition of Terms in Relation to Stocks
 Stocks –share in the ownership of a company

 Dividend – share in the company’s profit
 Dividend Per Share –ratio of the dividends to the number of shares
 Stock Market –a place where stocks can be bought or sold. The stock market in the Philippines
is governed by the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE)
 Market Value –the current price of a stock at which it can be sold
 Stock Yield Ratio –ratio of the annual dividend per share and the market value per share. Also
called current stock yield.
 Par Value –the per share amount as stated on the company certificate. Unlike market value, it
is determined by the company and remains stable over time
Example 1. A certain financial institution declared a P30,000,000 dividend for the common stocks.
If there are a total of 700,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
Given: Total Dividend = P30,000,000
Total Shares = 700,000
Find: Dividend per Share
Solution.
Total Dividend
Dividend per Share ¿
Total Share
30,000,000
¿
700,000
=42.86
Therefore, the dividend per share is ₱ 42.86 .
Example 2. A certain corporation declared a 3% dividend on a stock with a par value of P500. Mrs
Lingan owns 200 shares of stock with a par value of P500. How much is the dividend she received?
83
Given: Dividend Percentage = 3%
Par Value = P500
Number of Shares = 200
Find: Dividend
Solution: Dividend=( Dividend Percentage ) x ( Par Value ) x(No . of Shares)
¿( 0.03)(500)(200)
¿ 3,000
Thus, the dividend is ₱ 3,000.
Definition of Terms in Relation to Bonds
 Bond – interest-bearing security which promises to pay (1) a stated amount of money on the
maturity date, and (2) regular interest payments called coupons.
 Coupon –periodic interest payment that the bondholder receives during the time between
purchase date and maturity date; usually received semiannually
 Coupon Rate –the rate per coupon payment period; denoted by r
 Price of a Bond –the price of the bond at purchase time; denoted by P
 Par Value or Face Value - the amount payable on the maturity date; denoted by F.
 If P = F, the bond is purchased at par.

 If P < F, the bond is purchased at a discount.
 If P > F, the bond is purchased at premium.
 Term of a Bond – fixed period of time (in years) at which the bond is redeemable as stated in
the bond certificate; number of years from time of purchase to maturity date.
 Fair Price of a Bond –present value of all cash inflows to the bondholder.
84
Example 4. Determine the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a bond with a face value of
P300,000 that pays 10%, payable semi-annually for its coupons.
Given: Face Value F=300,000
Coupon rate r =10 %
Find: Amount of the semi-annual coupon
Solution.
Annual coupon amount: 300,000 ( 0.10 )=30,000.
Semi-annual coupon amount: 30,000 ( 12 )=15,000

Thus, the amount of the semi-annual coupon is ₱ 15,000.
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Using the Venn Diagram given below, use words or group of words to compare Stocks and
Bonds.
STOCKS BONDS
85
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems involving stocks and bonds. Show your solutions.
1. A financial institution declared a dividend of P75,000,000 for its common stock. Suppose there are
900,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
2. The ABC corporation gave out P38 dividend per share for its common stock. The market value of the
dividend per share

stock is P108. Determine the stock yield ratio. (Use stock yield ratio= )
market value
3. A bank declared a dividend of P27 per share for the common stock. If the common stock closes at
P93, how large is the stock yield ratio on this investment?
4. Find the amount of the semi-annual coupon for a P200,000 bond which pays 5% convertible semi-
annually for its coupons.
86
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following. Show your solutions.
1. Stockholder A got 4500 shares of stocks from XYZ Corporation. The par value is P 150. How
much is the dividend if the percentage is 3%?
2. Mr. Roman purchased 1000 shares of stocks at P25 par value. How much is his dividend if the
percentage declared by the company is 2%?
3. A certain land developer declared a dividend of P 23,000,000 for its common stock. Suppose there
are 500,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
87
4. A financial institution will give out a dividend of P57,000,000 for its common stock. Suppose there
are 700,000 shares of common stock, how much is the dividend per share?
5. A resort company gave out P11 dividend per share for its common stock. The market value of the
stock is P17. Determine the stock yield ratio.
88
MODULE 9: Loans
Module Overview: This module contains the basic concepts of loans. This module will help the
students to solve problems involving loans and make them give importance on the ideas of loans for it
is part of thierv lives.
Module Outline:
Lesson 1: Business and Consumer Loans
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of business andconsumer loans.
LESSON 1: Business and Consumer Loans
1. illustrates business and consumer loans.
2. distinguishes between business and consumer loans.
3. solves problems involving business and consumer loans (amortization, mortgage).
Definition of Terms
 Business Loan – money lent specifically for a business purpose. It may be used to start a
business or to have a business expansion.
 Consumer Loan –money lent to an individual for personal or family purpose.
 Collateral – assets used to secure the loan. It may be real-estate or other investments.
 Term of the Loan – time to pay the entire loan.
In Examples 1-5, identify whether the following is a consumer or business loan.
Example 1. Mr. Agustin plans to have a barbershop. He wants to borrow some money from the
bank in order for him to buy the equipment and furniture for the barbershop.
Solution. Business loan

89
Example 2. Mr and Mrs Craig wants to borrow money from the bank to finance the college
education of their son.
Solution. Consumer loan
Example 3. Mr. Alonzo wants to have some improvements on their 10-year old house. He wants to
build a new room for their 13-year old daughter. He will borrow some money from the bank to
finance this plan.
Solution. Consumer loan
Example 4. Mr. Samson owns a siomai food cart business. He wants to put another food cart on a
new mall in the other city. He decided to have a loan to establish the new business.
Example 5. Roan has a computer shop. She owns 6 computers. She decided to borrow some
money from the bank to buy 10 more computers.
Solving Problems on Business and Consumer Loans
 Amortization Method – method of paying a loan (principal and interest) on installment basis,
usually of equal amounts at regular intervals.
 Mortgage – a loan, secured by a collateral, that the borrower is obliged to pay at specified
terms.
 Chattel Mortgage – a mortgage on a movable property.
 Collateral – assets used to secure the loan. It may be a real-estate or other investments .
 Outstanding Balance – any remaining debt at a specified time.
Example 1. Mr. Garcia borrowed P1,000,000 for the expansion of his business. The effective rate
of interest is 7%. The loan is to be repaid in full after one year. How much is to be paid after one
year?
Given: P=1,000,000
j=0.07
n=1
Find F .
90
Solution. F=P ( 1+ j )n
1
F=1,000,000 ( 1+ 0.07 )
F=1,070,000
An amount of ₱1,070,000 must be paid after one year.
Example 2 (Chattel mortgage). A person borrowed P1,200,000 for the purchase of a car. If his monthly
payment is P31,000 on a 5-year mortgage, find the total amount of interest.
Given: P=1,200,000
R=31,000
n=mt= (12 months )( 5 years )=60 payments
Solution:
The total amount paid is given by
Total Amount=( 31,000 ) ( 60 payments )
¿ 1,860,000
Thus, the total interest is the difference between the total amount paid and the amount of the
mortgage;
Total Interest =1,860,000 – 1,200,000
Total Interest =660,0 00
Example 3. If a house is sold for P3,000,000 and the bank requires 20% down payment, find the
amount of the mortgage.
Solution: Down payment=down payment rate x cash price
¿ 0.20(3,000,000)
¿ 600,000
Amount of the Loan=cash price−down payment
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¿ 3,000,000 – 600,000
¿ 2,400,000
The mortgage amount is ₱ 2,400,000 .
Example 4. Ms Rosal bought a car. After paying the downpayment, the amount of the loan is P400,000
with an interest rate of 9% compounded monthly. The term of the loan is 3 years. How much is the
monthly payment?
Given: P=400,000
i (12)=0.09
i (12 ) 0.09
j= = =0.0075
12 12
n=mt= (12 ) ( 3 )=36 payments
Find: the regular payment R
Solution:
P
R= =¿
1−( 1+ j )−n
[ j ]
400,000
R=
1−( 1+0.0075 )−36
[ 0.0075 ]
R=₱ 12,719.89
The regular payment is ₱ 12,719.89 .
Activity Sheet 1.1
92
Direction: Identify the following whether the following illustrates a business loan or a consumer loan.
_______________1. Mr. Lim wants to have another branch for his cellphone repair shop. He decided to
apply for a loan that he can use to pay for the rentals of the new branch.
_______________2. Mr. Trillas runs a trucking business. He wants to buy three more trucks for
expansion of his business. He applied for a loan in a bank.
_______________3. Mrs. Alonzo decided to take her family for a vacation. To cover the expenses, she
decided to apply for a loan.
_______________4. Glenn decided to purchase a condominium unit near his workplace. He got a loan
worth P2,000,000.
_______________5. Mr. Galang renovated her house forP80,000. This was made possible because of
an approved loan worth P75,000.
_______________6. Mr. Auban plans to have a restaurant. He wants to borrow a money from the bank
in order for him to buy the necessary equipment and furniture for the food cart.
_______________7. Mr. and Mrs. Derangal wants to borrow a money from the bank to finance the
college education of their son.
_______________8. Mr. Posego wants to have some improvement on their 17-year old house. He will
borrow some money from the bank to finance his plan.
_______________9. Mr. Samson owns a laundry business. He decided to have a loan to put another
branch.
_______________10. Mrs. Tetasa has a computer shop. She owns 6 computers. She decided to
borrow some money from the bank to buy 10 more computers.
_______________11. Mr. Ponolimpo wants to have a cellphone repair shop. He decided to apply for a
loan to pay for the rentals.
_______________12. Mr. Goces runs a trucking business. He wants to buy three more trucks for the
expansion of his business. He applied for a loan in a bank.
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_______________13.. Mrs. Alonzo decided to take her family for a vacation. To cover the expenses,
she decided to apply for a loan.
_______________14. Glen decided to purchase a condominium unit near his workplace. He got a loan
worth ₱200000.
_______________15. Mr. Galang purchased a renovated house worth ₱800000. This was possible
because of a loan that was approved.
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following problems involving Business and Consumer Loans. Show your solutions.
1. A loan of P300,000 is to be repaid in full after 2years. If the interest rate is 9% per annum. How much
should be paid after 2 years?
2. If a car loan of P790,000 requires a 20% downpayment. How much is the mortgage?
3. A person borrowed P1,000,000 for the purchase of a car. If his monthly payment is P25,000 on an 8-
year mortgage, find the total amount of interest.
94
4. A consumer loan worth P80,000 is to be repaid in 12 months at 8% convertible monthly. How much
is the monthly payment?
5. A business loan of P1,000,000 is to be repaid in full after 3 years. If the interest rate is 7% per
annum. How much should be paid after 3 years?
Enrichment 1.1
Direction: Solve the following word-problems. Show your solutions.
1. Mr. Espiritu obtained a P470,000 car loan that will be paid in full after 2 1/2 years. If interest is at
12% compounded every 6 months, how much is to be paid after 2 ½ years?
95
2. Ms. Newman had a P55,000 business loan that is to be paid in 8 months. If interest rate is 12%
compounded monthly, how much should be paid after 8 months?
3. A consumer loan of P80,000 is obtained that is due 3 months from now. If interest rate is 8%
compounded quarterly, how much should be paid?
4. A family obtained a P4,500,000 mortgage. If the monthly payment is P50,000 for 12 years, how
much is the total interest paid?
5. A consumer loan worth P75,000 is to be repaid in 18 months at 12% convertible monthly. How much
is the monthly payment?
96
MODULE 10: Propositions
Module Overview: This module contains the basic concepts of propositions. This module will help the
students to develop their critical-thinking skills and logical reasoning skills that is very helpful
particularly on the communication process in our daily living.
Module Outline:
97
Lesson 1: Proposition
Lesson 2: Logical Operators
Lesson 3: Truth Tables
Lesson 4: Conditional Propositions
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of propositional logic;
syllogisms and fallacies.
LESSON 1: Representation of functions
1. . illustrates and symbolizes propositions.
2. distinguishes between simple and compound propositions
Definition:
A proposition is a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both. If a proposition
is true, then its truth value is true, which is denoted by T ; otherwise, its truth value is false, which is
denoted by F .
Propositions are usually denoted by small letters. For example, the proposition
p: Everyone should study logic
may be read as
p is the proposition “Everyone should study logic.” If a sequence of propositions is

considered, we denote the propositions by p1 , p2 , …
98
Example 1. Determine whether each of the following statements is a proposition or not. If it is a
proposition, give its truth value.
p : Mindanaois an island∈the Philippines.
q : Find a number which∣your age .
r : My seatmate will get a perfect score∈thelogic exam.
s :Welcome ¿ the Philippines !
t :3+ 2=5
u :f ( x )= √ x is a rational function .
x+ 1
v :What is the domain of the function ?
w : I amlying .
p1 : It is not the case that √2 is a rational number .
p2 : Either logic is fun∧interesting ,∨it is boring.
p3 :If you are a Grade11 student , then you are a Filipino .
Solutions: Recall that for a statement to be a proposition, it must be a declarative sentence, and it
should have a truth value of either true or false, but not both true and false at the same time.
p. This is a declarative sentence, and Mindanao is an island in the Philippines. Hence p is a

proposition.
q. This is an imperative sentence, and so it is not a proposition.
r. The statement is a declarative sentence, but its truth value will only be known after the logic exam.
Nonetheless, it can either be true or false, but not both. Hence r is a proposition.
99
s. This statement is exclamatory, and hence it is not a proposition.
t. The given equation is a mathematical sentence. Translated into English, the equation reads “the sum
of three and two is five”, which is a declarative sentence. It is also a true statement. Hence t is a true
proposition.
u. This is a declarative statement. Since the numerator of the function is not a polynomial function, the
function f is not rational, so the statement is false. It is therefore a false proposition.
v. This is an interrogative sentence. Hence it is not a proposition.
w. Although w is a declarative sentence, it is not a proposition because it can neither be true nor false.
Suppose w is true—that is, it is the case that I am lying. Since I am lying, my statement is not true, and
so w must be false. The same conclusion can be drawn if w is assumed to be false.
p1. While this is a declarative sentence, it can be shown that √ 2 cannot be expressed as a quotient of
two integers. Thus, p1 is a false proposition.
p2. This is a declarative sentence, which is true, since students may find logic either fun or boring.
Hence p2 is a true proposition.
p3. This is a declarative sentence, but it is not true. There are also Grade 11 students of other
nationalities.
Definition.
A compound proposition is a proposition formed from simpler proposition using logical

connectors or some combination of logical connectors. Some logical connectors involving
propositions p and/or q may be expressed as follows:
not p
p∧q
p∨q
If p ,then q
100
where ¿ .>¿stands for some proposition.
A simple proposition it cannot be broken down any further into other component propositions.
Example 2. Determine whether it is a simple or a compound proposition. If it is a compound

proposition, identify the simple components.
p : Mindanaois an island∈the Philippines.
q : Find a number which∣your age .
r : My seatmate will get a perfect score∈thelogic exam.
s :Welcome ¿ the Philippines !
t :3+ 2=5
u :f ( x )= √ x is a rational function .
x+ 1
v :What is the domain of the function ?
w : I amlying .
p1 : It is not the case that √2 is a rational number .
p2 : Either logic is fun∧interesting ,∨it is boring.
p3 :If you are a Grade11 student , then you are a Filipino .
Solution. The propositions p, r, t, and u are all simple propositions. On the other hand, the following
are compound propositions:
p1. It is not the case that is a rational number.
p2. Either logic is fun and interesting, or it is boring.
101
p3. If you study hard, then you will get good grades.
Furthermore, we can determine the simple propositions that make up the propositions p1, p2, and p3.
We do so in the following table.
Propositions Simple Component/s

p1 r: √ 2 is a rational number
p2 f: Logic is fun.
i: Logic is interesting.
b: Logic is boring.
p3 h: You study hard.
g: You get good grades.
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If it is a proposition, determine
its truth value if possible.
1. a: Is the traffic heavy along Katipunan Avenue today?
2. b: Please close the door.
3. c: x +2=11.
4. d: 144 is a perfect square.
5. e: Keep right while passing through the corridor.
6. f:2 ≤−1 .
7. g: The year 2016 is a leap year and the equation x 2+ 1=0 has no real solutions.
8. h: If a triangle has a right angle, then the triangle is called a right triangle.
9. i: Either a student takes a mathematics elective next semester, or he takes a business elective next
year.
102
10. j: What is 5/10 in simplest form?
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Determine whether the following statements are propositions. If the proposition is a
compound proposition, identify the simple components and the logical connectors used.
1. Define a polynomial function.
2. Justin Bieber has over one million followers on Twitter and Instagram.
3. If Ted’s score is less than 50, then Ted will fail the course.
4. What time is it?
5. Either it is sunny in Metro Manila or its streets are flooded.
6. Dinner is served with coffee or tea.
7. If a , b and c denote the lengths of the legs and the hypotenuse of a right triangle, then a 2+b 2=c 2.
8. Timothy’s average is at least 92 and he is getting an A for the course.
9. −5 is not a negative number.
10. A password must be at least 6 characters long or it must be at least 8 characters long.
LESSON : Logical Operators
1. Performs the different types of operations on propositions
103
Definition: Given a proposition, its truth table show all its possible truth values.
p
T
F
Logical Operators
1. Definition. The negation of a proposition is denoted by
p ( not p )
and is defined through its truth table
p p
T F
F T
Examples: State the negation of the following propositions.
x−1
n1 : p ( x ) = is a polynomial function.
x +2
n2 : 2 is an odd number.
n3 : The tinikling is the most difficult dance.
n 4 : Everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.
Solution: (negation)
x −1 x −1
n1 : “It is not true that p(x )= is a polynomial function. Or simply “ p(x )= is not a
x+2 x+2
polynomial function”.
104
n2 :“It is not true that 2 is an odd number”, or “2 is an even number.”
n3 : “The tinikling is not the most difficult dance.”
n 4 : “Not everyone in Visayas speaks Cebuano.”
2. Definition. The conjunction of the propositions and is denoted by
p ∧q :( p∧q)
and is defined through its truth table
p q p ∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
The propositions p and q are called conjuncts.
The conjunction p ∧q is true only when both conjuncts and are true, as shown in its truth table.
Example: Let p and q be the propositions
p : Angel exist
q : π >3
Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols, as the case may be and state its
truth value using the truth table.
1. p ∧q
Answer: “Angel exist and π >3”. True
2. p ∧( q)
Answer: “Angels exist and π ≤3 ” or “Angels exist, yet and π ≤3.” False
105
3. “Angels do not exist and π >3.”
Answer: . ( p ¿ ⋀ ( q ). False
4. “While angels do not exist, π >3.”
Answer: ( p ) ∧q . False
3. Definition. The disjunction of two propositions p and q is denoted by
p ∨q :( p∨q)
And is defined through its truth table
p q p ∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
The propositions p and q are called disjuncts.
Example 4. Let , q , r and be the following propositions:
p :Victor has a date with Liza.
q : Janree is sleeping.
r : Eumir is eating.
1. p ∨q
Solution: “Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping.” True

106
2. q ∨( r )
Solution: “Either Janree is sleeping or Eumir is not eating.” True
3. p ∨(q ∨ r )
Solution: “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.” True
4. “Either Victor has a date with Liza or Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”
Solution:( p ∨q ) ∨ r . True
5. “Either Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is eating.”
Solution : ( p ∧ q ) ∨r . True
6. “Either Victor has a date with Liza, or Janree is sleeping, and Eumir is eating.”
Solution: p ∨( q ∧r ). True
4. Definition. The conditional of the propositions and is denoted by
p →q (if p , thenq)
And is defined through its truth table p q p →q

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
The conditional p →q may also be read as “ p implies q ”. The proposition p is called the
hypothesis, while the proposition q is called the conclusion.

107
1. . p →q
Solution: “If Victor has a date with Liza, then Janree is sleeping”. True
2. . q →( r )
Solution: “If Janree is sleeping, then Eumir is not eating”. False
3. . p →(q ∨ r )
Solution: “If Victor has a date with Liza, then Janreen is sleeping or Eumir is eating”. True
4. “If Victor has a date with Liza, then Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is not eating.”
Solution: p →¿ . True
5. “If Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping, then Eumir is eating.”
Solution: ( p ∧q) → r . True
6. “If Victor has a date with Liza, then Janree is not sleeping and Eumir is eating.”
Solution: p → ( ( q)∨r ) ¿. True
Definition. The biconditional of propositions p and q is denoted by
p ↔q ( p if ∧only if q)
and is defined through its truth table:

p q p ↔q
T T T
T F F
108
F T F
F F T
The proposition may also be written as “ iff ”. The propositions p and q are the components
of the biconditional.
1. . p ↔q
Solution: “Victor has a date with Lizaif and only if Janree is sleeping”. True
2. . q ↔( r )
Solution: “Janree is sleeping if and only if Eumir is not eating”. False
3. . p ↔(q ∨ r )
Solution: “Victor has a date with Liza if and only if Janreen is sleeping or Eumir is eating”. True
4. “Victor has a date with Liza if and only if Janree is sleeping, or Eumir is not eating.”
Solution: p ↔¿ . True
5. “Victor has a date with Liza and Janree is sleeping if and only if Eumir is eating.”
Solution: ( p ∧q) ↔ r . True
109
6. “If Victor has a date with Liza if and only if Janree is not sleeping and Eumir is eating.”
Solution: p ↔ ( ( q)∨r ) ¿. True
Activity Sheet 1.1
p: “Neil is a big eater.”
q : “Len has a big voice.”
r : “Jeric likes to travel.”
s : “Lenny likes violet.”
Direction: Express the following propositions in words.
1. p:
2. q :
3. r :
4. s:
5. p ∨q :
6. (~r)∨ s:
7. p ∨ ( q ):
8. ( r ) ∨ ( s ) :
9. p ∧q :
10. ( r ) ∧ s:
11. p ∧ ( q ):
110
12. ( r ) ∧ ( s ):
13. p →q :
14. ( r ) → s:
15. p → ( q ):
16. ( r ) → ( s ) :
17. p ↔q :
18. ( r ) ↔ s:
19. p ↔ ( q ):
20. ( r )↔ ( s ):
Assessment 1.1
p: “Neil is a big eater.” r : “Jeric likes to travel.”
q : “Len has a big voice.” s : “Lenny likes violet.”
Direction: Express the following propositions in English sentences or in symbols and state its truth
value using the truth table.
1. “Len has a big voice or Neil is not a big eater.”
2. “Jeric does not likes to travel and Lenny does not like violet.”
3. “Jeric likes to travel or he does not.”
111
4. “It is not true that Neil is a big eater and Lenny does not like violet.”
5. “Lenny likes violet or she does not.”
6. “Either Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, or Lenny likes violet.”
7. “If Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lenny likes violet.”
8. “ Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice if and only if Lenny likes violet and Jeric likes to
travel.
9. “If Neil is not a big eater or Len has a big voice, then Lenny does not like violet.”
10. “ Neil is a big eater or Len has a big voice if and only if Lenny does not likes violet and Jeric
does not likes to travel.
11. p ∧ ( p )
12. p ∨ ( q )
112
13. p ∧ ( q )
14. ( q ∨ r )
15. ( ( p ) ∨q ) ∧ r
16 ( p ∧ ( q ) ) ∨ ( r ∧ s )
17. ( q → r )
18. ( p ∧ ( q ) ) → ( r ∧ s )
19. p ↔ ( p )
20. (( p) → q)↔ r
Enrichment 1.1
Direction:
1. Let a , b , and c be the propositions a : “Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant.”, b : “Rena orders the
restaurant’s special paella.”, c : “Rena has dessert.” Express the following statements in English
sentences or in symbols and state its truth value.
113
a. “Rena orders the restaurant’s special paella, but she does not have dessert.”
b. “Whenever Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, either she orders the restaurant’s special paella or
she has dessert.”
c. “If Rena eats at the Spanish restaurant, she orders the restaurant’s special paella if and only if she
does not order dessert.”
d. p →¿
e. p → ( ( q ) → r )
f. ( ( q ) ∧ ( r ) ) → ( p )
LESSON 3: Truth Table
1. Determines the truth values of propositions.
Constructing Truth Tables

114
Example 1. Let p and 1 q be propositions. Construct the truth table for the compound proposition
( p → q)∧ ( q → p ) .
Solution. Note that there are two propositions, p and q , involved in the compound proposition. Thus,
the truth table will contain 4 rows, the first two columns of which are
p q
T T
T F
F T
F F
Using the truth table for the definition of p →q statements

the conditional →p and
, we add two more columns to indicatepthe
→qtruth values
q → p of and :
p q p →q q→ p
T T T T
T F F T
F T T F
F F T T
In the final column, we add the truth value of ( p → q)∧ ( q → p ) , which is a conjunction involving p →q
and q → p as disjuncts.
p q p →q q→ p ( p → q)∧ ( q → p )
T T T T T
T F F T F
F T T F F
F F T T T
Example 2. Consider the compound proposition[ ( p →r ) ∧ ( q → r ) ] →[( p∨ q)→r ] . Construct its truth
table.
115
Solution. There are three primitive propositions involved, and so the truth table for the compound
proposition has 8 rows.
We first consider the truth table pertaining to ( p →r ) ∧ ( q → r ) , the hypothesis of the entire conditional.
p q r p →r q→r ( p →r ) ∧ ( q → r )
T T T T T T
T T F F F F
T F T T T T
T F F F T F
F T T T T T
F T F T F F
F F T T T T
F F F T T T
Next we consider the conclusion ( p ∨q) → r of the conditional. For this, we require the truth value of
p ∨q and ( p ∨q) → r, which will be appended to the table above.
p q r p →r q→r ( p →r ) ∧ ( q → r ) p ∨q ( p ∨q) → r
T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T F
T F T T T T T T
T F F F T F T F
F T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T F
116
F F T T T T F T
F F F T T T F T
Lastly, we consider the truth value of the proposition s which we define to be
[ ( p →r ) ∧ ( q → r ) ] →[( p∨ q)→r ].
p q r p →r q→r ( p →r ) ∧ ( q → r ) p ∨q ( p ∨q) → r s
T T T T T T T T T
T T F F F F T F T
T F T T T T T T T
T F F F T F T F T
F T T T T T T T T
F T F T F F T F T
F F T T T T F T T
F F F T T T F T T
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Construct the truth table of the given proposition by completing the table.
1. ( p)∧ ( q ∧ ( r ) )
p q r p r q∧ ( r) ( p)∧ ( q ∧ ( r ) )
117
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Construct the truth table for the following compound propositions. Assume all variables
denote propositions.
1. p →¿
2. p ∨q ¿ ∧[ ( p ∧q)]
3. ¿
118
LESSON 4: Conditional Propositions
1. illustrates the different forms of conditional propositions.
Definition.
Suppose and are propositions. From the conditional proposition → q , we derive three other
conditional statements, namely its
a. Converse: q → p
b. Contrapositive: ( q)→( p)
c. Inverse: ( p ) → ( q )
Example 1. Consider the following true conditional
p →q : “If Geebee is in Grade 11, then she is a senior high school student.”
State its (a) converse, (b) contrapositive, and (c) inverse and determine whether each statement is also
true.
Solution.
a. Converse (q → p ): “If Geebee is a senior high school student, then she is in Grade 11.” This is not
necessarily true.
b. Contrapositive (( q)→( p)): “If Geebee is not a senior high school student, then she is not in Grade
11.” This is true
c. Inverse (( p ) → ( q )): “If Geebee is not in Grade 11, then she is not a senior high school student.”
This is not necessarily true.
119
Example 2. Let p →q be the political slogan: “If there are no corrupt people, then there are no poor
people.” State the converse, contrapositive, and the inverse of → q .
Solution.
a. Converse (q → p): “If there are no poor people, then there are no corrupt people.”
b. Contrapositive (( q ¿ →( p)): “If there are poor people, then there are corrupt people.”
c. Inverse (( p ) → ( q )): “If there are corrupt people, then there are poor people.”
Activity Sheet 1.1
Direction: Determine the converse, contrapositive and the inverse of the following conditional
propositions.
1. “If it is consumed in large volumes, then chocolate can be harmful to one’s health.”
 a. Converse: ( q → p ):
____________________________________________________________________________
 b. Contrapositive: (( q)→( p)):
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
2. “Whenever she will be given the chance to perform on stage, Whitney will sing all her classic songs.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
3. “If Sheila will decide to enter through the front door, then she will be greeted by a large group of
press people.”
120
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
4. “Dana studied for the exam alone if her boyfriend decided to go home early to sleep.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
5. “If at least one student slept in class, then Lyn gave a difficult quiz to wake the students.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
Assessment 1.1
Direction: Determine the converse, contrapositive, and inverse of the following conditional
propositions.
1. “If the clothes are neatly stacked and pressed, then the house help arrived today.”
121
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
2. “If it did not flood yesterday, then the streets are dry today.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
3. “Whenever Nico studied alone, he got the highest score in the class.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
4. “Her parents gave her monetary allowance if Bianca accompanied her parents to the PTA meeting.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
122
5. “If Mariah hit the high whistle note, then the audience gave her a standing ovation.”
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 c. Inverse: ( ( p ) → ( q )) :
____________________________________________________________________________
Performance Task:
Direction: Select a trend issue in our country and create an Árgumentative Essay for your choosen
topic using Propositions. Compile your output in a short folder. Your work will be graded based on the
given rubrics below:
RUBRIC:
Components 1 (Needs 2 (Very Good) 3 (Excellent)
Improvement)
Mathematical Content Demonstrates a lack Demonstrates Demonstrates thorough
understanding of the understanding of the understanding of the
concepts and concepts and concepts and properties
properties of logic properties of logic of logic
Presentation The needed data are The needed data are The needed data are
incomplete and not incomplete and not complete, comprehensive
relevant. relevant. Explanations and relevant. Explanation
Explanations are lack some pertinent are thoroughly done and
difficult to information and insightful.
understand. include the
unnecessary.
References
123
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mk8RWTsFFw
http://m.e-m-h.org/ClJM.pdf
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/623749/philippines-welcomes-100-millionth-baby
http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/efficientmarkethypothesis.asp
http://www.periodictable.com/Isotopes/030.71/index.p.full.html
http://www.periodictable.com/Isotopes/046.100/index.html
http://www.pse.com.ph/stockMarket/home.html
Investopedia staff (n.d.) Bond basics: What are bonds? Accessed from
http://www.investopedia.com/university/bonds/bonds1.asp
Stock Basics Tutorial, Accessed from http://www.investopedia.com/university/stocks/
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Catenary.html
124

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i-Link College of Science and Technology, Inc Philippine Politics and Governance

Lesson 1: Representation of functions

Module Learning Outcomes:

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of functions.

LESSON 1: Representation of Functions

1. Represent real-life situations using functions, including piece-wise, Rational function,

Representation of Functions in Real-life Situation

t ( m )= 300 if 0< m≤ 100

x=10 100 100

 Given: Earthquake Magnitude on a Richer scale

The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by

the energy released by a very small reference earthquake.

 Example 7. Supposed that an earthquake released approximately 1012 joules of energy.

a. What is its magnitude on a Richer Scale?

raised to obtain 107.6 then log 107.6 =7.6

Activity Sheet 1.1

Activity Sheet 1.2

Direction: Read carefully and answer the following problems below.

(Solu tions on this side)

d) Given the logarithmic function g ( x )=log 3 x

Direction: Given the following real-life problems, represent the following.

MODULE 2: Rational Function

Lesson 1: Rational Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Lesson 2: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities

Module Learning Outcomes:

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of rational functions.

LESSON 1: Rational Functions, Equations and Inequalities

1. Distinguishes rational function, equation, and inequality.

 Rational Expression is an expression that can be written as a ratio of two polynomials.

Rational Equation Rational Inequality Rational Function

Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Write RE if it is a rational equation, RI if it is a rational inequality and RF if it is a rational

LESSON 2: Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities

1. Solves rational equation and inequalities.

2. Solves problems involving rational function, equation and inequality.

 To solve a rational equation:

10 x ( 2x )−10 x ( 23x )=10 x ( 15 )

[ ( x+ 2 )( x−2 ) ] ( x +2x )− [( x +2) ( x−2) ] ( x+21 )=[ ( x+ 2)( x−2) ]( ( x +2)(8x−2 ) )

 Interval and Set Notation

 Procedure for Solving Rational Inequalities

Interval x ←1 −1< x <1 x >1

Solution. (a) Rewrite the inequality with zero on one side.

Interval x ←1 −1< x <0 0< x <2 x >2

Interval x ←4 −4< x <1 x >1

 Activity Sheet 1.1

 Activity Sheet 1.2

x2 −10 −14−5 x x2 −4 x 14−9 x

Direction: Solve the following. Show your solutions.

Lesson 1: a. One-to-One Function

Module Learning Outcomes:

The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of inverse functions, exponential

LESSON 1: One-to-One function

denoted by f – 1, is a function with domain B and range A defined by f −1 ( y ) =x if and only if

 f ¿ for all x in the domain of f −1.

 Example1. Find the inverse of f ( x )=3 x +1.

 Example 2. Find the inverse of g ( x )=x 3−2

Activity Sheet 1.1

Direction: Give 10 examples of One-to-One Function.

Activity Sheet 1.2

_1. f ( x )=5 x 2 _11. e x +7

_1. f ( x )=5 x 2 _3. 7 4 x = y

_9. 3 ( 15 x ) =45 _17. 16 x+5 +16 x−9 ≤ 4

_ 10. 3 ≥ 9x−1 _18. 18 x+1=18

_11. e x +7 _19. 52 x =125

_12. f ( x )=3 x−5 _20. √ 2x >5