Assignment-II 

Computer Networks 

Gagandeep Kaur 

180230060 

Submitted to:- 
Ms. Manjot Kaur 
 
 
 
 

 
1) What is the difference between OSI and TCP/IP
Reference Model ?
 

OSI(Open System TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol /

Interconnection) Internet Protocol)

1. OSI is a generic, protocol 1. TCP/IP model is based on standard

independent standard, acting as a protocols around which the Internet has
communication gateway between developed. It is a communication protocol,
the network and end user. which allows connection of hosts over a
network.

2. In OSI model the transport layer 2. In TCP/IP model the transport layer does
guarantees the delivery of packets. not guarantees delivery of packets. Still the
TCP/IP model is more reliable.

3. Follows vertical approach. 3. Follows horizontal approach.

4. OSI model has a separate 4. TCP/IP does not have a separate

Presentation layer and Session Presentation layer or Session layer.
layer.

5. Transport Layer is Connection 5. Transport Layer is both Connection

Oriented. Oriented and Connection less.

6. Network Layer is both Connection 6. Network Layer is Connection less.

Oriented and Connection less.

7. OSI is a reference model around 7. TCP/IP model is, in a way, implementation

which the networks are built. of the OSI model.

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 Generally it is used as a guidance
tool.

8. Network layer of the OSI model 8. The Network layer in TCP/IP model
provides both connection oriented provides connectionless service.
and connectionless service.

9. The OSI model has a problem of 9. TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
fitting the protocols into the model.

10. Protocols are hidden in OSI 10. In TCP/IP replacing protocol is not easy.
models and are easily replaced as
the technology changes.

11. OSI model defines services, 11. In TCP/IP, services, interfaces and
interfaces and protocols very clearly protocols are not clearly separated. It is also
and makes clear distinction between protocol dependent.
them. It is protocol independent.

12. It has 7 layers 12. It has 4 layers

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2) Explain different layers of OSI model in detail.
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a conceptual model created by the
International Organization for Standardization which enables diverse communication
systems to communicate using standard protocols. In plain English, the OSI provides a
standard for different computer systems to be able to communicate with each other.

1. The Physical Layer

This layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data transfer, such as the
cables and switches. This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit
stream, which is a string of 1s and 0s. The physical layer of both devices must also
agree on a signal convention so that the 1s can be distinguished from the 0s on both
devices

2. The Data Link Layer

The data link layer is very similar to the network layer, except the data link layer
facilitates data transfer between two devices on the SAME network. The data link layer
takes packets from the network layer and breaks them into smaller pieces called
frames. Like the network layer, the data link layer is also responsible for flow control and
error control in intra-network communication (The transport layer only does flow control
and error control for inter-network communications).

3. The Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for facilitating data transfer between two different
networks. If the two devices communicating are on the same network, then the network
layer is unnecessary. The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer
into smaller units, called packets, on the sender’s device, and reassembling these
packets on the receiving device. The network layer also finds the best physical path for
the data to reach its destination; this is known as routing.

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4. The Transport Layer

Layer 4 is responsible for end-to-end communication between the two devices. This
includes taking data from the session layer and breaking it up into chunks called
segments before sending it to layer 3. The transport layer on the receiving device is
responsible for reassembling the segments into data the session layer can consume.

The transport layer is also responsible for flow control and error control. Flow control
determines an optimal speed of transmission to ensure that a sender with a fast
connection doesn’t overwhelm a receiver with a slow connection. The transport layer
performs error control on the receiving end by ensuring that the data received is
complete, and requesting a retransmission if it isn’t.

5. The Session Layer

This is the layer responsible for opening and closing communication between the two
devices. The time between when the communication is opened and closed is known as
the session. The session layer ensures that the session stays open long enough to
transfer all the data being exchanged, and then promptly closes the session in order to
avoid wasting resources.

The session layer also synchronizes data transfer with checkpoints. For example, if a
100 megabyte file is being transferred, the session layer could set a checkpoint every 5
megabytes. In the case of a disconnect or a crash after 52 megabytes have been
transferred, the session could be resumed from the last checkpoint, meaning only 50
more megabytes of data need to be transferred. Without the checkpoints, the entire
transfer would have to begin again from scratch.

6. The Presentation Layer

This layer is primarily responsible for preparing data so that it can be used by the
application layer; in other words, layer 6 makes the data presentable for applications to
consume. The presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption, and
compression of data.

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Two communicating devices communicating may be using different encoding methods,
so layer 6 is responsible for translating incoming data into a syntax that the application
layer of the receiving device can understand.

If the devices are communicating over an encrypted connection, layer 6 is responsible

for adding the encryption on the sender’s end as well as decoding the encryption on the
receiver's end so that it can present the application layer with unencrypted, readable
data.

Finally the presentation layer is also responsible for compressing data it receives from
the application layer before delivering it to layer 5. This helps improve the speed and
efficiency of communication by minimizing the amount of data that will be transferred.

7. The Application Layer

This is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user. Software
applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the application layer to initiate
communications. But it should be made clear that client software applications are not
part of the application layer; rather the application layer is responsible for the protocols
and data manipulation that the software relies on to present meaningful data to the user.
Application layer protocols include HTTP as well as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol is one of the protocols that enables email communications).

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3) What are the functions of network layer?
Network layers is a framework that helps to understand complex network interactions.
There are two models that are widely referenced today: OSI and TCP/IP. The concepts
are similar, but the layers themselves differ between the two models.

The main functions performed by the network layer are:

Routing​: When a packet reaches the router's input link, the router will move the packets
to the router's output link. For example, a packet from S1 to R1 must be forwarded to
the next router on the path to S2.

Logical Addressing​: The data link layer implements the physical addressing and
network layer implements the logical addressing. Logical addressing is also used to
distinguish between source and destination system. The network layer adds a header to
the packet which includes the logical addresses of both the sender and the receiver.

Internetworking​: This is the main role of the network layer that it provides the logical
connection between different types of networks.

Fragmentation​: The fragmentation is a process of breaking the packets into the

smallest individual data units that travel through different network

4) What is the need for error detection?

Whenever a message is communicated, it may get jumbled by noise, or data may get
altered. To prevent this, error-detecting codes are utilised. These are data added to a
given digital message to aid us in identifying whether any error appeared during transfer
of the message.

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5) What are some differences between IPv4/IPv6?

IPv4 IPv6

Address 32 bits (4 bytes) 128 bits (16 bytes)

12:34:56:78 1234:5678:9abc:def0:

1234:5678:9abc:def0

Packet size 576 bytes 1280 bytes required without fragmentation

required,
fragmentation
optional

Packet Routers and Sending hosts only

fragmentation sending hosts

Packet header Does not identify Contains Flow Label field that specifies
packet flow for packet flow for QoS handling
QoS handling

Includes a Does not include a checksum

checksum

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 Includes options Extension headers used for optional data

up to 40 bytes

Address Manual or via Stateless address autoconfiguration

configuration DHCP (SLAAC) using Internet Control Message
Protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) or DHCPv6

IP to MAC broadcast ARP Multicast Neighbor Solicitation

resolution

Local subnet Internet Group Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)

group Management
management Protocol (IGMP)

Broadcast Yes No

Multicast Yes Yes

IPSec optional, external required

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6) What is the difference between Indirect and direct
delivery on N/w layer?
Direct Delivery

In a direct delivery, the final destination of the packet is a host connected to the same
physical network as the deliverer. Direct delivery occurs when the source and
destination of the packet are located on the same physical network or when the delivery
is between the last router and the destination host. The sender can easily determine if
the delivery is direct. It can extract the network address of the destination (using the
mask) and compare this address with the addresses of the networks to which it is
connected. If a match is found, the delivery is direct.

Indirect Delivery

If the destination host is not on the same network as the deliverer, the packet is
delivered indirectly. In an indirect delivery, the packet goes from router to router until it
reaches the one connected to the same physical network as its final destination.

7) If a data link layer can detect errors between

hops, why do you think we need checking
mechanism at the transport layer?
Additional redundancy​, it’s another check in case something messes up between the
software and hardware. Multiple checks will help with monitoring.

The errors between the nodes can be detected by the data link layer control, but the
error at the node (between input port and output port) of the node cannot be detected by
the data link layer.

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 Thank You

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