2019

2020

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Foreword
Each year, the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) publishes
this Pocket Guide in order to provide you a clear and complete overview of one of
Europe’s key industries. Updated with the latest figures, this 2019-2020 Automobile
Industry Pocket Guide is the point of reference for all those interested in automotive
issues and related EU policies.

The automotive sector provides direct and indirect jobs to 13.8 million Europeans
today, representing 6.1% of total EU employment. In 2018, EU manufacturers produced
16.5 million passenger cars – representing 21% of global car output – and more than
2.6 million commercial vehicles. Almost 6.1 million of those motor vehicles were
exported in 2018, generating a trade surplus of €84.4 billion for the European Union.

But not only does our industry generate jobs and economic growth, automobiles are
also a vital source of government revenue. New data shows that there are some 308
million motor vehicles in circulation on the EU’s roads, of which 268 million are cars.
Taxation on these vehicles is worth €428 billion per year in the EU15 countries alone
– that is more than two and a half times the total EU budget!

At the same time, Europe’s auto industry remains committed to addressing

tomorrow’s challenges. Manufacturers are working hard to decouple their
environmental footprint from the production of vehicles, for example. Total CO2
emissions from car production have been reduced by 34.7% since 2005, while the use
of water per car produced was cut by a staggering 44.1% during the same period.

The same level of ambition also applies to ACEA’s objective of making mobility
cleaner, smarter and safer in the future. To that end, EU automakers and suppliers
have increased their R&D investments by 6.7%, to reach an all-time high of €57.4
billion per year. This makes the automotive sector Europe’s number one investor in
innovation, responsible for 28% of total EU spending on R&D.

And these investments are clearly paying off. As the newly-added road safety chapter
of this Guide shows, our vehicles are becoming increasingly safer. Because while
the number of vehicles on EU roads increased by almost 46 million since 2005, the
number of road fatalities fell by 45%. What is more, the EU counts 49 road fatalities per
million inhabitants annually, while the global average is 182. Indeed, Europe has by far
the safest roads in the world.

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ACEA represents Europe’s

car, van, truck and bus makers
Members and partners

The European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association (ACEA) is the advocate for

the automobile industry in Europe, representing the 15 major manufacturers of
passenger cars, vans, trucks and buses with production sites in the EU.

ACEA’s members are: BMW Group, CNH Industrial, DAF Trucks, Daimler,
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ford of Europe, Honda Motor Europe, Hyundai Motor
Europe, Jaguar Land Rover, PSA Group, Renault Group, Toyota Motor Europe,
Volkswagen Group, Volvo Cars and Volvo Group.

ACEA has permanent cooperation with the European Council for Automotive
R&D (EUCAR), which is the industry body for collaborative research and development.

ACEA works closely with the 29 national automobile manufacturers’ associations in

Europe, and maintains a dialogue on international issues with automobile associations
around the world.

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ACEA’s mission and priority areas

ACEA’s mission

– Define and advocate the common interests, policies and positions of the European
automobile industry.
– Engage in dialogue with the European institutions and other stakeholders in order to
advance understanding of industry issues, and to contribute to effective policy and
legislation at both European and global levels.
– Act as a portal for expert knowledge on vehicle-related regulation.
– Communicate the role and importance of the industry, using reliable data and
information.
– Monitor activities that affect the automobile industry, cooperating with the other
stakeholders involved.
– Undertake strategic reflection on the increasingly global challenges of mobility,
sustainability and competitiveness.

Priority fields

Through its member companies, ACEA taps into a wealth of technical, regulatory and
practical expertise in the following priority fields:

– Connected and automated driving

– Competitiveness, market and economy
– Environment and sustainability
– International trade
– Research and innovation
– Road safety
– Transport policy

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How ACEA works

The ACEA Board of Directors is composed of the CEOs and Presidents of its member
companies. Additionally, a Commercial Vehicle Board of Directors addresses the
specific issues that face the commercial vehicle manufacturers that ACEA represents:
DAF Trucks, Daimler Trucks, Iveco, MAN Truck & Bus, Scania, and Volvo Group.

The day-to-day work of the ACEA secretariat is overseen by the Secretary General,
who ensures that the Board of Directors’ priorities are addressed. Technical expertise
and advisory input comes from working groups on topics as diverse as emissions,
road and vehicle safety, general transport policy, and regulatory compliance. These
specialist working groups are made up of experts from the member companies.

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About EUCAR
The European Council for Automotive R&D
(EUCAR) is the collaborative research organisation
of the major automobile manufacturers in Europe,
with the mission to strengthen their competitiveness through strategic collaborative
research and innovation.

EUCAR is committed to help society achieve safer, cleaner, smarter and more
efficient transport solutions. Together with its members, EUCAR drives the strategy
and assessment of collaborative automotive research and innovation,
and establishes common work with the European Commission, member states
and other key stakeholders.

EUCAR collaborative research and innovation activities cover both passenger

and commercial vehicles, focused on the following strategic pillars:
– Sustainable propulsion
– Affordability and competitiveness
– Safe and integrated mobility
– Commercial vehicles
– Urban mobility

EUCAR’s members participate in high-quality projects with relevant results for

the industry. Projects are mainly financed through the European Union Framework
Programmes for research and innovation, matched with industry funding.

Visit EUCAR’s website to see the project book with an overview of all the current
projects: www.eucar.be

EUCAR is governed by its Council, composed of the heads of the research

and advanced development divisions of the member companies. The EUCAR
Chairman is nominated annually from the Council on a rotating basis.

EUCAR’s members are: BMW Group, CNH Industrial, DAF Trucks,

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ford of Europe, Honda Motor Europe,
Hyundai Motor Europe, Jaguar Land Rover, PSA Group, Renault Group,
Toyota Motor Europe, Volkswagen Group, Volvo Cars and Volvo Group.

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Key figures
EMPLOYMENT

Manufacture of motor vehicles (EU) 2.6 million people = 8.5% of EU employment in manufacturing 2017
Total (EU manufacturing,
13.8 million people = 6.1% of total EU employment 2017
services and construction)

PRODUCTION

Motor vehicles (world) 98.1 million units 2018

Motor vehicles (EU) 19.2 million units = 20% of global motor vehicle production 2018
Passenger cars (world) 79.3 million units 2018
Passenger cars (EU) 16.5 million units = 21% of global passenger car production 2018

REGISTRATIONS

Motor vehicles (world) 97.2 million units 2018

Motor vehicles (EU) 17.6 million units = 18% of global motor vehicle registrations/sales 2018
Passenger cars (world) 78.7 million units 2018
Passenger cars (EU) 15.2 million units = 19% of global passenger car registrations/sales 2018
Petrol (EU) 56.7% 2018
Diesel (EU) 35.9% 2018
Electrically-chargeable (EU) 2.0% 2018

TRADE

Exports (extra-EU) €138.4 billion 2018

Imports (extra-EU) €54.0 billion 2018
Trade surplus €84.4 billion 2018

VEHICLES IN USE

Motor vehicles (EU) 308.3 million units 2017

Passenger cars (EU) 268.0 million units 2017
Motorisation rate (EU) 602 vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants 2017
Average age of cars (EU) 11.1 years 2017

ROAD SAFETY

Road fatalities
49 people (global average = 182) 2017
per million inhabitants (EU)

ENVIRONMENT

Average CO2 emissions (EU) 120.6 g CO2/km 2018

INNOVATION

Automotive R&D investment €57.4 billion 2017

TAXATION

Fiscal income from motor vehicles (EU15) €428 billion 2017

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Employment

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Automotive sector:
direct and indirect employment in the EU IN THOUSANDS / 20171

DIRECT MANUFACTURING 2,607

Motor vehicles 1,130
2.6m

Bodies (coachwork), trailers and semi-trailers 164

Parts and accessories 1,314

INDIRECT MANUFACTURING 887

Rubber tyres and tubes, retreading
and rebuilding of rubber tyres 121
Computers and peripheral equipment 68
Electric motors, generators and transformers 244
Bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements 211
Cooling and ventilation equipment 243

AUTOMOBILE USE 4,526

Sale of motor vehicles 1,555
Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles 1,568
Sale of motor vehicle parts and accessories 735
Retail sale of automotive fuel in specialised stores 469
Renting and leasing of motor vehicles 198

TRANSPORT 5,148
Other passenger land transport 1,993
Freight transport by road 3,155
10.3m

CONSTRUCTION 626
Roads and motorways 583
Bridges and tunnels 43
SOURCE: EUROSTAT 1. Provisional figures

The auto industry provides indirect and

WWW. A C E A . B E direct jobs for 13.8 million Europeans
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Employment in the EU automotive sector IN MILLION UNITS  / 2013 – 2017

Manufacturing direct Manufacturing indirect Automobile use Transport Construction

+ 1.6%
14 + 5.0%
+ 3.4%
+ 1.7%
12

10

SOURCE: EUROSTAT 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

% change
EU automotive employment 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 17/16

Manufacturing direct 2,291,594 2,369,570 2,451,219 2,503,658 2,607,477 4.1

Manufacturing indirect 811,344 818,630 890,110 882,627 887,350 0.5

Automobile use 4,261,539 4,256,382 4,303,637 4,448,071 4,525,639 1.7

Transport 4,335,551 4,450,654 4,633,609 5,120,469 5,147,575 0.5

Construction 591,269 607,908 647,600 621,334 625,658 0.7

TOTAL 12,291,297 12,503,144 12,926,175 13,576,158 13,793,699 1.6

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

The automotive sector

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EU manufacturing employment % SHARE / 2017

Automotive Direct automotive

manufacturing manufacturing
employment 7.6 %
8.5% employment
2.3 m
2.6 m
11.4% Indirect automotive
3.5 m manufacturing
7.6 %
2.9% employment
2.3 m
0.9 m Non-automotive
manufacturing
employment 88.6%
27.2 m

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

Direct automotive 2.6 million people

manufacturing employment = 8.5% of EU employment in manufacturing

Direct & indirect automotive 3.5 million people

manufacturing employment = 11.4% of EU employment in manufacturing

Total automotive employment 13.8 million people

(manufacturing, services and construction) = 6.1% of total EU employment

30.7 million people

EU employment in the manufacturing sector = 13.5% of total EU employment

EU total employment 227.0 million people

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

11.4% of EU manufacturing jobs

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Share of direct automotive employment in total manufacturing BY COUNTRY / 2017

SLOVAKIA 15.4%
ROMANIA 15.3%
CZECH REPUBLIC 13.4%
SWEDEN 13.3%
HUNGARY 12.9%
GERMANY 11.8%
EUROPEAN UNION 8.5%
SPAIN 8.3%
POLAND 7.7%
FRANCE 7.7%
UNITED KINGDOM 7.3%
SLOVENIA 7.1%
BELGIUM 5.8%
AUSTRIA 5.3%
PORTUGAL 5.2%
ITALY 4.4%
BULGARIA 4.4%
NETHERLANDS 3.3%
FINLAND 2.7%
ESTONIA 2.6%
LITHUANIA 2.5%
LATVIA 1.8%
IRELAND 1.1%
CROATIA 1.1%
GREECE 0.6%
DENMARK 0.4%
CYPRUS 0.3%

SOURCE: EUROSTAT 0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

Direct automotive manufacturing employment BY COUNTRY / 2017

Austria 33,843 France 223,000 Poland 202,858

Belgium 29,181 Germany 869,118 Portugal 37,071
Bulgaria 24,380 Greece 1,928 Romania 185,242
Croatia 2,861 Hungary 97,688 Slovakia 77,062
Cyprus 85 Ireland 2,359 Slovenia 14,582
Czech Republic 177,156 Italy 162,876 Spain 157,610
Denmark 1,317 Latvia 2,087 Sweden 79,600
Estonia 2,860 Lithuania 5,376 United Kingdom 186,000
Finland 8,655 Netherlands 22,682

European Union 2,607,477

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

The EU automotive sector directly employs

2.6 million people in manufacturing WWW. A C E A . B E
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Production

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World motor vehicle production IN MILLION UNITS, % SHARE / 2003 – 2018

Greater China 1 Europe 2 North America Japan/Korea South Asia South America Middle East/Africa

30
29%

25

26% 23%
31%
20 33% 23%

18%
27% 19%
15 21%
16%
22% 14%
18%

10 14% 10%
10%

8%
5 8% 5%
6%
5% 4%
3%
3% 3% 2%
2%
0

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA 2003 2008 2013 2018

World motor vehicle production IN 1,000 UNITS / 2018

% change
2018 2017 18/17 % share 2018
Europe 2 22,777 22,831 -0.2 23.2
Greater China 1 28,399 29,581 -4.0 28.9
Japan/Korea 13,416 13,525 -0.8 13.7
Middle East/Africa 2,551 2,609 -2.2 2.6
North America 17,528 17,548 -0.1 17.9
South America 3,540 3,405 3.9 3.6
South Asia 9,890 9,222 7.2 10.1

WORLD 98,101 98,721 -0.6 100.0

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA 1. Includes Hong Kong and Taiwan
2. Includes Turkey and CIS countries

98.1 million motor vehicles

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World passenger car production IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE  / 2007 – 2018

Greater China Europe North America Japan/Korea South Asia South America Middle East/Africa

90

+ 2.7% -0.9%
+ 5.8%
80
+ 2.1%
+ 4.0%
+ 4.4%
70 + 6.5%

+ 3.8%
+ 24.0%
60 -3.5%

-12.8%
50

40

30

20

10

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA

Greater China 29%

3% Middle East/Africa

4% South America

9% South Asia Europe 24%

15% Japan/Korea

% SHARE  / 2018 North America 16%

A quarter of all cars produced worldwide

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World commercial vehicle production1 IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE  / 2007 – 2018

Greater China Europe North America Japan/Korea South Asia South America Middle East/Africa

20
-0.8% +2.8% +0.6%
+ 3.0%
-2.1% +0.9%
+ 2.5% + 1.2%
18 + 32.0%

16
-6.7%

14 -11.6%

12

10

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA 1. Includes buses

3% Middle East/Africa Greater China 27%

4% South America

8% Japan/Korea

15% South Asia

North America 24%

19% Europe
% SHARE  / 2018

19% of all commercial vehicles

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Motor vehicle production in the EU BY COUNTRY / 2018

PC 1 LCV 2 MCV 3 HCV 4 TOTAL

Austria 144,500 – 8,663 8,967 162,130
Belgium 265,958 – – 42,189 308,147
Czech Republic 1,345,041 – 61 744 1,345,846
Finland 112,104 – – 148 112,252
France 1,763,300 506,000 15,793 52,817 2,337,910
Germany 5,120,409 362,438 27,899 131,986 5,642,732
Hungary 430,988 – – – 430,988
Italy 670,932 317,885 32,223 7,276 1,028,316
Lithuania – – – 92 92
Netherlands 215,803 – – 87,193 302,996
Poland 451,600 180,058 6,392 15,650 653,700
Portugal 234,151 67,926 4,620 – 306,697
Romania 476,769 – – – 476,769
Slovakia 1,031,241 – – – 1,031,241
Slovenia 209,316 – – – 209,316
Spain 2,267,396 632,981 10,083 18,495 2,928,955
Sweden 281,104 – – 48,054 329,158
United Kingdom 1,519,440 60,569 4,396 13,445 1,597,850

European Union 16,540,052 2,127,857 110,130 427,056 19,205,095

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA

EU motor vehicle production by type % SHARE / 2018

0.6% Medium commercial vehicles

2.2% Heavy commercial vehicles Passenger cars 86.1%

11.1% Light commercial vehicles

1. Passenger cars
2. Light commercial vehicles up to 3.5t
3. Medium commercial vehicles from 3.5t to 15t
4. Heavy commercial vehicles over 15t

19.2 million motor vehicles

were manufactured in the EU in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E
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Passenger car production in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2007 – 2018

18

+ 3.2% + 0.9% -1.4%

+ 7.1%
16 -7.8%
+ 2.3% +4.6%
+ 9.1%
-5.7% + 0.8%
-12.4%
14

12

10

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA

WWW. A C E A . B E 16.5 million cars were made in the EU in 2018

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Commercial vehicle production in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2007 – 2018

LCV 1
MCV  2
HCV  3

+3.8%
-3.3%
+1.4%
+5.5%
2.5 +9.7%

+18.3% +9.4%

-10.2% +1.5%
2
+38.2%

1.5
-47.8%

0.5

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT, OICA 1. Light commercial vehicles up to 3.5t

2. Medium commercial vehicles from 3.5t to 15t
3. Heavy commercial vehicles over 15t

Over 2.6 million commercial vehicles

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Motor vehicle production

per direct automotive manufacturing employee BY COUNTRY / 20171

SPAIN 18.6
SLOVENIA 13.0
BELGIUM 12.4
SLOVAKIA 12.3
FINLAND 10.6
NETHERLANDS 10.4
FRANCE 10.3
UNITED KINGDOM 9.4
CZECH REPUBLIC 8.0
EUROPEAN UNION 7.6
GERMANY 7.1
ITALY 6.7
HUNGARY 4.8
PORTUGAL 4.7
SWEDEN 3.8
POLAND 3.4
AUSTRIA 2.9
ROMANIA 2.0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

SOURCE: EUROSTAT, IHS MARKIT, OICA 1. Based on direct automotive manufacturing employment, most recent data available

Each year the average EU auto industry worker

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Automobile assembly and engine production plants in Europe 2018

FINLAND 3
37 RUSSIA

SWEDEN 8

33 UNITED KINGDOM 3 BELARUS

NETHERLANDS 10 43 GERMANY 16 POLAND

7 UKRAINE
BELGIUM 7 8 CZECH REPUBLIC KAZAKHSTAN 7
4 SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA 5
5 HUNGARY
FRANCE 37 SLOVENIA 1 3 CROATIA 3 ROMANIA UZBEKISTAN 3
ITALY 23 SERBIA 4 1 BULGARIA

13 SPAIN 1 MACEDONIA

18 TURKEY
6 PORTUGAL

80 307
ALL MANUFACTURERS EU 229 NON-EU 80 EUROPE 309

ACEA MEMBERS EU 168 NON-EU 25 EUROPE 193

SOURCE: ACEA

There are 229 automobile assembly

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Registrations

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World new motor vehicle registrations MARKET SHARES / 2018

Motor vehicles In 1,000 units 2018 2017 % change 18/17 % share 2018

EUROPE 21,009 21,046 -0.2 21.6

EU 1 17,643 17,542 0.6 18.1
EFTA 551 577 -4.5 0.6
Russia 1,901 1,688 12.6 2.0
Turkey 644 986 -34.7 0.7
Ukraine 90 91 -0.7 0.1
Others: Europe 2 181 162 11.4 0.2

AMERICA 26,213 25,859 1.4 27.0

North America 21,352 21,335 0.1 22.0
of which the US 17,858 17,686 1.0 18.4
South America 4,861 4,524 7.5 5.0
of which Brazil 2,550 2,234 14.2 2.6

ASIA 45,726 46,025 -0.6 47.0

China 28,546 29,465 -3.1 29.4
Japan 5,256 5,224 0.6 5.4
India 4,445 4,052 9.7 4.6
South Korea 1,821 1,798 1.3 1.9
Others: Asia 3 5,658 5,485 3.1 5.8

MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA 4,297 4,727 -9.1 4.4

WORLD 97,244 97,657 -0.4 100.0

SOURCE: ACEA, IHS MARKIT 1. Data for Malta not available
2. Includes Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, North Macedonia, Serbia, Uzbekistan
3. Includes Hong Kong, Taiwan and all the other South Asian countries

47.0% Asia Europe 21.6%

Middle East/Africa America

4.4% 27.0%

Europe accounts for 21.6%

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New passenger car registrations MARKET SHARES / 2018

Passenger cars In 1,000 units 2018 2017 % change 18/17 % share 2018

EUROPE 18,012 18,035 -0.1 22.9

EU 1 15,159 15,137 0.1 19.3
EFTA 466 494 -5.7 0.6
Russia 1,682 1,476 13.9 2.1
Turkey 486 723 -32.7 0.6
Ukraine 77 79 -3.5 0.1
Others: Europe 2 142 126 13.1 0.2

AMERICA 20,407 20,334 0.4 25.9

North America 3 16,664 16,849 -1.1 21.2
of which the US 13,910 13,965 -0.4 17.7
South America 3,743 3,485 7.4 4.8
of which Brazil 2,090 1,855 12.7 2.7

ASIA 36,642 37,152 -1.4 46.6

China 23,220 24,016 -3.3 29.5
Japan 4,374 4,377 -0.1 5.6
India 3,464 3,301 4.9 4.4
South Korea 1,520 1,482 2.6 1.9
Others: Asia 4 4,065 3,977 2.2 5.2

MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA 3,648 4,046 -9.8 4.6

WORLD 78,709 79,566 -1.1 100.0

SOURCE: ACEA, IHS MARKIT 1. Data for Malta not available
2. Includes Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Kazakhstan, North Macedonia, Serbia, Uzbekistan
3. Based on production type
4. Includes Hong Kong, Taiwan and all the other South Asian countries

Europe 22.9%

46.6% Asia America 25.9%

Middle East/
4.6% Africa

78.7 million cars were registered worldwide in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E

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New commercial vehicle registrations MARKET SHARES / 2018

Commercial vehicles 1 in 1,000 units 2018 2017 % change 18/17 % share 2018

EUROPE 2,997 3,011 -0.5 16.2

EU 2 2,484 2,405 3.3 13.4
EFTA 85 83 2.7 0.5
Russia 219 212 3.2 1.2
Turkey 157 263 -40.2 0.8
Ukraine 13 11 18.8 0.1
Others: Europe 38 36 5.7 0.2

AMERICA 5,806 5,526 5.1 31.3

North America3 4,687 4,487 4.5 25.3
of which the US 3,948 3,721 6.1 21.3
South America 1,118 1,039 7.6 6.0
of which Brazil 461 379 21.4 2.5

ASIA 9,083 8,872 2.4 49.0

China 5,326 5,449 -2.3 28.7
Japan 883 847 4.2 4.8
India 981 752 30.5 5.3
South Korea 301 317 -4.9 1.6
Others: Asia 1,593 1,508 5.6 8.6

MIDDLE EAST/AFRICA 649 681 -4.8 3.5

WORLD 18,535 18,091 2.4 100.0

SOURCE: ACEA, IHS MARKIT 1. Includes light, medium and heavy commercial vehicles, and buses and coaches
2. Data for Malta not available
3. Based on production type

49.0% Asia Europe 16.2%

Middle East/
3.5% Africa America 31.3%

18.5 million vans, trucks and buses

WWW. A C E A . B E were registered globally in 2018
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Motor vehicle registrations in the EU1 BY COUNTRY / 2018

PC 2
LCV  3
CV  4
BC 5 TOTAL
AUSTRIA 341,068 43,641 8,204 1,125 394,038
BELGIUM 549,632 77,936 10,816 1,060 639,444
BULGARIA 34,332 6,282 – – 40,614
CROATIA 59,856 8,901 1,397 224 70,378
CYPRUS 12,956 1,815 121 – 14,892
CZECH REPUBLIC 261,437 20,225 9,894 1,203 292,759
DENMARK 218,565 33,859 4,998 578 258,000
ESTONIA 25,387 5,012 1,078 137 31,614
FINLAND 120,499 15,515 3,897 475 140,386
FRANCE 2,173,481 457,573 55,463 6,230 2,692,747
GERMANY 3,435,778 285,191 94,404 6,687 3,822,060
GREECE 103,431 6,905 351 263 110,950
HUNGARY 136,594 22,728 6,258 659 166,239
IRELAND 125,557 25,561 2,144 446 153,708
ITALY 1,910,025 181,590 25,582 4,584 2,121,781
LATVIA 16,879 2,393 1,645 126 21,043
LITHUANIA 32,447 3,577 8,290 696 45,010
LUXEMBOURG 52,811 4,853 1,032 217 58,913
NETHERLANDS 443,812 79,171 15,971 562 539,516
POLAND 531,889 68,819 29,870 2,687 633,265
PORTUGAL 228,290 39,282 5,133 510 273,215
ROMANIA 130,919 17,585 6,903 1,324 156,731
SLOVAKIA 98,080 9,126 4,308 351 111,865
SLOVENIA 72,835 12,709 2,761 187 88,492
SPAIN 1,321,438 214,553 24,178 3,327 1,563,496
SWEDEN 353,729 56,628 6,802 931 418,090
UNITED KINGDOM 2,367,147 357,325 51,825 7,236 2,783,533
European Union 15,158,874 2,058,755 383,325 41,825 17,642,779
ICELAND 17,967 1,918 422 109 20,416
NORWAY 147,929 37,204 7,068 1,026 193,227
SWITZERLAND 299,716 32,386 4,389 681 337,172
EFTA 465,612 71,508 11,879 1,816 550,815

EU + EFTA 15,624,486 2,130,263 395,204 43,641 18,193,594

SOURCE: ACEA 1. Data for Malta not available

2. Passenger cars
3. Light commercial vehicles up to 3.5t
4. Commercial vehicles over 3.5t (trucks)

The EU represents a market of 5. Buses and coaches over 3.5t

17.6 million motor vehicles WWW. A C E A . B E

 R E G I S T R AT I O N S
31

New passenger car registrations

and annual GDP growth in the EU 2007 – 2020

EU new passager car registrations (million units) EU GDP growth (annual % change)

17 4%

16 3 %

15 2 %

14 1 %

13 0%

12 - 1 %

11 - 2 %

10 - 3 %

9 - 4 %

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
SOURCE: ACEA, DG ECFIN, IHS MARKIT

New commercial vehicle registrations

and annual GDP growth in the EU 2007 – 2020

EU new commercial vehicle registrations (million units)

1
EU GDP growth (annual % change)

2.8 4%

2.6 3 %

2.4 2 %

2.2 1 %

2.0 0%

1.8 - 1 %

1.6 - 2 %

1.4 - 3 %

1.2 - 4 %

1.0

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
SOURCE: ACEA, DG ECFIN, IHS MARKIT 1. Light commercial vehicles and trucks

WWW. A C E A . B E Vehicle sales mirror economic growth

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New passenger car registrations in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2007 – 2018

18

16 +3.4% +0.1%
-7.9% +6.8%
-1.2%
+9.3%
-5.6%
14 -1.6%

+5.7%
-8.2%
-1.4%

12

10

SOURCE: ACEA 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

15.2 million cars were sold across the EU in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E

 R E G I S T R AT I O N S
33

New commercial vehicle registrations in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % CHANGE / 2007 – 2018

New light commercial vehicles 1 New commercial vehicles 2 

-7.3% +3.3%
+3.3%
2.5
+11.7%

+12.7%

+9.8%
2 +7.7%
+7.3% -12.4% +1.3%
-33.0%

1.5

0.5

SOURCE: ACEA 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

1. Up to 3.5t
2. Trucks, buses and coaches over 3.5t

2.5 million commercial vehicles

WWW. A C E A . B E were registered in the EU in 2018
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New passenger car registrations per 1,000 inhabitants BY COUNTRY, IN UNITS / 2018

LUXEMBOURG 88
BELGIUM 48
GERMANY 41
AUSTRIA 39
DENMARK 38
UNITED KINGDOM 36
SLOVENIA 35
SWEDEN 35
FRANCE 32
ITALY 32
EUROPEAN UNION 30
SPAIN 28
IRELAND 26
NETHERLANDS 26
CZECH REPUBLIC 25
PORTUGAL 22
FINLAND 22
ESTONIA 19
SLOVAKIA 18
CYPRUS 15
CROATIA 15
POLAND 14
HUNGARY 14
LITHUANIA 12
GREECE 10
LATVIA 9
ROMANIA 7
BULGARIA 5

SOURCE: ACEA, EUROSTAT 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

30 new cars were registered per

1,000 inhabitants in the EU in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E
 R E G I S T R AT I O N S
35

New passenger cars by segment in the EU IN MILLION UNITS, % SHARE / 2008 – 2018

Small (A+B) Lower medium (C) Upper medium (D) Luxury (E+F) MPV  1
SUV 2

16

14

35%
12

10

8%

8 3%
7%

6
19%

2 29%

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1. Multi-purpose vehicles
SOURCE: IHS MARKIT
2. Sport utility vehicles

Small and medium cars account for

WWW. A C E A . B E over half of total EU car sales
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New passenger cars by fuel type in the EU1 % SHARE / 2015 – 2018

Petrol Diesel Electrically-chargeable vehicles  2

Hybrid electric vehicles 3 Other than electric 4 Total alternatively-powered vehicles

2.0% 2018 1.5% 2017

7.4% 3.8 % 5.7% 2.8 %
1.5 % 1.4 %

35.9% 44.0%

56.7 % 50.3 %

1.1% 2016 1.1 % 2015

4.2% 1.9 % 4.3% 1.6 %
1.2 % 1.6 %

49.2% 51.5 %

46.6 % 44.2 %

SOURCE: ACEA 1. Data for Croatia, Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta not available
2. Includes battery electric vehicles, fuel-cell electric vehicles,
extended-range and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
3. Includes full and mild hybrids
4. Includes LPG, natural gas and ethanol vehicles

Petrol cars are the most sold fuel type

in the European Union (56.7%) WWW. A C E A . B E
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Trade

WWW. A C E A . B E
WWW. A C E A . B E
 TRADE
39

EU exports of motor vehicles VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2018

EFTA +
NORTH EASTERN
AMERICA EUROPE

ASIA
OCEANIA

MIDDLE
EAST

CENTRAL AND AFRICA

SOUTH AMERICA

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

WWW. A C E A . B E The EU’s biggest export market is Asia / Oceania

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EU motor vehicle trade BY TYPE, IN MILLION € / 2018

Trade in value PC 1 LCV 2 CV & BC 3 TOTAL

2018
Imports 45,976 5,982 2,044 54,002
Exports 127,572 4,161 6,657 138,390
Trade balance 81,596 -1,822 4,614 84,388
2017
Imports 44,834 6,065 1,808 52,708
Exports 131,612 4,138 6,663 142,412
Trade balance 86,777 -1,927 4,854 89,704
% change 18/17
Imports 2.5% -1.4% 13.0% 2.5%
Exports -3.1% 0.5% -0.1% -2.8%
Trade balance -6.0% -5.5% -5.0% -5.9%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

EU motor vehicle trade BY TYPE, IN UNITS / 2018

Trade in volume PC 1 LCV 2 CV & BC 3 TOTAL

2018
Imports 3,650,975 457,172 94,186 4,202,333
Exports 5,393,499 362,171 302,787 6,058,457
2017
Imports 3,341,407 455,359 129,287 3,926,053
Exports 5,491,782 319,448 177,273 5,988,503
% change 18/17
Imports 9.3% 0.4% -27.1% 7.0%
Exports -1.8% 13.4% 70.8% 1.2%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT 1. Passenger cars
2. Commercial vehicles up to 5t
3. Commercial vehicles over 5t, including buses and coaches

The automobile industry generates a

trade surplus of €84.4 billion for the EU WWW. A C E A . B E
 TRADE
41

Countries of origin of EU motor vehicle imports VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2018

3.8% Rest of the world

1.1% China

1.2% Serbia
Turkey 26.5%
1.8% Thailand

4.6% Morocco

9.0% South Africa

Japan 18.3%
9.8% Mexico

10.5% United States South Korea 13.3%

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

Main countries of origin of EU motor vehicle imports BY VALUE, IN MILLION € / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015  2016  2017 2018 18/ 17 2018

WORLD 28,286 31,327 39,109 45,932 52,708 54,002 2.5 100.0

Turkey 6,760 7,931 9,872 11,961 13,870 14,322 3.3 26.5

Japan 5,911 6,669 7,738 9,196 9,739 9,905 1.7 18.3
South Korea 4,106 4,027 4,354 4,828 6,599 7,195 9.0 13.3
United States 4,349 4,949 7,008 7,302 6,590 5,672 -13.9 10.5
Mexico 1,610 1,075 1,652 2,223 4,744 5,282 11.3 9.8
South Africa 916 1,609 2,757 3,639 3,901 4,862 24.6 9.0
Morocco 917 1,363 1,530 1,742 2,108 2,491 18.2 4.6
Thailand 506 751 931 1,134 1,139 965 -15.3 1.8
Serbia 1,083 1,152 1,049 1,032 854 672 -21.3 1.2
China 313 192 212 284 469 568 21.2 1.1
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

WWW. A C E A . B E The EU imported €54 billion worth of vehicles in 2018

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Main countries of origin of EU motor vehicle imports IN MILLION UNITS / 2018

TURKEY

JAPAN

SOUTH KOREA

CHINA

MOROCCO

UNITED STATES

MEXICO

SOUTH AFRICA

THAILAND

SWITZERLAND

SOURCE: EUROSTAT 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Main countries of origin of EU motor vehicle imports IN UNITS / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015   2016  2017 2018 18/17 2018

WORLD 2,442,098 2,629,627 3,034,580 3,406,220 3,926,053 4,202,333 7.0 100.0

Turkey 584,697 708,860 842,209 988,571 1,110,899 1,105,881 -0.5 26.3

Japan 384,699 438,278 481,314 580,691 646,679 680,484 5.2 16.2
South Korea 406,381 349,230 376,181 404,067 520,098 541,742 4.2 12.9
China 184,256 191,228 214,486 148,369 223,895 389,932 74.2 9.3
Morocco 99,503 168,995 188,370 217,969 264,607 311,305 17.6 7.4
United States 221,995 243,228 251,581 264,178 258,867 280,687 8.4 6.7
Mexico 107,429 76,142 122,005 138,477 237,580 275,412 15.9 6.6
South Africa 59,515 88,170 141,633 188,629 185,920 229,063 23.2 5.5
Thailand 41,066 68,330 94,917 106,597 106,313 96,086 -9.6 2.3
Switzerland 35,002 41,235 48,471 67,805 71,547 73,116 2.2 1.7
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

4.2 million vehicles were imported to the EU in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E

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Destinations for EU motor vehicle exports VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2018

22.5% Rest of the world

2.8% Russia United States 27.3%

3.1% Canada

3.5% Norway

3.5% Turkey

3.6% Australia

5.3% South Korea

5.9% Switzerland

Japan China 16.6%

6.1%

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

Main destinations for EU motor vehicle exports BY VALUE, IN MILLION € / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015  2016  2017 2018 18/ 17 2018

WORLD 123,042 125,278 139,349 135,207 142,412 138,390 -2.8 100.0

United States 28,254 30,234 41,145 38,298 38,983 37,826 -3.0 27.3
China 20,033 23,735 18,137 19,961 22,657 22,935 1.2 16.6
Japan 6,410 6,031 6,507 7,362 8,192 8,442 3.1 6.1
Switzerland 7,092 7,374 8,648 8,269 8,429 8,097 -3.9 5.9
South Korea 3,291 4,937 7,234 6,325 6,840 7,314 6.9 5.3
Australia 4,123 3,958 4,980 5,167 5,373 4,932 -8.2 3.6
Turkey 6,788 5,971 8,577 8,673 7,554 4,840 -35.9 3.5
Norway 4,222 4,110 4,294 4,382 4,843 4,813 -0.6 3.5
Canada 2,970 3,188 3,826 4,094 4,508 4,265 -5.4 3.1
Russia 8,094 5,809 3,892 3,207 3,602 3,814 5.9 2.8
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

WWW. A C E A . B E EU vehicle exports brought in €138.4 billion in 2018

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Main destinations for EU motor vehicle exports IN MILLION UNITS / 2018

UNITED STATES

CHINA

TURKEY

SWITZERLAND

JAPAN

NORWAY

AUSTRALIA

SOUTH KOREA

RUSSIA

SERBIA

SOURCE: EUROSTAT 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Main destinations for EU motor vehicle exports IN UNITS / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015   2016  2017 2018 18 /17 2018

WORLD 6,695,939 6,064,955 6,084,750 6,255,069 5,988,503 6,058,457 1.2 100.0

United States 963,178 1,010,196 1,271,612 1,201,019 1,190,794 1,169,382 -1.8 19.3
China 596,703 613,632 472,698 535,005 580,559 561,662 -3.3 9.3
Turkey 533,957 418,346 592,114 585,256 525,417 315,267 -40.0 5.2
Switzerland 303,550 301,777 331,908 315,256 303,729 293,301 -3.4 4.8
Japan 246,658 237,991 250,839 279,788 282,042 286,636 1.6 4.7
Norway 227,358 171,125 176,945 181,192 178,077 228,144 28.1 3.8
Australia 188,736 183,084 227,920 206,823 210,304 200,325 -4.7 3.3
South Korea 118,431 177,603 230,811 182,736 190,653 196,009 2.8 3.2
Russia 491,888 328,960 191,707 145,352 160,841 185,167 15.1 3.1
Serbia 115,268 77,930 97,634 129,890 131,266 160,126 22.0 2.6
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

19.3% of EU vehicle exports go to the US WWW. A C E A . B E

 TRADE
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Countries of origin of EU passenger car imports VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2018

3.1% Rest of the world

0.9% Thailand

1.0% China
Japan 21.5%
1.4% Serbia

4.9% Morocco

8.9% South Africa

Turkey 19.1%
11.4% Mexico

12.1% United States South Korea 15.6%

SOURCE: EUROSTAT

Main countries of origin of EU passenger car imports BY VALUE, IN MILLION € / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015  2016  2017 2018 18/ 17 2018

WORLD 23,785 26,216 32,530 38,168 44,834 45,976 2.5 100.0

Japan 5,894 6,654 7,718 9,154 9,709 9,882 1.8 21.5

Turkey 3,523 4,374 5,056 6,416 8,579 8,794 2.5 19.1
South Korea 4,091 4,014 4,330 4,812 6,585 7,180 9.0 15.6
United States 4,300 4,911 6,964 7,233 6,420 5,541 -13.7 12.1
Mexico 1,605 1,068 1,642 2,211 4,723 5,247 11.1 11.4
South Africa 586 1,235 2,400 3,104 3,238 4,085 26.1 8.9
Morocco 763 1,225 1,369 1,548 1,907 2,257 18.3 4.9
Serbia 1,081 1,149 1,035 999 844 655 -22.4 1.4
China 259 112 104 136 373 460 23.3 1.0
Thailand 146 218 442 472 458 434 -5.2 0.9
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

WWW. A C E A . B E Japan accounts for the highest import value of cars

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Main countries of origin of EU passenger car imports IN MILLION UNITS / 2018

TURKEY

JAPAN

SOUTH KOREA

CHINA

MOROCCO

MEXICO

UNITED STATES

SOUTH AFRICA

SWITZERLAND

THAILAND

SOURCE: EUROSTAT 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

Main countries of origin of EU passenger car imports IN UNITS / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015   2016  2017 2018 18 / 17 2018

WORLD 2,064,637 2,223,157 2,463,562 2,859,642 3,341,407 3,650,975 9.3 100.0

Turkey 363,006 474,005 526,500 646,244 789,502 784,768 -0.6 21.5

Japan 379,243 437,238 479,785 578,206 644,695 678,787 5.3 18.6
South Korea 405,184 348,260 374,765 402,947 519,136 540,815 4.2 14.8
China 112,676 117,886 86,480 71,206 131,859 320,779 143.3 8.8
Morocco 83,956 152,588 169,823 196,739 240,908 283,614 17.7 7.8
Mexico 107,154 75,539 121,075 137,206 235,533 271,881 15.4 7.4
United States 214,510 234,974 243,104 254,979 242,115 267,637 10.5 7.3
South Africa 42,483 69,223 122,143 161,797 154,025 191,139 24.1 5.2
Switzerland 30,536 35,620 42,315 61,053 64,150 65,907 2.7 1.8
Thailand 17,473 32,393 64,238 65,920 64,052 62,121 -3.0 1.7
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

The EU imported 3.7 million cars in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E

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47

Destinations for EU passenger car exports VALUE MARKET SHARE / 2018

20.6% Rest of the world

2.7% Russia

2.9% Norway

3.1% Australia United States 29.1%

3.1% Canada

3.4% Turkey

5.4% South Korea

5.5% Switzerland

6.6% Japan

China 17.5%
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

Main destinations for EU passenger car exports BY VALUE, IN MILLION € / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015   2016  2017 2018 18 / 17 2018

WORLD 111,592 115,117 129,049 124,850 131,612 127,572 -3.1 100.0

United States 27,853 29,779 40,466 37,721 38,344 37,171 -3.1 29.1
China 19,672 23,492 17,948 19,741 22,337 22,341 0.02 17.5
Japan 6,404 5,999 6,465 7,340 8,172 8,416 3.0 6.6
Switzerland 6,193 6,393 7,619 7,332 7,432 7,046 -5.2 5.5
South Korea 3,127 4,694 6,910 5,791 6,314 6,923 9.6 5.4
Turkey 5,999 5,147 7,454 7,772 6,544 4,297 -34.3 3.4
Canada 2,849 3,014 3,640 3,904 4,317 4,017 -7.0 3.1
Australia 3,633 3,482 4,593 4,603 4,652 3,951 -15.1 3.1
Norway 3,214 3,183 3,375 3,325 3,745 3,724 -0.6 2.9
Russia 7,049 5,207 3,667 2,926 3,120 3,389 8.6 2.7
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

WWW. A C E A . B E EU car exports are worth €127.6 billion

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Main destinations for EU passenger car exports IN MILLION UNITS / 2018

UNITED STATES

CHINA

TURKEY

JAPAN

SWITZERLAND

SOUTH KOREA

RUSSIA

AUSTRALIA

CANADA

SERBIA

SOURCE: EUROSTAT 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

Main destinations for EU passenger car exports IN UNITS / 2018

% change % share
2013   2014   2015   2016  2017 2018 18 /17 2018

WORLD 5,970,395 5,530,256 5,562,996 5,427,788 5,491,782 5,393,499 -1.8 100.0

United States 952,531 998,503 1,223,019 1,170,636 1,176,841 1,152,781 -2.0 21.4
China 592,053 608,912 469,761 531,336 575,286 544,356 -5.4 10.1
Turkey 488,138 374,603 531,720 534,170 466,574 290,957 -37.6 5.4
Japan 246,550 237,149 247,832 279,198 281,749 285,619 1.4 5.3
Switzerland 275,535 272,946 303,103 282,383 275,097 262,060 -4.7 4.9
South Korea 116,458 174,614 227,065 176,710 184,805 190,700 3.2 3.5
Russia 439,754 302,184 181,457 134,420 147,074 174,528 18.7 3.2
Australia 166,766 162,756 206,701 188,598 189,824 168,856 -11.0 3.1
Canada 106,098 123,210 131,183 145,364 152,734 145,902 -4.5 2.7
Serbia 105,595 71,021 88,487 115,587 117,505 142,357 21.1 2.6
SOURCE: EUROSTAT

5.4 million cars were exported by the EU in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E

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Vehicles in use

WWW. A C E A . B E
WWW. A C E A . B E
 VEHICLES IN USE
51

Motorisation rates in the EU VEHICLES PER 1,000 INHABITANTS / 2017

LUXEMBOURG 750
CYPRUS 739
ITALY 721
MALTA 719
POLAND 698
ESTONIA 641
SLOVENIA 635
AUSTRIA 619
UNITED KINGDOM 617
SPAIN 616
PORTUGAL 611
GERMANY 605
EUROPEAN UNION 602
CZECH REPUBLIC 596
FRANCE 590
GREECE 589
BELGIUM 587
NETHERLANDS 557
FINLAND 547
SWEDEN 537
DENMARK 517
IRELAND 516
SLOVAKIA 472
LITHUANIA 471
BULGARIA 466
CROATIA 431
HUNGARY 409
LATVIA 403
ROMANIA 362

SOURCE: EUROSTAT, IHS MARKIT 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

The EU counts 602 motor vehicles

WWW. A C E A . B E per 1,000 inhabitants
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EU vehicle fleet: size and distribution IN MILLION UNITS / 2008 – 20171

Passenger cars Commercial vehicles

300

280
40.2
39.3
260 38.5
37.4 37.8
37.3 37.4
36.8 268.0
36.4 36.5 261.0
240 255.8
248.9 251.3
244.5 246.8
238.7 241.6
220 237.0

200

180

160

140

120

100

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
SOURCE: EUROSTAT, IHS MARKIT 1. Provisional figures

Cars make up 87% of the EU vehicle fleet WWW. A C E A . B E

 VEHICLES IN USE
53

Average age of the EU vehicle fleet BY COUNTRY, IN YEARS / 20171

Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles Heavy commercial vehicles

FINLAND 11.2 11.6 12.0

SWEDEN 9.8 8.0 8.7

15.4 12.7 16.3 ESTONIA

DENMARK 8.3 8.4 7.6 16.1 12.8 13.9 LATVIA

8.8 8.8 9.2 UNITED KINGDOM

16.9 11.9 11.6 LITHUANIA

8.5 8.9 10.3 IRELAND

17.3 16.4 16.4 POLAND
NETHERLANDS 10.0 8.9 8.0
9.4 7.6 8.4 GERMANY
BELGIUM 7.9 8.2 9.6
14.7 12.9 13.9 CZECH REPUBLIC
LUXEMBOURG 6.4 6.3 6.5
13.7 12.6 12.5 SLOVAKIA
AUSTRIA 9.0 8.0 8.4
15.3 13.8 12.6 HUNGARY
SLOVENIA 11.5 9.0 9.8 16.1 15.3 15.3 ROMANIA
FRANCE 9.3 8.6 7.1
14.7 12.1 14.4 CROATIA

ITALY 11.3 12.4 14.0

12.1 12.6 12.9 SPAIN

GREECE 14.6 17.3 18.9

12.9 14.3 13.7 PORTUGAL

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT 1. Provisional figures

2. Data for Bulgaria, Cyprus and Malta not available

WWW. A C E A . B E Cars in the EU are on average 11.1 years old

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Average age of the EU fleet BY VEHICLE TYPE, IN YEARS  / 2013 – 20171

12.0 12.0 12.0

11.9 11.9
11.7

11.5

11.1
11.0 11.0 11.0
10.9 10.9
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.5 10.5
10.4

10.0

9.5

Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles Heavy commercial vehicles

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT

Share of alternatively-powered vehicles in the EU fleet BY SEGMENT, %SHARE / 20171

Passenger cars Light commercial vehicles Heavy commercial vehicles

0.2%
ELECTRICALLY
CHARGEABLE2
0.2%
0.04%

0.6%
HYBRID
ELECTRIC3
0.01%
0.04%

2.8%
OTHER THAN
ELECTRIC4
1.2%
0.3%

SOURCE: IHS MARKIT 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

1. Provisional figures
2. Includes battery electric vehicles, fuel-cell electric vehicles,
extended-range and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
3. Includes full and mild hybrids
4. Includes LPG, natural gas and ethanol vehicles

0.04% of all trucks on EU roads

are electrically-chargeable WWW. A C E A . B E
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Road safety

WWW. A C E A . B E
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57

Road fatalities per million inhabitants BY REGION 1 / 2016

EFTA
121 + EASTERN 141
NORTH AMERICA EUROPE

EUROPEAN 49
UNION

EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN 180

AFRICA SOUTH-EAST
CENTRAL AND ASIA
266 207
191 SOUTH AMERICA

WESTERN
169 PACIFIC

WORLD 182 road fatalities per million inhabitants

SOURCE: CARE (EU ROAD ACCIDENTS DATABASE), WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION) 1. WHO regions

WWW. A C E A . B E EU roads are by far the safest in the world

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Number of motor vehicles and road fatalities in the EU 2005 – 2017

EU road fatalities (in thousands) Vehicles on EU roads (in millions)

50 310

45
300
40
%
35 +17.4 290

30
280
25

20
-45.0% 270

15 260
10
250
5

0 240

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

SOURCE: ACEA, CARE (EU ROAD ACCIDENTS DATABASE)

Number of motor vehicles and road fatalities in the EU 2005 – 2017

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

EU road fatalities
(in thousands) 45.9 43.7 43.2 39.6 35.4 31.5 30.7 28.2 26.0 26.0 26.1 25.6 25.3
Vehicles on EU roads
(in millions) 262.6 267.8 268.0 273.5 275.2 278.4 281.7 284.2 286.3 289.1 294.4 300.3 308.3

SOURCE: ACEA, CARE (EU ROAD ACCIDENTS DATABASE)

While there are 46 million more vehicles on EU roads,

fatalities have fallen by 45% since 2005 WWW. A C E A . B E
 ROAD SAFETY
59

Road fatalities per million inhabitants BY COUNTRY / 2008, 2017

2008 2017 EU average 2008 EU average 2017

EU EU
49 79

SWEDEN

UNITED KINGDOM

DENMARK

NETHERLANDS

IRELAND

ESTONIA

GERMANY

SPAIN

MALTA

LUXEMBOURG

FINLAND

AUSTRIA

SLOVENIA

FRANCE

SLOVAKIA

BELGIUM

CZECH REPUBLIC

ITALY

PORTUGAL

CYPRUS

HUNGARY

LITHUANIA

GREECE

LATVIA

POLAND

CROATIA

BULGARIA

ROMANIA

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

SOURCE: CARE (EU ROAD ACCIDENTS DATABASE)

WWW. A C E A . B E
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Road fatality statistics in the EU BY COUNTRY / 2017

2017 road % change

fatalities 17 / 16

Austria 414 -4.0

Belgium 615 -3.0
Bulgaria 682 -4.0
Croatia 331 8.0
Cyprus 53 15.0 FINLAND 43
Czech Republic 577 -6.0
Denmark 175 -17.0 SWEDEN 25

Estonia 48 -32.0 ESTONIA 36

Finland 230 -11.0 70 LATVIA

France 3,444 -1.0 DENMARK 30 LITHUANIA 67

28 UNITED KINGDOM
Germany 3,180 -1.0
Greece 740 -10.0 33 IRELAND GERMANY 39
NETHERLANDS 31 POLAND 75
Hungary 625 3.0
BELGIUM 54
Ireland 159 -15.0 55 CZECH REPUBLIC
LUXEMBOURG 42
51 SLOVAKIA
Italy 3,378 3.0
AUSTRIA 47 64 HUNGARY
Latvia 136 -14.0 FRANCE 51
SLOVENIA 50
Lithuania 192 0.0 ROMANIA 99
CROATIA 80
Luxembourg 25 -22.0
BULGARIA 96
Malta 19 -17.0
GREECE 68
Netherlands 535 0.0 39 SPAIN ITALY 56
Poland 2,831 -6.0 58 PORTUGAL
Portugal 602 7.0
MALTA 41
Romania 1,951 2.0
CYPRUS 62
Slovakia 276 0.0
Slovenia 104 -20.0
Spain 1,830 1.0
Sweden 253 -6.0 Road fatalities in the EU per million inhabitants
United Kingdom 1,856 0.0

European Union 25,261 -1.5 20 100

SOURCE: CARE (EU ROAD ACCIDENTS DATABASE)

Road fatalities declined by 1.5% in the EU in 2017 WWW. A C E A . B E

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Environment

WWW. A C E A . B E
WWW. A C E A . B E
 ENVIRONMENT
63

Average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars, by country IN G CO2/KM / 2018

2018 average % change

emissions 18 / 17

Austria 123.1 2.0

Belgium 119.5 3.1
Bulgaria 128.1 1.5
Croatia 115.7 2.3 116.9 ICELAND
Cyprus 123.3 0.9
Czech Republic 125.6 1.0
FINLAND 116.6
Denmark 109.6 2.3
Estonia 132.3 -0.4
SWEDEN 122.3
Finland 116.6 -1.4
ESTONIA 132.3
France 112.2 1.6
LATVIA 129.0
Germany 129.9 2.2 DENMARK 109.6
LITHUANIA 128.6
Greece 111.1 2.1 124.8 UNITED KINGDOM
Hungary 129.0 2.7 113.1 IRELAND POLAND 127.7
NETHERLANDS 105.5
Ireland 113.1 1.3 129.9 GERMANY
BELGIUM 119.5
Italy 116.3 2.6 125.6 CZECH REPUBLIC
LUXEMBOURG 131.4
127.6 SLOVAKIA
Latvia 129.0 0.1 AUSTRIA 123.1
129.0 HUNGARY
Lithuania 128.6 0.9 FRANCE 112.2
SLOVENIA 120.9
ROMANIA 121.5
Luxembourg 131.4 3.5
CROATIA 115.7
Malta 105.9 -4.0 BULGARIA 128.1
Netherlands 105.5 -2.6 118.1 SPAIN ITALY 116.3

Poland 127.7 0.01 106.3 PORTUGAL GREECE 111.1

Portugal 106.3 1.6

Romania 121.5 0.7 MALTA 105.9
CYPRUS 123.3
Slovakia 127.6 1.2
Slovenia 120.9 1.1
Spain 118.1 2.7 Average CO2 emissions from new passenger cars
Sweden 122.3 -0.04 by country in g CO2/km in 2018
United Kingdom 124.8 3.0

European Union  120.6 1.8 100 135

Iceland 116.9 –
EU28 + Iceland 120.4 –
SOURCE: EEA

WWW. A C E A . B E The average new car emits 120.6g CO2/km

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New passenger cars in the EU

by emissions classes IN MILLION UNITS, % SHARE / 2011 – 2018

> 130g CO2/km 96–130g CO2/km ≤ 95g CO2/km

10 66%
66%
63%

63%

8
61%

57%
52%

51%
6 46%
45%

36%
4 27%
31%
26% 24%
22%

2
12% 11% 11%
10%
9%
6%
3%
2%
0

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017  20181 

SOURCE: EEA 1. Provisional figures

Market demand for fuel-efficient cars fell in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E

 ENVIRONMENT
65

Average CO2 emissions

from new passenger cars in the EU IN G CO2/KM, % CHANGE / 2007 – 2018

170

160
-3.2%

150 -5.1%

-3.7%

140 -3.3%
-2.6%

-3.9%
130
-2.8%

-3.2% +1.8%
-1.2% +0.3%
120

110

100

90

80

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 20181
SOURCE: EEA
1. Provisional figures

CO2 emissions from new cars

WWW. A C E A . B E increased for the second year in 2018
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Energy consumption during production  2005 – 2018

Energy total (million MWh/year) Car production trend Energy per unit produced (MWh/car)

44 2.9
-16.9%
43 2.7
42 2.5
41
2.3
40
2.1
39
1.9
38
-10.8% 1.7
37
36 1.5

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERS

As cars have become equipped with ever more features to make them safer, cleaner and smarter, the complexity
of vehicle production has increased. This increase in complexity affects energy demand.
Nevertheless, manufacturers have been working continuously to improve the energy efficiency of production.
As a result, energy consumption per car produced has been decreased by 16.9% since 2005.

CO2 emissions from production  2005 – 2018

CO2 emissions total (million t/year) Car production trend CO2 emissions per unit produced (t/car)

14.0 0.90

13.0 0.80
-34.7%
12.0 0.70

11.0 0.60

10.0 0.50
-29.9%
9.0 0.40

8.0 0.30

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERS

The CO2 emissions per car produced dropped by 34.7% between 2005 and 2018, while the overall figure went
down by 29.9% over the same period, reflecting the industry’s efforts to reduce CO2 emissions from production.
Even though car production has been on the rise again since 2013, manufacturers have been able to decouple
CO2 emissions from production growth by increasingly sourcing energy from renewable and/or low-carbon
sources. As the chart shows, total CO2 emissions have remained stable despite substantial increase in
production volume.

CO2 emissions per car produced

have dropped by 35% since 2005 WWW. A C E A . B E
 ENVIRONMENT
67

Water used in production 2005 – 2018

Water total (million m³/year) Car production trend Water per unit produced (m³/car)

95 6.5
90 6.0
85 5.5
80 5.0
-44.1%
75 4.5
70 4.0
65 3.5
60 3.0
55
-40.0% 2.5
50 2.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERS

Long-term strategies for reducing water consumption have made it possible to reduce water use per car
produced by 44.1% between 2005 and 2018. This includes the increased application of recirculation technologies
for the reuse of water.

Waste from production1 2005 – 2018

Waste total (million t/year) Car production trend Waste per unit produced (kg/car)

1.6 100

90
1.4
-9.4%
80
1.2
70

1.0
60
-15.6%
0.8 50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERS
1. Excluding scrap metal and demolition waste

The waste generated per unit produced by the manufacturing of passenger cars went down by 15.6% since
records began. Waste fluctuations, both in absolute and per unit terms can be explained by the occurrence of
singular events, such as a fall in total production during the economic crisis.

Water consumption per car produced

WWW. A C E A . B E has been reduced by 44% since 2005
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VOC emissions from production  2005 – 2018

VOC emissions total (thousand tonnes) Car production trend VOC emissions per unit produced (kg/car)

65 4.5

60 4.0

55 3.5

50 -43.6% 3.0

45 2.5

40 2.0

35 1.5
-40.9%

30 1.0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

SOURCE: ACEA MEMBERS

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are organic solvents mainly emitted from paint shops. The graph shows
VOC emissions per car produced and the absolute emissions of all car manufacturers combined. With new
technologies, such as the replacement of solvent-based paints with solvent-free, water-based equivalents
manufacturers have been able to reduce unit emissions by 43.6% over the last 14 years.

EU manufacturers have significantly

reduced the environmental impact
of car production since 2005 WWW. A C E A . B E
 8

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Innovation

WWW. A C E A . B E
WWW. A C E A . B E
 I N N O VAT I O N
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R&D shares of sectors in the EU %SHARE / 2017

Health care
2% equipment & services
3% Chemicals

4% Banks
Automobiles & parts 28%
Aerospace
4% & defense
Industrial
4% engineering
Software &
5% computer services
Electronic
& electrical
5% equipment
Pharmaceuticals
& biotechnology 19%

Technology
hardware
8% & equipment
Other industries 18%

SOURCE: THE 2018 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

EU R&D investment in the top 10 industrial sectors IN BILLION € / 2017

Automobiles & parts 57.4

Pharmaceuticals & biotechnology 39.7
Other industries 36.6
Technology hardware & equipment 15.8
Electronic & electrical equipment 10.3
Software & computer services 9.3
Industrial engineering 9.0
Aerospace & defense 8.9
Banks 8.0
Chemicals 5.4
Health care equipment & services 5.0
SOURCE: THE 2018 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

The automotive sector is the EU’s number one investor

WWW. A C E A . B E in R&D, responsible for 28% of total spending
T H E A U T O M O B I L E I N D U S T RY
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R&D investment in the automobile sector

by world region IN BILLION € / % CHANGE

2016 2017

60 +6.7%

50

40

-1.1%
30

20 -9.2%

10 +12.3%
+5.9%

EU Japan USA China Rest of the world

SOURCE: THE 2018 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

EU automotive investment in R&D has

increased by 6.7% to reach €57.4 billion annually WWW. A C E A . B E
 I N N O VAT I O N
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R&D investment by industry and world region IN BILLION € / 2017

EU Japan US China Rest of the world

AEROSPACE & DEFENCE

AUTOMOBILES & PARTS

CHEMICALS

ELECTRONIC &
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT

GENERAL INDUSTRIALS

HEALTH CARE
EQUIPMENT & SERVICES

INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING

OTHER INDUSTRIES

PHARMACEUTICALS &
BIOTECHNOLOGY

SOFTWARE &
COMPUTER SERVICES

TECHNOLOGY
HARDWARE & EQUIPMENT

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

SOURCE: THE 2018 EU INDUSTRIAL R&D INVESTMENT SCOREBOARD, EUROPEAN COMMISSION

The EU is by far the world’s largest

WWW. A C E A . B E investor in automotive R&D
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Patents granted in the automotive sector, worldwide 1 % SHARE / 2018

2.4% Rest of the world

1.5% South Korea European Union 53.0%

1.8% China 2

1.9% EFTA

11.9% United States

27.6% Japan

SOURCE: EPO (EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE)

Automotive patents BY COUNTRY / 2018

Germany 2,988
France 980
Sweden 444
Italy 403
United Kingdom 340
Rest of the EU 693

EU total 5,848
Japan 3,047
United States 1,314
EFTA countries 205
1. Includes categories B60, B62, F02 and F16
China2 196 B60: Vehicles in general
B62: Land vehicles for travelling otherwise than on rail
South Korea 169 F02: Combustion engines; hot-gas or combustion-product
engine plants
Rest of the world 265 F16: Engineering elements or units; general measures
for producing and maintaining effective functioning
Total 11,044 of machines or installations; thermal insulation in general
2. Includes Taipei
SOURCE: EPO (EUROPEAN PATENT OFFICE)

Over half of all automotive patents

were granted to the EU industry in 2018 WWW. A C E A . B E
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Taxation

WWW. A C E A . B E
WWW. A C E A . B E
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77

Electric vehicles: tax benefits and incentives in the EU 2019

R
TS

CA
N

S
FI

IO

HI

VE
NY
NE

IT

RS

TI
IS

PA
BE

EN
NE
QU

M
X

C
OW

CO
AC
TA

IN
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
CROATIA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
IRELAND
ITALY
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MALTA
NETHERLANDS
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
UNITED KINGDOM

SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2019

Only 12 EU member states offer

WWW. A C E A . B E incentives for electric vehicles
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Overview of CO2-based motor vehicle taxes in the EU 2019

R
RE

CA
ON

IP
SU

H
I

NY
IT
EA

RS
IS

PA
M

NE
QU

M
X

OW

CO
AC
TA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BULGARIA
CROATIA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
IRELAND
ITALY
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MALTA
NETHERLANDS
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
SLOVAKIA
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
UNITED KINGDOM

SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2019

22 EU member states apply CO2-based taxation WWW. A C E A . B E

 TA X AT I O N
79

Fiscal income from motor vehicles in the EU151

AT BE DE DK ES FI FR

€ bn € bn € bn DKK bn € bn € bn € bn
2016 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017
Purchase or transfer
1. VAT on vehicle sales
servicing, repair & parts 2.9 7.3 30.3 – – 1.7 17.8
2. Sales & registration taxes 0.4 0.4 – 20.1 4.8 1.0 2.2
3. Annual ownership taxes 2.3 1.7 8.9 10.3 2.8 1.2 0.7
4. Fuels & lubricants 5.1 7.9 42.8 17.3 19.7 4.1 39.2
5. Others
Driving license fees – 0.02 0.2 – 0.1 – –
Insurance taxes 0.3 1.0 4.5 1.5 – 0.4 4.8
Tolls 2.0 0.7 4.7 0.5 – – 12.2
Customs duties – – 0.6 – – – –
Other taxes 0.3 0.6 – – 0.8 – 1.9
TOTAL (national currencies) 13.3 19.6 92.0 49.8 28.1 8.3 79.0
TOTAL (EURO)3 13.3 19.6 92.0 6.7 28.1 8.3 79.0

GR IE IT NL PT SE UK

€ bn € bn € bn € bn € bn SEK bn £ bn
2017 2015 2017 2017 2018 2017 2017/20182
Purchase or transfer
1. VAT on vehicle sales
servicing, repair & parts – 0.6 18.3 1.3 4.2 25.0 12.5
2. Sales & registration taxes 0.3 0.7 1.8 2.0 0.8 – –
3. Annual ownership taxes 1.2 1.1 6.8 4.1 0.6 14.2 6.0
4. Fuels & lubricants 4.2 3.0 35.9 9.8 3.2 45.0 28.1
5. Others
Driving license fees – – – 0.3 – – –
Insurance taxes – – 3.9 1.1 – 2.9 –
Tolls – – 2.1 – 1.1 2.7 –
Customs duties – – – – – – –
Other taxes 0.1 – 5.7 1.8 – – 1.5
TOTAL (national currencies) 5.7 5.4 74.4 20.3 9.9 89.8 48.1
TOTAL (EURO)3 5.7 5.4 74.4 20.3 9.9 8.6 56.3

GRAND TOTAL = € 427.6 billion

SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2019 1. Latest available data; only country for which sourced data is available are listed
2. 2012 estimates for income from VAT and other taxes
3. Euro foreign exchange reference rates at 3 April 2019; source: ECB

Motor vehicles account for

WWW. A C E A . B E €428 billion in taxes in the EU15
T H E A U T O M O B I L E I N D U S T RY
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Share of VAT Excise duties on fuels

in net price of cars in €/1,000 litres

UNLEADED
PETROL DIESEL
27%
Hungary Austria 482 397
Denmark Belgium 600 600
25% Croatia Bulgaria 363 330
Sweden
Croatia 519 412
Cyprus 429 400
24% Finland
Greece Czech Republic 498 425
Denmark 626 426
Ireland
23% Estonia 563 493
Poland
Portugal Finland 703 530
France 683 594
22% Italy Germany 655 470
Slovenia Greece 700 410

Belgium Hungary 380 349

Czech Republic Ireland 588 479
Latvia Italy 728 617
Lithuania
21% Netherlands Latvia 476 372
Spain Lithuania 434 347
Austria Luxembourg 465 338
Bulgaria Malta 549 472
Estonia
France Netherlands 778 496
20% Slovakia Poland 391 343
United Kingdom
Portugal 643 486
Cyprus Romania 437 407
19% Germany Slovakia 547 393
Romania
Slovenia 547 469
Spain 504 379
18%
Malta Sweden 649 457
United Kingdom 651 651
17% EU minimum rates 359 330
Luxembourg SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2019

SOURCE: ACEA TAX GUIDE 2019

Automobiles provide a vital source

of government revenue WWW. A C E A . B E
 Please order your personal copy via [email protected]

This paper is made in an environmentally-friendly way and according to FSC certification

© ACEA JUNE 2019
 ACEA represents the 15 major Europe-based
car, van, truck and bus manufacturers

www.acea.be
+32 2 732 55 50
[email protected]

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