NUMERICAL METHOD

(MCSC-202)
USING PYTHON
By
Samir Shrestha
Department of Mathematics
Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel

Lecture-1
 Needs of Computer Program
 Numerical Method deals with designing and analysis of
algorithm for numerical approximations of the problems
from mathematics that might not be solve exactly

 Implementing the numerical algorithm manually (pencil,

paper, calculator) is very tedious and time consuming

 Needs computer program to implement the algorithm

and find the solution quickly

 For this regard, we prefer to use computer programing

language PYTHON
 Contents

 Reference Books

 Basics of computer program

 About Python

 Installation of Python
 References
1. H. Bhasin, Python Basics A Self-Teaching Introduction, 2019
2. H. P. Langtangen, A Primer on Scientific Programming with Python,
2016
3. Jaan Kiusalaas, Numerical Methods in Engineering with Python 3, 2013
4. Robert Johansson, Numerical Python: Scientific Computing and Data
Science Applications with Numpy, SciPy and Matplotlib, 2019
5. https://www.javatpoint.com/python-tutorial
 Languages

Languagage of Computer
 Languages

Python C FORTRAN

High Level Language

Assembly Language

Machine Language

Hardware

Programming Hierarchy: Levels of programming language

 Languages
 Some influential ones:
 FORTRAN
 science / engineering

 COBOL
 business data

 LISP
 logic and AI

 BASIC
 a simple language

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 Compiler
 A compiler is a program that
reads a program written in the
high-level language and
converts it into the machine or
low-level language and reports
the errors present in the
program.
 It converts the entire source
code in one go or could take
multiple passes to do so, but at
last, the user gets the compiled
code which is ready to execute.
 Examples: C, C++, C#, Scala
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 Compiler: 6 Phases
 Lexical Analyzer: Scans the code
as a stream of characters into
lexemes. Output: Sequence of
tokens with reference to the
programming language
 Syntax Analyzer: Tokens
generated in Lexical analyzer
phase are against grammar of
programming language. Checks
whether the expressions are
syntactically correct or not. It
makes parse trees

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 Compiler: 6 Phases
 Semantic Analyzer: Checks
whether the expressions and
statements generated by
previous phase follow the rule of
programming language or not.
Creates annotated parse trees
 Intermediate Code: Equivalent
intermediate code of the source
code.
 Code Optimizer: Improves space
and time requirement of the
program. Eliminates the
redundant code

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 Compiler: 6 Phases

 Code Generator: Final phase.

Target code for a particular
machine is generated.
Performs memory, register
management and machine
specific optimization

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 Interpreter

 An alternative for implementing a

programming language and does
the same work as compiler Source
Code
 It performs lexing, parsing and type
checking similar to compiler.
 Processes syntax tree directly to
access expressions and executes
statements rather than generating Interpreter
code from the syntax tree
 Require processing same syntax
tree more than once. Slower than
compiler
Output Code
 Examples: JAVA, Python, Ruby, PHP
Compiler vs Interpreter
 Compiler vs Interpreter
Process Compiler Interpreter
Input Takes an entire program Takes a single line of code
at a time at a time
Output Generates intermediate Won’t produce any
object code intermediate object code

When? Before execution Simultaneous

compilation and
execution
Speed Faster Slower
Memory Requirement More for object code less, no object code

Errors All errors at a time after Error, line by line, easier

compilation, difficult
 Python
• Python is a simple, general purpose,
high level, and object-oriented
programming language
• Python is an interpreted language Born on 31 January, 1956
Over six years ago, in December 1989, I was
• Guido van Rossum is known as the looking for a "hobby" programming project that
would keep me occupied during the week around
founder of Python programming Christmas. My office (a government-run research
lab in Amsterdam) would be closed, but I had a
• The implementation of Python was home computer, and not much else on my hands.
I decided to write an interpreter for the new
started in the December 1989 scripting language I had been thinking about
by Guido van Rossum aIn January lately: a descendant of ABC that would appeal to
Unix/C hackers. I chose Python as a working title
2013, he startedt for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood
(and a big fan of Monty Python's Flying Circus).
Center for Mathematics & Computer
--Guido van Rossum
Science (CWI) in Netherland Reston, VA, May 1996

• Name was coined from British comedy https://gvanrossum.github.io/

series Monty Python's Flying Circus
Python
Born on 31 January, 1956
Python Features

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 Python Features
 Easy to Learn and Use: It is developer-friendly and high level
programming language
 Python is an interpreted language : Interpreter executes the code line by
line at a time. This makes debugging easy and thus suitable for beginners.
 Cross-platform Language: Python can run equally on different platforms
such as Windows, Linux, Unix and Macintosh etc. So, we can say that
Python is a portable language
 Free and Open Source: Python language is freely available at offical web
address. The source-code is also available.
 Object-Oriented Language: Python supports object oriented language
and concepts of classes and objects come into existence
 Extensible: If needed, one can write some of the Python code in other
languages line C++. This makes Python an extensible language
 Large Standard Library: Python has a large and broad library and provides
rich set of module and functions for rapid application development
 GUI Programming Support: Graphical user interfaces can be developed
using Python
 Integrated: It is also possible to put our Python code in a source code in
a different language like C++
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 Why Python

 Clean Syntax: Easy to code and read

 Dynamically Typed: No variable
declaration required
 Although not a type-less language

 Less development time

 Require less training

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 Python Libraries
 numpy: Multi-dimensional array
operations
 matplotlib: plotting library
 130K+ packages  scipy: scientific computing
 2K packages per  pandas: data frame, data manipulation
month and analysis
• seaborn: For visualization of statistical
 181657 projects data
• statsmodels: For statistical modeling and
advanced analysis
 Symby: symbolic computation
 SageMath: System of Algebra and
Geometry Experimentation
 Python Libraries
 PiCloud: Supercomputing
 Many aspects processing capacity on the
Mathematics cloud
 Algebra  Scikit-learn: Machine Learning
toolkit
 Combinatorics
 Pygame: For game
 Numerical development
Mathematics  pyQT/pyGtk: To develop GUI
 Calculus  Nltk: natural language kit
 Number theory  TensorFlow: machine learning
library
 Keras: machine learning library
Applications for Python

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Applications for Python
 Python Installation
Two different ways out of many

Python can be downloaded from python office web

page: www.python.org
OR
Python can be downloaded from anaconda
distribution:
https://www.anaconda.com/products/individual

Recommended version 3

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 Python Installation

Download python from www.python.org

Recommended version 3.8.3

Packages numpy, matplotlib, scipy should

be installed separately

Visit YouTube tutorials for Python installations

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 Python Installation
https://www.python.org/

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 Python Installation
https://www.python.org/

Click

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 Python Installation
https://www.python.org/downloads/

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 Python Installation
https://www.python.org/downloads/

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 Basics
Console: The text box onto which output is printed.
Some source code editors pop up the console as an
external window, and others contain their own console
window.

Code or Source Code: The sequence of instructions in a

program.

Syntax: The set of legal structures and commands that

can be used in a particular programming language.

Output: The messages printed to the user by a program.

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 Python Console Python Cell

Interactive cell to display all outputs and instant calcualtion

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 Python Editor Python IDLE

press F5 or run module to execute

the program to get the output

Figure as a output

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 Python Installation
Download python from Anaconda
Distributions:
https://www.anaconda.com/products/individual
Recommended version 3.7

Packages like numpy, matplotlib, scipy

come with the distribution

Visit YouTube tutorials for Python installations

through anaconda distributions
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https://www.anaconda.com/products/individual Python Installation

Scroll down

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 Anaconda Navigator
After installation

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 Anaconda Navigator
After installation

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 Spyder
Python IDE - Spyder

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 Spyder
Python IDE - Spyder

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 Jupyter Notebook
Web-based, interactive computing notebook environmnt

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 Jupyter Notebook
Web-based, interactive computing notebook environmnt

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End of Lecture-1

Lecture-2
Data Types, Operators, Math
Functions,
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