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COURSE NAME : OPERATING SYSTEMS

COURSE CODE : CS 215
PREQ :
LTP : 400
LECTURE WITH BREAKUP NO. OF LECTURES

CONCEPTS OF OPERATING SYSTEMS (10)

Computer system overview, concept of an operating system, batch system, multiprogramming, multiprocessing, multi user, time sharing, personal system,
parallel system, real time system, simple monitors, general system architecture, System components, operating system services, system calls, system
programmes, system structure, Approaches to OS design and implementation: Microkernel, Layered, Kernel Approach

PROCESSES AND THREADS (10)

Concept of process, process states, process state transitions, process control block, operations on processes, threads, concurrent processes, mutual exclusion and
synchronization, principles of deadlocks, integrated deadlocks strategy, scheduling levels, scheduling criteria, Inter process synchronization, Inter process
communication, Linux, IPC Mechanism, Remote procedure calls, RPC exception handling, security issues

MEMORY MANAGEMENT (08)

Logical and physical address space, storage allocation and management techniques, swapping concepts of multi programming, paging, segmentation, virtual
storage management strategies, demand paging, page replacement algorithm, thrashing

INPUT/OUTPUT AND DATA MANAGEMENT (08)

File organization, record blocking, access method, directory structure, protection file system structure, allocation methods, free space management, directory
implementation, disk structure, disk scheduling, disk management, buffering, swap space management, RAID levels

OS SECURITY:
Types of Threats in OS, Basic OS Security Mechanisms, Understanding the Threats: Malware Taxonomy: Viruses, Worms, Rootkits, Defense -- An Overview,
Logging, Auditing, and Recovery, OS-level Memory Protection

CASE STUDIES (08)

Linux/Unix OS design and architecture, Unix shell, Unix operating system services, user perspective, representation of files in Unix system processes and their
structure, input-output system, memory management in Unix

OS Abstractions: (06)
Processes: fork, wait, exec, exit, kill, getpid, brk, nice, sleep, trace
Files: open, close, read, write, lseek, stat, sync
Directories: mkdir, rmdir, link, unlink, mount, umount users + security: chown, chmod, getuid, setuid
Inter process communication: signals, pipe o networking: socket, accept, snd, recv, connect
BOOK:

Operating system: (sixth edition) By Galvin , Silberschatz and Gane, John Willey

REFERENCES:
Michael Palmer Guide to Operating Systems Security, Course Technology, 2004. ISBN: 0-619-16040-3
Charles P. Pfleeger and Shari Lawrence Pfleeger Security in Computing, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002. ISBN 0-130-35548-8
Operating systems Internals and design principles By William Stallings, Pearson Education
Operating Systems –A Design Oriented approach By Crowley, TMH
Operating Systems, Garry Nutt, Pearson Education
Operating Systems-A Concept Based Approach By Dhamdhare, TMH
Operating systems Design and Implementation By Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Pearson Education
An Introduction to Operating System By Harvey M.Deitel, Narosa Publishing

CS215H , OPERATING SYSTEMS

Introduction to real-time systems and case studies
Concepts of scheduling in real-time systems (including multimedia)
Issues and techniques in resource allocation in real-time distributed systems
Architecture and OS related issues in Grid Computing
Process Management and Memory Management in Distributed Systems
■  1st Mid Term: 20%
■  2nd Mid Term: 20%
■  Assignments and Quizes: 10%
■  End Term: 50%
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■  What is an Operating System?"
■  Computer System Components"
■  OS Views "
●  User View"
●  System View"
■  Mainframe Systems"
●  Batch Systems"
●  Multiprogramming Systems"
●  Timesharing Systems"
■  Desktop Systems"
■  Parallel Systems"
■  Distributed Systems "
■  Clustered System"
■  Real -Time Systems"
■  Handheld Systems"
■  Migration of Operating-System Concepts and Features"
■  A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware!

■  Operating system goals:"

●  Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier."
●  Make the computer system convenient to use"
●  Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner"
1.  Hardware – provides basic computing resources (CPU,
memory, I/O devices)"

2. "Operating system – controls and coordinates the use of the

hardware among the various application programs for the
various users"

3. "Applications programs – define the ways in which the system

resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users (compilers, database systems, video games, business
programs)"

4. "Users (people, machines, other computers)"

1.  User View:!
a)  PC’s : OS is designed mostly for the ease of use. Attention is paid
to the performance only not to the resource allocation."
b)  Multiple Users: In case of multiple users sharing common OS more
attention is paid to the resource sharing to assure that all the
available CPU time, memory and I/O are used efficiently, and that
no individual user takes more than his fare share."
c)  Networked Systems: In case of networked systems where users
have there dedicated resources as well as shared resources like
printer etc. OS is designed to compromise between individual
usability and resource allocation."
2. "System View:!
a)  From Computer systems view, an OS is the resource allocator
and a control program to manage the execution of user programs
to prevent errors and improper use of computer."
■  Resource allocator – manages and allocates resources"

■  Control program – controls the execution of user

programs and operations of I/O devices"

■  Kernel – the one program running at all times (all else

being application programs)"
Mainframe Computer systems were the first computers to
tackle many commercial applications. "

Growth wise categorization of Mainframe systems is :"

1. Batch Systems."
2. Multi programmed Systems."
3. Time Sharing Systems."
Batch Systems were the physically enormous machines run
from Consol. Here users submit the jobs ( program , data
etc) in the form of punch cards and after hours output
aprears."
■ They reduce the setup time by batching similar jobs."
■ Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control
from one job to another. First rudimentary operating system"
■ Resident monitor"
●  initial control in monitor "
●  control transfers to job "
●  when job completes control transfers back to monitor"
1.  So the major task of the OS was to
transfer control from one job to the next."
2.  OS was always resident in memory."
3.  CPU remains idle most of the time."

* " Introduction of disk technology allowed

the operating system to keep all the jobs
on disk rather than in a serial card
reader. So the OS could even perform
Job scheduling."
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the "
CPU is multiplexed among them which increases the CPU utilization. "
1.  Introduction of Disk Technology."

2.  It increases the CPU Utilization by organizing

the jobs so that the CPU always has one to
execute."

3.  When one job is performing its I/O

operations, inspite of sitting idle CPU switches
to the next job, and when that job need wait
CPU switches to next."
■  OS must make decisions for users."
■  I/O routine supplied by the system."
■  Memory management – the system must allocate the
memory to several jobs."
■  CPU scheduling – the system must choose among
several jobs ready to run."
■  Job Scheduling – If several jobs are ready to be brought
into the memory and there is not enough room for all of
them, then system must choose among them."
■  Allocation of devices"
■  Time Sharing is a logical extension of Multiprogramming. CPU
executes multiple jobs by switching among them, but switches occur
so frequently that the user can interact with each program while it is
running. "
■  The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory
and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory)"
■  A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk"
■  Interactive OS provides direct communication between user and the
system. User gives instructions to the OS or program directly through
keyboard and waits for the immediate results. So response time
should be short within 1sec."
■  On-line communication between the user and the system is provided"
●  When the operating system finishes the execution of one command, it
seeks the next “control statement” from the user’s keyboard"
■  On-line system must be available for users to access data and code"
■  Personal Computers appeared in 1970’s."
■  Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a single
user"
■  I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers"
■  User convenience and responsiveness. The goals of these OS
have changed with time; instead of maximizing CPU and
peripheral utilization, theses systems opt for maximizing user
convenience and responsiveness."
■  Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system "
●  Often individuals have sole use of computer and do not need
advanced CPU utilization of protection features"
■  May run several different types of operating systems (Windows,
MacOS, UNIX, Linux)"
■  PC Operating systems were neither multiuser nor multitasking"
■  Multiprocessor systems with more than one CPU in close
communication."
■  Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a clock;
communication usually takes place through the shared memory"
■  Advantages of parallel system: "
1. Increased throughput because of multiple processors."
2. Economical since they can save more money than the multiple
single processor systems, because they can share peripherals,
mass storage , power supplies etc."
3. Increased reliability since functions can be distributed so failure of
one will not halt others:"
! graceful degradation: its the ability to provide service
proportional to the level of surviving h/w is called graceful
degradation such systems are also called fault tolerant systems/
fail soft systems."
■  Asymmetric multiprocessing!
●  Each processor is assigned a specific task; master
processor schedules and allocates work to slave processors"
●  More common in extremely large systems"
●  Work like a master slave system"
■  Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)!
●  Each processor runs an identical copy of the operating
system"
●  Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration"
●  Most modern operating systems support SMP"
●  Work in parallel like peer to peer systems"
■  Distribute the computation among several physical
processors which are networked."
■  Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own
local memory; processors communicate with one another
through various communications lines, such as high-
speed buses or telephone lines"
■  Advantages of distributed systems"
●  Resources Sharing "
●  Computation speed up – load sharing "
●  Reliability"
●  Communications"
■  Requires networking infrastructure"
■  Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area networks (WAN)"
■  May be either client-server or peer-to-peer systems"

General Structure of Client-Server"

■  Clustering allows two or more systems to share storage"
■  Provides high reliability: Here a layer of cluster software runs
over cluster nodes. Each node can monitor one or more of the
others ( over LAN). If the monitored machine fails, the monitoring
machine can take ownership of its storage, and can restart the
applications that were running on the failed machine."
■  Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the application or
applications while other servers standby"
■  Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the application or
applications"
■  Clustered systems are different from parallel systems in that they
are composed of two or more individual systems coupled
together. "
■  Often used as a control device in a dedicated application
such as controlling scientific experiments, medical
imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some
display systems"
■  Well-defined fixed-time constraints"
■  Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time"
●  Hard real time systems guarantees that the critical tasks to
be completed on time."
●  In case of soft real time systems tasks get priority over other
tasks and retains priority until it completes. "
■  Hard real-time:"
●  Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)"
●  Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems"
■  Soft real-time"
●  Limited utility in industrial control of robotics"
●  Integrate-able with time-share systems"
●  Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring
tight response times"
■  Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)"
■  Cellular telephones"
■  Issues:"
●  Limited memory"
●  Slow processors"
●  Small display screens"
END OF CHAPTER