11 - 19 PROGRESSION

rs
e
be
NEW FOR

pl 2017

m
nu
m
ex
pl
Sa
om
C
1
er
pt
ha
C

Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics

Core Pure Mathematics

Book 1/AS
Edexcel AS and A level Further Mathematics

Sample material
Complex numbers
Objectives
● Understand and use the definitions of imaginary and complex
numbers
● Add and subtract complex numbers
→ page 2
→ pages 2–3
1
● Multiply complex numbers → pages 5–6
● Understand the definition of a complex conjugate → pages 6–8
● Divide complex numbers → pages 7–8
● Solve quadratic equations that have complex roots → pages 8–10
● Solve cubic or quartic equations that have complex roots
→ pages 10–14

T
AF
Prior
P rior knowledge check

R
1 Simplify each of the following:
___ ____ ____
a √ 50 b √ 108 c √ 180
← Pure Year 1, Chapter 1

D
2 In each case, determine the number of
distinct real roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
a f(x) = 3x 2 + 8x + 10
b f(x) = 2x 2 − 9x + 7
c f(x) = 4x 2 + 12x + 9
← Pure Year 1, Chapter 2

3 Find the solutions of x 2 − 8x + 6 = 0,__

Complex numbers contain a real and an giving your answers in the form a ± √ b
imaginary part. Engineers and physicists where a and b are integers.
oŒen describe quantities with two ← Pure Year 1, Chapter 2
__
7 __
components using a single complex 4 Write ______ in the form p + q√ 3
number. This allows them to model 4 − √3
where p and q are rational numbers.
complicated situations such as air flow
← Pure Year 1, Chapter 1
over a cyclist.

1
Chapter 1 Complex numbers

1.1 Imaginary and complex numbers c 2(5 − 8i) = (2 × 5) − (2 × 8)i = 10 − 16i 2(5 − 8i) can also be written as (5 − 8i) + (5 − 8i).
The quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 has 10 + 6i 10 6
Links For the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0, the d ______ = ___ + __ i = 5 + 3i
2 2 2 First separate into a real part and an imaginary part.
solutions given by: discriminant is b 2 − 4ac.
______
−b ± √ b 2 − 4ac • If b 2 − 4ac > 0, there are two distinct real roots.
x = _____________ • If b 2 − 4ac = 0, there are two equal real roots.
2a Exercise 1A
If the expression under the square root is negative, • If b 2 − 4ac < 0, there are no real roots.
← Pure Year 1, Section 2.5 Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
there are no real solutions.
___ 1 Write each of the following in the form bi where b is a real number.
You can find solutions to the equation in all cases by extending the number system to include √ − 1 . ___ ____ _____ _______ _____
√
___
Since there is no real number that squares to produce −1, the number − 1 is called an imaginary a √−9 b √−49 c √−121 d √−10 000 e √−225
___ ____ ____ _____ _____
number, and is represented using the letter i. Sums of real and imaginary numbers, for example f √−5 g √−12 h √−45 i √−200 j √−147
3 + 2i, are known as complex numbers.
___ 2 Simplify, giving your answers in the form a + bi , where a ∈ ℝ and b ∈ ℝ.
■ i = √−1 Notation The set of all complex numbers is
written as ℂ. a (5 + 2i) + (8 + 9i) b (4 + 10i) + (1 − 8i)
■ An imaginary number is a number of the
d (_2 + _3 i) + (_2 + _3 i)
1 1 5 5
form bi , where b ∈ ℝ. For the complex number z = a + bi: c (7 + 6i) + (−3 − 5i)
• Re(z)) = a is the real part e (20 + 12i) − (11 + 3i) f (2 − i) − (−5 + 3i)

T
■ A complex number is written in the • Im(
Im(zz)) = b is the imaginary part
Im(z) __ __
form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ. g (−4 − 6i) − (−8 − 8i) h (3√2 + i) − (√2 − i)
i (−2 − 7i) + (1 + 3i) − (−12 + i) j (18 + 5i) − (15 − 2i) − (3 + 7i)
AF

AF
Example 1 3 Simplify, giving your answers in the form a + bbii, where a ∈ ℝ and b ∈ ℝ.
Write each of the following in terms of i: a 2(7 + 2i) b 3(8 − 4i)
____ ____ You can use the rules of surds to manipulate
a √ − 36 b √ − 28 c 2(3 + i) + 3(2 + i) d 5(4 + 3i) − 4( −11 + 2i)
4(−1
4(−
imaginary numbers.
6 − 4i 15 + 25i
____ _________ ___ ___ e _____ f _______
a √−36 = √36 × (−1) = √36 √−11 = 6i __ 2 5
Watch out An alternative way of writing (2√ 7 )i
_____ _________ ___ ___ 9 + 11i − 8 + 3i 7 − 2i
R

R
g ______ h _______ − _____
__ __
b √− 28 = √ 28 × (− 1) = √ 28 √− 1 √
is 2i 7 . Avoid writing √
2 7 i as this can easily be
__ __ ___ __ __ 3 4 2
= √ 4 √ 7 √− 1 = (2 √ 7 )i confused with 2√ 7i .
P 4 Write in the form a + bi,
bi, where a and b are simplified surds.
4 −__2i 2 − 6i__
a _____ b ______
D

D
In a complex number, the real part and the imaginary part cannot be combined to form a single term.
√2 1 + √3
■ Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting their real parts and
adding or subtracting their imaginary parts. 5 Given that z = 7 − 6i and w = 7 + 6i, find, Notation Complex numbers are oen
■ You can multiply a real number by a complex number by multiplying out the brackets in the in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ
represented by the letter z or the letter w.
usual way. a z−w b w+z

E 6 Given that z1 = a + 9i, z2 = − 3 + bi and z2 − z1 = 7 + 2i, find a and b where a, b ∈ ℝ. (2 marks)

Example 2
P 7 Given that z1 = 4 + i and z2 = 7 − 3i, find, in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ
Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ. a z1 − z2 b 4z2 c 2z1 + 5z2
10 + 6i
a (2 + 5i) + (7 + 3i) b (2 − 5i) − (5 − 11i) c 2(5 − 8i) d ______
2 P 8 Given that z = a + bi and w = a − bi, show that:
a (2 + 5i) + (7 + 3i) = (2 + 7) + (5 + 3)i Add the real parts and add the imaginary parts. a z + w is always real b z − w is always imaginary
= 9 + 8i
b (2 − 5i) − (5 − 11i) = (2 − 5) + (−5 −(−11))i Subtract the real parts and subtract the
You can use complex numbers to find solutions to any quadratic equation with real coefficients.
= −3 + 6i imaginary parts.
■ If b2 − 4ac < 0 then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two distinct complex roots.

2 3
Chapter 1 Complex numbers

3 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a ± bi.
Example 3
a z2 + 2z + 5 = 0 b z2 − 2z + 10 = 0 c z2 + 4z + 29 = 0
Solve the equation z2 + 9 = 0. d z2 + 10z + 26 = 0 e z2 + 5z + 25 = 0 f z2 + 3z + 5 = 0

z2 = −9 4 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form a ± bi.
___ ______ __ ___ Note that just as z2 = 9 has two roots +3 and −3,
z = ± √−9 = ± √9 × −1 = ± √9 √−1 = ±3i a 2z2 + 5z + 4 = 0 b 7z2 − 3z + 3 = 0 c 5z2 − z + 3 = 0
z2 = −9 also has two roots +3i and −3i.
z = +3i, z = −3i
5 The solutions to the quadratic equation z 2 − 8z + 21 __
= 0 are z1 and z2.
Find z1 and z2, giving each answer in the form a ± i √ b .
Example 4 E/P 6 The equation z2 + bz + 11 = 0, where b ∈ ℝ, has distinct complex roots.
Find the range of possible values of b. (3 marks)
Solve the equation z2 + 6z + 25 = 0.

Method 1 (Completing the square) 1.2 Multiplying complex numbers

z2 + 6z = (z + 3)2 − 9 Because (z + 3)2 = ((zz + 3)(
3)(zz + 3) = z2 + 6z + 9
z2 + 6z + 25 = (z + 3)2 − 9 + 25 = (z + 3)2 + 16 You can multiply complex numbers using ___
the same technique that you use for multiplying brackets in
(z + 3)2 + 16 = 0 ____ ___ ___
algebra. You can use the fact that i = √ − 1 to simplify powers of i.

T
________

(z + 3)2 = −16 √−16

16 = √ 16 × ((−1) = √16 √−
−1)
(−1) −1
1 = 4i
____ ■ i2 = −1
z + 3 = ±√ −16 = ±4i
z = −3 ± 4i Online Example 5
AF

AF
Solve this equation quickly
z = −3 + 4i, z = −3 − 4i
using your calculator.
Express each of the following in the form a + bi,
bi, where a and b are real numbers.
Method 2 (Quadratic formula)
_______________ a (2 + 3i)(4 + 5i) b (7 − 4i)2
_______
−6 ± √ 62 − 4 × 1 × 25
_____________________ −b ± √b2 − 4ac
z= Using z = ____________ Multiply the two brackets as you would with real
2 2a a (2 + 3i)(4 + 5i) = 2(4 + 5i) + 3i(4 + 5i)
____
−6 ± √−64 numbers.
= ___________ = 8 + 10i + 12i + 15i2
2 = 8 + 10i + 12i − 15
R

R
_____ ____ ________ ___ ___ Use the fact that i2 = −1.
√ −64 0= ±8i √−64 = √64 × (−1) = √64 √−1 = 8i = (8 − 15) + (10i + 12i)
−6 ± 8i = −7
7 + 22i
z = ________ = −3 ± 4i Add real parts and add imaginary parts.
2
z = −3 + 4i, 3 − 4i
z = −3 b (7 − 4i)2 = (7 − 4i)(7 − 4i)
D

D
Multiply out the two brackets as you would with
= 7(7 − 4i) − 4i(7 − 4i)
real numbers.
= 49 − 28i − 28i + 16i2
= 49 − 28i − 28i − 16
Exercise 1B Use the fact that i2 = −1.
= (49 − 16) + (−28i − 28i)
= 33 − 56i Add real parts and add imaginary parts.
Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
1 Solve each of the following equations. Write your answers in the form ±bi. Example 6
a z2 + 121 = 0 b z2 + 40 = 0 c 2z 2 + 120 = 0
d 3z 2 + 150 = 38 − z2 e z2 + 30 = −3z 2 − 66 f 6z 2 + 1 = 2z 2 Simplify: a i3 b i4 c (2i)5

a i3 = i × i × i = i2 × i = −i i2 = −1
2 Solve each of the following equations.
b i4 = i × i × i × i = i2 × i2 = (−1) × (−1) = 1
Write your answers in the form a ± bi. Hint The le
-hand side of each equation is c (2i)5 = 2i × 2i × 2i × 2i × 2i (2i)5 = 25 × i5
a (z − 3) 2 − 9 = −16 in completed square form already. Use inverse First work out 25 = 32.
b 2(z − 7) 2 + 30 = 6 operations to find the values of z. = 32(i × i × i × i × i) = 32(i2 × i2 × i)
= 32 × (−1) × (−1) × i = 32i
c 16(z + 1) 2 + 11 = 2

4 5
 Chapter 1 Complex numbers

Exercise 1C a z* = 2 + 7i Change the sign of the imaginary part from − to +.

b z + z* = (2 − 7i) + (2 + 7i)
Do not use your calculator in this exercise. = (2 + 2) + (−7 + 7)i = 4 Note that z + z* is real.
1 Simplify each of the following, giving your answers in the form a + bi. c zz* = (2 − 7i)(2 + 7i)
a (5 + i)(3 + 4i) b (6 + 3i)(7 + 2i) c (5 − 2i)(1 + 5i) = 2(2 + 7i) − 7i(2 + 7i) Remember i2 = −1.
d (13 − 3i)(2 − 8i) e (−3 − i)(4 + 7i) f (8 + 5i)2 = 4 + 14i − 14i − 49i2
g (2 − 9i)2 h (1 + i)(2 + i)(3 + i) Hint For part h, begin by multiplying = 4 + 49 = 53 Note that zz* is real.
i (3 − 2i)(5 + i)(4 − 2i) j (2 + 3i)3 the first pair of brackets.
For any complex number z, the product of z and
P 2 a Simplify (4 + 5i)(4 − 5i), giving your answer in the form a + bi. z* is a real number. You can use this property Links The method used to divide complex
b Simplify (7 − 2i)(7 + 2i), giving your answer in the form a + bi. to divide two complex numbers. To do this,
numbers is similar to the method used to
c Comment on your answers to parts a and b. you multiply both the numerator and the rationalise a denominator when simplifying surds
denominator by the complex conjugate of the ← Pure Year 1, Section 1.6
d i) is a real number for any real numbers a and bb.
Prove that (a + bi)(a − bi)
denominator and then simplify the result.
P 3 Given that (a + 3i)(1 + bi) = 31 − 38i, find two possible pairs of values for a and b.
4 Write each of the following in its simplest form.

T
Example 8
a i6 b (3i)4 c i5 + i d (4i)3 − 4i3
5 + 4i
P 5 Express (1 + i)6 in the form a − bi, where a and b are integers to be found. Write _____ in the form a + bi.
2 − 3i
AF

AF
P 6 Find the value of the real part of (3 − 2i)4. Problem-solving The complex conjugate of the denominator is
5 + 4i
_____ 5 + 4i
_____ 2 + 3i
_____
P 7 f(z) = 2z2 − z + 8 = × 2 + 3i. Multiply both the numerator and the
You can use the binomial theorem to 2 − 3i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i
n denominator by the complex conjugate.
Find: a f(2i) b f(3 − 6i) expand ((a + b) . ← Pure Year 1, Section 8.3 (5 + 4i)(2 + 3i)
= ____________
(2 − 3i)(2 + 3i)
E/P 8 f(z) = − 2z + 17
z2 zz* is real, so (2 − 3i)(2 + 3i) will be a real number.
Show that z = 1 − 4i is a solution to f(z
f(z)) = 0.
f(z) (2 marks) (5 + 4i)(2 + 3i) = 5(2 + 3i) + 4i(2 + 3i)
R

R
= 10 + 15i + 8i + 12i2
9 a Given that i 1 = i and i 2 = − −11, write i 3 and i 4 in their simplest forms.
= −2 + 23i Online
b Write i 5, i 6 , i 7 and i 8 in their simplest forms. Divide complex numbers
(2 − 3i)(2 + 3i) = 2(2 + 3i) − 3i(2 + 3i) quickly using your calculator.
c Write down the value of: = 4 + 6i − 6i − 9i2 = 13
D

D
i i 100 ii i 253 iii i 301 5 + 4i _________
______ 2 + 23i
−2 2 23
= = − __ + ___i Divide each term in the numerator by 13.
2 − 3i 13 13 13
Challenge
Notation The principal square
__
a Expand (a + bi) 2. _______ root of a complex number, √ z , has
b Hence, or otherwise, find √40 − 42i , giving your answer in a positive real part.
the form a − bi, where a and b are positive integers. Exercise 1D
Do not use your calculator in this exercise.
1.3 Complex conjugation 1 Write down the complex conjugate zp for:
__ ___
c z = _3 − _2 i
2 1
■ For any complex number z = a + bi, the Notation a z = 8 + 2i b z = 6 − 5i d z = √5 + i√10
Together z and z* are called a
complex conjugate of the number is complex conjugate pair.
defined as z* = a − bi. 2 Find z + zp and zzp for:
__ __
c z = _4 + _4 i
3 1
a z = 6 − 3i b z = 10 + 5i d z = √5 − 3i√5
Example 7
3 Write each of the following in the form a + bi.
Given that z = 2 − 7i: 3 − 5i 3 + 5i 28 − 3i 2+i
a ______ b ______ c _______ d ______
a write down z* b find the value of z + z* c find the value of zz* 1 + 3i 6 − 8i 1−i 1 + 4i

6 7
 Chapter 1 Complex numbers

(3 − 4i) 2
4 Write _______ in the form x + iy where x, y ∈ ℝ. Example 9
1+i
5 Given that z1 = 1 + i, z2 = 2 + i and z3 = 3 + i, write each of the following in the form a + bi. Given that α = 7 + 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
z1z2 (z2)2 2z1 + 5z3 a state the value of the other root, β
a ____
z3 b ____
z1 c _________
z2
5 + 2i
______ b find the quadratic equation
E 6 Given that z = 2 − i, find z in the form a + bi. (2 marks)
c find the values of α + β and αβ and interpret the results.
6 + 8i
______ 6 + 8i
______
7 Simplify + , giving your answer in the form a + bi. α and β will always be a complex
1+i 1−i a β = 7 − 2i
4 __ conjugate pair.
8 w = _______ b (z − α)(z − β) = 0
8 − i √2 (z − (7 + 2i))(z − (7 − 2i)) = 0
__
The quadratic equation with roots α and
Express w in the form a + bi √ 2 , where a and b are rational numbers. z2 − z(7 − 2i) − z(7 + 2i) + (7 + 2i)(7 − 2i) = 0 β is (z − α)(z − β) = 0
9 w = 1 − 9i z2 − 7z + 2iz − 7z − 2iz + 49 − 14i + 14i − 4i2 = 0
1 z2 − 14z + 49 + 4 = 0 Collect like terms. Use the fact that
Express __
w in the form a + bi, where a and b are rational numbers. z2 − 14z + 53 = 0 i2 = −
−1.
1.
__
10 z = 4 − i√ 2 c α + β = (7 + 2i) + (7 − 2i)

T
z+4 __
= (7 + 7) + (2 + (−2))i = 14 Problem-solving
Use algebra to express _____ in the form p + qi√ 2 , where p and q are rational numbers.
z−3 The coefficient of z in the above equation is −(α + β).
For z = a + bi,
bi, you should learn the results:
E/P 11 The complex number z satisfies the equation (4 + 2i)(2i)(zz − 2i) = 6 − 4i. αβ = (7 + 2i)(7 − 2i) = 49 − 14i + 14i − 4i2
z + zz** = 2
2a
AF

AF
Find z, giving your answer in the form a + bii where a and b are rational numbers. (4 marks) = 49 + 4 = 53
zz* = a + b2
zz* 2
The constant term in the above equation is αβαβ..
E/P 12 The complex numbers z1 and z2 are given by z1 = p − 7i and z2 = 2 + 5i where p is an integer. You can use these to find the quadratic
z1 equation quickly.
Find __
z2 in the form a + bi where a and b are rational, and are given in terms of p. (4 marks)
__
E 13 z = √ 5 + 4i Exercise 1E
z* is the complex conjugate of z. z.
1 The roots of the quadratic equation z2 + 22zz + 26 = 0 are α and β.
R

R
z
___
__
Show that * = a + bi√ 5 , where a and b are rational numbers to be found. (4 marks)
z Find: a α and β b α+β c αβ
p + 5i
E/P 14 The complex number z is defined by z = _____, p ∈ ℝ, p > 0. 2 The roots of the quadratic equation z 2 − 88z + 25 = 0 are α and β.
p − 2i
Given that the real part of z is _2 ,
1
D

D
Find: a α and β b α+β c αβ
a find the value of p (4 marks)
E 3 Given that 2 + 3i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
b write z in the form a + bi,
i, where a and b are real. (1 mark)
a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark)
b find the quadratic equation, giving your answer in the form az2 + bz + c = 0
1.4 Roots of quadratic equations
where a, b and c are real constants. (3 marks)
■ For real numbers a, b and c, if the roots of the quadratic equation az + bz + c = 0 are
2
E 4 Given that 5 − i is a root of the equation z 2 + pz + q = 0, where p and q are real constants,
complex, then they occur as a conjugate pair.
a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark)
Another way of stating this is that for a real-valued quadratic function f(z), if z1 is a root of f(z) = 0
b find the value of p and the value of q. (3 marks)
then z1* is also a root. You can use this fact to find one root if you know the other, or to find the
original equation. E/P 5 Given that z1 = −5 + 4i is one of the roots of the quadratic equation
■ If the roots of a quadratic equation are z 2 + bz + c = 0, where b and c are real constants, find the values of b and c. (4 marks)
α and β, then you can write the equation Notation Roots of complex-valued polynomials
E/P 6 Given that 1 + 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
as (z − α)(z − β) = 0 are o en written using Greek letters such as
α (alpha), β (beta) and γ (gamma).
find the equation giving your answer in the form z2 + bz + c = 0 where b and c
or z2 − (α + β)z + αβ = 0 are integers to be found. (4 marks)

8 9
 Chapter 1 Complex numbers

E/P 7 Given that 3 − 5i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
z3 − z2 + 3z + 5 = (z + 1)(z2 − 2z + 5) = 0 The other two roots are found by solving the
find the equation giving your answer in the form z2 + bz + c = 0 where b and c quadratic equation.
are real constants. (4 marks) Solving z2 − 2z + 5 = 0
5 z2 − 2z = (z − 1)2 − 1
E/P 8 z = ____ z2 − 2z + 5 = (z − 1)2 − 1 + 5 = (z − 1)2 + 4
Solve by completing the square. Alternatively, you
3−i
could use the quadratic formula.
a Find z in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants. (1 mark) (z − 1)2 + 4 = 0
(z − 1)2 = −4
Given that z is a complex root of the quadratic equation x + px + q = 0, where p and q
2
___ The quadratic equation has complex roots, which
are real integers, z − 1 = ±√−4 = ±2i
must be a conjugate pair.
z = 1 ± 2i
b find the value of p and the value of q. (4 marks)
z = 1 + 2i, z = 1 − 2i
E/P 9 Given that z = 5 + qi is a root of the equation z2 − 4pz + 34 = 0, where p and q are positive
So the other two roots of the equation are You could write the equation as
real constants, find the value of p and the value of q. (4 marks)
1 + 2i and 1 − 2i. (z + 1)(z − (1 + 2i))(z − (1 − 2i)) = 0

■ An equation of the form az4 + bz3 + cz2 + dz + e = 0 is called a quartic equation, and has four
1.5 Solving cubic and quartic equations roots.
You can generalise the rule for the roots of quadratic equations to any polynomial with real coefficients. ■ For a quartic equation with real coefficients, either Watch out A real-valued quartic

T
■ If f(z) is a polynomial with real • all four root are real, or equation might have repeated real
coefficients, and z1 is a root of f(z) = 0, Hint Note that if z1 is real, then z1* = z1. • two roots are real and the other two roots form a roots or repeated complex roots.
then z1* is also a root of f(z) = 0. complex conjugate pair, or
AF

AF
• two roots form a complex conjugate pair and the
You can use this property to find roots of cubic and quartic equations with real coefficients.
other two roots also form a complex conjugate pair.
■ An equation of the form az3 + bz2 + cz + d = 0 is called a cubic equation, and has three roots.
■ For a cubic equation with real coefficients, either Watch out Example 11
A real-valued cubic
• all three roots are real, or equation might have two, or three, Given that 3 + i is a root of the quartic equation 2z
2z4 − 3z
3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50 = 0, solve the
• one root is real and the other two roots form a repeated real roots. equation completely.
complex conjugate pair.
R

R
Complex roots occur in
Another root is 3 − i.
conjugate pairs.
Example 10 So (z − (3 + i))(z − (3 − i)) is a factor
of 2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z 120z − 50 If α and β are roots of f(z) = 0,
D

D
Given that −1
1 is a root of the equation z3 − z2 + 3z + k = 0, (z − (3 + i))(z − (3 − i)) = z2 − zz(3
(3 − i) − zz(3
(3 + i) + (3 + i)(3 − i) then (z − α)(z − β  ) is a factor
a find the value of k b find the other two roots of the equation. = z2 − 6
6zz + 10 of f(z).

a If −1 is a root, So z2 − 6z + 10 is a factor of 2z
2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50.
You can work this out quickly by
(z2 − 6z + 10)(az2 + bz + c) = 2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50
(−1)3 − (−1)2 + 3(−1) + k = 0 noting that
−1 − 1 − 3 + k = 0 Consider 2z4: (z − (a + bi))(z − (a − bi))
k=5 The only z4 term in the expansion is z2 × az2, so a = 2. = z2 − 2az + a2 + b2
(z2 − 6z + 10)(2z2 + bz + c) = 2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50
b −1 is a root of the equation, so z + 1 is a
Problem-solving Problem-solving
factor of z3 − z2 + 3z + 5. Consider −3z3:
z2 − 2z + 5
________________
Use the factor theorem to help: if f(α) = 0, then The z3 terms in the expansion are z2 × bz and −6z × 2z2, It is possible to factorise a
)
z + 1 z3 − z2 + 3z + 5 α is a root of the polynomial and z − α is a factor so bz3 − 12z3 = −3z3 polynomial without using a
z3 + z2 of the polynomial. b − 12 = −3 formal algebraic method. Here,
− 2z2 + 3z so b=9 the polynomial is factorised by
− 2z2 − 2z Use long division (or another method) to find the (z − 6z + 10)(2z2 + 9z + c) = 2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50
2 ‘inspection’. By considering each
5z + 5 quadratic factor. term of the quartic separately,
5z + 5 it is possible to work out the
0 missing coefficients.

10 11
Chapter 1 Complex numbers

Consider −50: Exercise 1F

The only constant term in the expansion is 10 × c, so c = −5. You can check this by
2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50 = (z2 − 6z + 10)(2z2 + 9z − 5) considering the z and z2 terms E 1 f(z) = z 3 − 6z 2 + 21z − 26
in the expansion. a Show that f(2) = 0. (1 mark)
Solving 2z2 + 9z − 5 = 0:
(2z − 1)(z + 5) = 0 b Hence solve f(z) = 0 completely. (3 marks)
z = _21 , z = −5
E 2 f(x) = 2z 3 + 5z 2 + 9z − 6
So the roots of 2z4 − 3z3 − 39z2 + 120z − 50 = 0 are a Show that f(_2 ) = 0.
1
(1 mark)
_1
2 , −5, 3 + i and 3 − i b Hence write f(z) in the form (2z − 1)(z2 + bz + c), where b and c are real constants
to be found. (2 marks)
c Use algebra to solve f(z) = 0 completely. (2 marks)
Example 12
E/P 3 g(x) = 2z 3 − 4z 2 − 5z − 3
Show that z2 + 4 is a factor of z4 − 2z3 + 21z2 − 8z + 68. Given that z = 3 is a root of the equation g(z) = 0, solve g(z) = 0 completely. (4 marks)
Hence solve the equation z4 − 2z3 + 21z2 − 8z + 68 = 0. E 4 p(z) = z 3 + 4z 2 − 15z − 68

T
Given that z = −4 + i is a solution to the equation p(z)) = 0,
Using long division: Alternatively, the quartic can be
z2 − 2z + 17 ffactorized
actorized by inspection: a show that z2 + 8z + 17 is a factor of p(z) (2 marks)
________________________
z + 4 )z4 − 2z3 + 21z2 − 8z + 68
2 z4 − 2z 3 + 21z 2 − 8z + 68 b hence solve p(z) = 0 completely. (2 marks)
AF

AF
z4 + 4z2 = (z 2 + 4)(az 2 + bz + c)
E 5 f(z) = z 3 + 9z 2 + 33z + 25
−2z + 17z2 − 8z
3
a = 1, as the leading coefficient
−2z3 − 8z is 1. Given that f(z) = (z + 1)(z2 + az + b),
), where a and b are real constants,
17z2 + 68 a find the value of a and the value of b (2 marks)
The only z3 term is formed by
17z2 + 68
z 2 × bz so b = −2. b find the three roots of f(z) = 0 (4 marks)
0
So z4 − 2z3 + 21z2 − 8z + 68 = ((zz2 + 4)(
4)(zz2 − 2
2zz + 17) = 0 The constant term is formed by c find the sum of the three roots of f(z)
f(z)) = 0.
f(z (1 mark)
R

R
4 × c, so 4c = 68, and c = 17.
Either z + 4 = 0 or z − 2
2 2 2zz + 17 = 0 E/P c, d ∈ ℝ
6 g(z) = z 3 − 12z 2 + cz + d = 0, where c,
Solving z2 + 4 = 0:
g(z) = 0,
Given that 6 and 3 + i are roots of the equation g(
z2 = −4
a write down the other complex root of the equation (1 mark)
D

D
x = ±2i
Solving z2 − 2z + 17 = 0: Solve by completing the square. b find the value of c and the value of d. (4 marks)
(z − 1)2 + 16 = 0 Alternatively, you could use the
E/P 7 h(z) = 2z 3 + 3z 2 + 3z + 1
(z − 1)2 = −16 quadratic formula.
z − 1 = ±4i Given that 2z + 1 is a factor of h(z), find the three roots of h(z) = 0. (4 marks)
z = 1 ± 4i Watch out You could also use E/P 8 f(z) = z 3 − 6z 2 + 28z + k
So the roots of z4 − 2z3 + 21z2 − 8z + 68 = 0 are your calculator to solve Given that f(2) = 0,
2i, −2i, 1 + 4i and 1 − 4i z2 − 2z + 17 = 0. You should still
a find the value of k (1 mark)
write down the equation you
are solving, and both roots. b find the other two roots of the equation. (4 marks)
9 Find the four roots of the equation z 4 − 16 = 0.
E 10 f(z) = z 4 − 12z 3 + 31z 2 + 108z − 360
a Write f(z) in the form (z2 − 9)(z2 + bz + c), where b and c are real constants
to be found. (2 marks)
b Hence find all the solutions to f(z) = 0. (3 marks)

12 13
 Chapter 1 Complex numbers

10 Given that z = a + bi, show that ___ = (_______

a 2 + b2) (a 2 + b2)
z a 2 − b2 2ab
P 11 g(z) = z 4 + 2z 3 − z 2 + 38z + 130 E/P + _______ i (4 marks)
z*
Given that g(2 + 3i) = 0, find all the roots of g(z) = 0.
3 + qi
E/P 11 The complex number z is defined by z = _____, where q ∈ ℝ.
E/P 12 f(z) = z 4 − 10z 3 + 71z 2 + Qz + 442, where Q is a real constant. q − 5i
__
1
Given that z = 2 − 3i is a root of the equation f(z) = 0, Given that the real part of z is 13 ,
a show that z2 − 6z + 34 is a factor of f(z) (4 marks) a find the possible values of q (4 marks)
b find the value of Q (1 mark) b write the possible values of z in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants. (1 mark)
c solve completely the equation f(z) = 0. (2 marks) E/P 12 Given that z = x + iy, find the value of x and the value of y such that
z + 4iz * = − 3 + 18i
Challenge where z* is the complex conjugate of z. (5 marks)
Three of the roots of the equation az5 + bz4 +cz3 + dz2 + ez + f = 0 are
13 z = 9 + 6i, w = 2 − 3i
−2, 2i and 1 + i. Find the values of a, b, c, d, e and f. z
Express __
w in the form a + bi, where a and b are real constants.
q + 3i
E/P 14 The complex number z is given by z = _____ where q is an integer.
Mixed exercise 1 4 + qi
Express z in the form a + bi where a and b are rational and are given in terms of q. (4 marks)

T
i, where aa,, b ∈ ℝ,
1 Given that z1 = 8 − 3i and z2 = −2 + 4i, find, in the form a + bbi, E 15 Given that 6 − 2i is one of the roots of a quadratic equation with real coefficients,
a z1 + z2 a write down the other root of the equation (1 mark)
AF

AF
b 3z2 b find the quadratic equation, giving your answer in the form az2 + bz + c = 0
c 6z1 − z2 where a, b and c are real constants. (2 marks)
E/P 16 Given that z = 4 − kii is a root of the equation z2 − 22mz
mz + 52 = 0, where k and m
E/P 2 The equation z2 + bz + 14 = 0, where b ∈ ℝ has no real roots.
are positive real constants, find the value of k and the value of m. (4 marks)
Find the range of possible values of b.
b. (3 marks)
E/P 17 h(z) = z 3 − 11z + 20
3 The solutions to the quadratic equation z2 − 66zz + 12 = 0 are z1 and z2. h(z)) = 0, solve h(
Given that 2 + i is a root of the equation h(z
h(z) h(z) = 0 completely. (4 marks)
R

R
__
Find z1 and z2, giving each answer in the form a ± i√ b .
E/P 18 f(z) = z 3 + 6z + 20
E/P 4 By using the binomial expansion, or otherwise, show that (1 + 2i)5 = 41 − 38i. (3 marks) Given that f(1 + 3i) = 0, solve f(z
f(z)) = 0 completely.
f(z) (4 marks)
19 f(z) = z 3 + 3z 2 + kz + 48
D

D
E 5 f(z) = z 2 − 6z + 10 E/P

Show that z = 3 + i is a solution to f(

f(z) = 0. (2 marks) Given that f(4i) = 0,
a find the value of k (2 marks)
6 z1 = 4 + 2i, z2 = −3 + i b find the other two roots of the equation. (3 marks)
Express, in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ,
z1 E 20 f(z) = z 4 − z 3 − 16z 2 − 74z − 60
a z1* b z1 z2 c __
z2 a Write f(z) in the form (z2 − 5z − 6)(z2 + bz + c), where b and c are real constants
(7 − 2i) 2 to be found. (2 marks)
7 Write _________ in the form x + iy where x, y ∈ ℝ.
1 + i√ 3 b Hence find all the solutions to f(z) = 0. (3 marks)
4 − 7i E/P 21 g(z) = z 4 − 6z 3 + 19z 2 − 36z + 78
E/P 8 Given that _____
z = 3 + i, find z in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ. (2 marks)
Given that g(3 − 2i) = 0, find all the roots of g(z) = 0. (4 marks)
1
9 z = ____
2+i E/P 22 f(z) = z 4 − 4z 3 − 3z 2 + pz + 16
Express in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ Given that f(4) = 0,
a z2 a find the value of p (1 mark)
1
__
b z−z b solve completely the equation f(z) = 0. (5 marks)

14 15
Chapter 1

Challenge
a Explain why a cubic equation with real coefficients cannot have a
repeated complex root.
b By means of an example, show that a quartic equation with real
coefficients can have a repeated complex root.

Summary of key points

___
1 • i = √ − 1 and i2 = −1
• An imaginary number is a number of the form bi, where b ∈ ℝ.
• A complex number is written in the form a + bi, where a, b ∈ ℝ.

2 • Complex numbers can be added or subtracted by adding or subtracting their real parts and
adding or subtracting their imaginary parts.
• You can multiply a real number by a complex number by multiplying out the brackets in the

T
usual way.

3 If b2 − 4ac < 0 then the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has two distinct complex roots.
AF
4 For any complex number z = a + bi, the complex conjugate of the number is defined as
z* = a − bi.

5 For real numbers a, b and c,, if the roots of the quadratic equation az2 + bz + c = 0 are complex,
then they occur as a conjugate pair.

6 If the roots of a quadratic equation are α and β, then you can write the equation as
R

(z − α)(z − β) = 0 or α+β
z2 − ((α β)
β)z
)zz + αβ = 0

7 If f(z)) is a polynomial with real coefficients, and z1 is a root of f(z) = 0, then z1* is also a root of
D

f(z) = 0.

8 An equation of the form az3 + bz2 + cz + d = 0 is called a cubic equation, and has three roots.
For a cubic equation with real coefficients, either
• all three roots are real, or
• one root is real and the other two roots form a complex conjugate pair.

9 An equation of the form az4 + bz3 + cz2 + dz + e = 0 is called a quartic equation, and has four
roots.
For a quartic equation with real coefficients, either
• all four root are real, or
• two roots are real and the other two roots form a complex conjugate pair, or
• two roots form a complex conjugate pair and the other two roots also form a complex
conjugate pair.

16
 Order now!
Visit our webpage to see all products in
this series, and order now:
www.pearsonschools.co.uk/ALM1

Speak to us
For help and advice you can request a call back or
appointment with one of our maths experts:
www.pearsonschools.co.uk/speakalmaths
PEUK W876d

When you have finished with This leaflet is printed

this leaflet please recycle it on 75% recycled paper

Pearson is committed to reducing its impact on the environment

by using responsibly sourced and recycled paper.