Module 9

Therapeutic Classification of Drugs based

on the Philippine National Drug Formulary
 
Medications can be classified in various ways such as by chemical properties,
modes or route of administration, biological system affected or therapeutic
effects.
 
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FORMULARY 2017
 latest edition
 classification of drug terms
 
THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION
 aka THEREPEUTIC CLASS or THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY
 a method of organizing drugs based on their therapeutic
usefulness in treating particular diseases or disorders
 ex.
ANTIBACTERIAL
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE
 
PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
 aka PHARMACOLOGIC CLASS or PHARMACOLOGIC CATEGORY
 refers to the way a drug works at the molecular, tissue, or body
system level
 ex.
PENICILLINS
VASODILATORS
 
ALLERGY, IMMUNE SYSTEM AND ANTIDOTES
 
ALLERGY AND IMMUNE SYSTEM
 
*PHARACETAMOL - ANALGASIC
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION

ANTIHISTAMINE A drug that antagonizes CETIRIZINE

histamine action at H1
LORATADINE
receptors; it is useful in
suppressing the histamine DIPHENHYDRAMINE
induced symptoms of
allergy.
*histamine and allergy are the
same, except histamines are
the one who initiates the
reaction
STEROIDS Synthetics drugs that HYDROCORTISONE
resemble natural hormones
PREDNISONE
made in the body
PREDNISONE
 works to treat patients with low levels of corticosteroids by
replacing steroids that are normally produced naturally be the body
 treat conditions by reducing swelling and redness and by changing the
way the immune system works

 
ANTIDOTES
 against poisons
*ABSORPTION
 chemical takes in
*ADSORPTION
 within the surface

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

GENERAL A drug that reduces the ACTIVATED CHARCOAL

PURPOSE effects of a systemic poison
ANTIDOTE (or drug overdose) by
adsorbing toxic material
DIMERCAPROL- FOR
SPECIFIC A drug that reduces the
ARSENIC, MERCURY
ANTIDOTE effects of a systemic poison
AND GOLD POISONING
(or drug overdose) by a
 
mechanism that relates to
N-ACETYLCYSTEINE-FOR
the particular poison.
PARACETAMOL
POISONING
 
SYSTEMIC ANTI-INFECTIVES

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTIBACTERIALS A drug that kills or inhibits  

pathogenic bacteria.

  AMINOGLYCOSIDES AMIKACIN
amino - amine or protein GENTAMICIN
growth
glycide - sugar growth

  CARBAPENEMS MEROPENEM

  CEPHALOSPORINS 1ST GENERATION:

CEFALEXIN
2ND GENERATION:
CEFUROXIME,
CEFACLOR
3RD GENERATION:
CEFOTAXIME,
CEFIXIME,CEFTRIAXONE
4TH GENERATION:
CEFEPIME
5TH GENERATION:
CEFTAROLINE

  CHLORAMPHENICOL CHLORAMPHENICOL
  GLYCOPEPTIDE VANCOMYCIN
  LINCOSAMIDES CLINDAMYCIN
  MACROLIDES CLARITHROMYCIN
ERYTHROMYCIN
 AZTHROMYCIN

MOLECULAR MODIFICATIONS
 allow preparation of additional products for which one can expect a
comparable activity to that of the copied model or perhaps even a better
one

 
MISUSE OF ANTIBIOTICS
 
 ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
 improper use of antibiotics
 resistance of bacteria in antibiotics
 1st gen: lowest kinds of antibiotics
 ex. using CLINDAMYCIN in a toner and using it in the face,
which was supposed to be for oral use
 the younger the person, the lower level of antibiotics he/she
should intake to avoid antimicrobial resistance
 

 
  PENICILLINS PENICILLIN
AMOXICILLIN
 CLOXACILLIN

  QUINOLONES 1ST GENERATION:

Norfloxacin
2ND GENERATION:
Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin
3RD GENERATION
Levofloxacin,Moxifloxacin

  SULPHONAMIDES SULFAMETHOXAZOLE

  TETRACYCLINES DOXYCYCLINE
- use for leptospirosis
treatment
 
MITOBACTERIA LEPTOSPIRA
- cause of leptospirosis
- enters the eys,nose, mouth or skin (has a cut or an open wound)
- can be found in floodwater, mud or plants that have the urine of rats or
other animals that have been infected by Leptospirosis

ANTI-HELICOBACTER A drug used for eradication AMOXICILLIN

of Helicobacter pylori
CLARITHROMYCIN
can cause sores, called
ULCERS, in the lining of
the stomach or the upper
part of the small intestine
 
  
 

ANTI-LEPROSY A drug used for treatment of DAPSONE

leprosy caused by
Mycobacterium leprae

ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS A drug used for treatment of R- RIFAMPICIN

tuberculosis caused by
I- ISONIAZID
Mycobaterium
tuberculosis. P- PYRAZINAMIDE
  E- ETHAMBUTOL
S-
STREPTOMYCIN
 

 
TB-DOTS CLINIC
 a diagnostic and therapeutic unit that caters patients diagnosed w/
TB or suspected of having TB
 
DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT STRATEGY (DOTS)
 the most effective approach in the diagnosis, treatment, and control
of TB
 the clinic operates by the standard protocol of the Department of
Health and World Health Organization
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION
 
ANTI-PARASITIC A drug that eradicates parasitic
helminths and protozoa.

ANTHELMINTICS A drug that eradicates intestinal  

worm infestation
  

  ROUND WORM INFESTATION MEBENDAZOLE

ALBENDAZOLE

  ANTI-FILARIASIS ALBENDAZOLE

  ANTI-SCHISTOSOMA PRAZIQUANTEL

ANTIPROTOZOAL A drug that kills or inhibits  

pathogenic protozoa
 

  ANTI-AMEBIASIS METRONIDAZOLE
ANTI-GIARDIASIS
ANTI-TRICHOMONIASIS
  ANTI-MALARIALS CHLOROQUINE
LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS
 aka ELEPHANTIASIS
 a neglected tropical disease
 infection occurs when filarial parasites are transmitted to humans
through mosquitos
 usually acquired in childhood causing hidden damage to the lymphatic
system
 the painful and profoundly disfiguring visible manifestations of the
disease, lymphoedema, elephantiasis and scrotal swelling occur later in
life and can lead to permanent disability
 causative agent: Wuchereria bancrofti

 
 
ANTI-INFECTIVES

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTIVIRAL A drug that kills or inhibits viral ACYCLOVIR

infections.
 chickenpox
 orally
 skin
OSELTAMIVIR
 RITONAVIR
  ANTIRETROVIRALS

 
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION

ADRENERGICS A drug that activates organs EPINEPHRINE

innervated by sympathetic
nervous system; a
sympathomimetic drug

ANTI-ANGINALS A coronary vasodilator DILTIAZEM

useful in preventing or treating
ISOSORBIDE
attacks of angina pectoris
DINITRATE
ROSUVASTATIN SIM
ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIA A drug that lowers plasma
cholesterol and lipid levels.

AGINA
 chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get
enough oxygen-rich blood
 may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest
 discomfort can also occur in your shoulders, arms, neck jaw, or back
 

 
NERVOUS SYSTEM
EPINAPHRINE
 the primary drug administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) to reverse cardiac arrest
 increases arterial blood pressure and coronary perfusion
 
ADRENERGICS
 a drug that activates organs innervated by EPINEPHRINE
sympathetic nervous system
 a sympathomimetic drug
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE A drug that lowers FUROSEMIDE

arterial blood
HYDEOCHLOROTHIAZIDE
pressure.
 

PHARMACOLOGIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CATEGORY
A-  DIURETICS A drug that promotes FUROSEMIDE
renal excretion of
HYDROCHLORTHIAZIDE
electrolytes and water;
it is useful in treating
generalized edema.
B- ANTI- Inhibits the activity of the CLONIDINE
ADRENERGICS sympathetic nervous
system
*INHIBITORS - for the
heart
C- VASODILATORS A drug that relaxes and HYDRALAZINE
dilates blood vessels.
EDEMA
 swelling
 a condition that arises when part of the body becomes swollen
because fluid gathers in the tissue
 mostly affects the arms and legs (peripheral edema)
 

D- CALCIUM CHANNEL Calcium channel blockers, VERAPAMIL

BLOCKERS calcium channel antagonists or
AMLODIPINE
calcium antagonists
NIFEDIPINE
- a group of medications that
disrupt the movement of
calcium through calcium
channels.
E- ACE INHIBITORS Angiotensin converting enzyme CAPTOPRIL
inhibitors
F- ANGIOTENSIN 2 Also known as angiotensin II LOSARTAN
RECEPTOR BLOCKERS receptor antagonists, AT₁
receptor antagonists or
sartans
- a group of pharmaceuticals that
modulate the renin–
angiotensin system.

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION
ANTI-THROMBOTIC drug that reduces the formation ASPIRIN
of blood clots CLOPIDOGREL
CARDIOACTIVE a drug affecting the function of DIGOXIN
the heart
 
 
DERMATOLOGY
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION

ANTI-ALLERGY Agents that are used to treat HYDROCORTISONE

allergic reactions

ANTIBACTERIAL An agent that interferes with MUPIROCIN

TOPICAL the growth and reproduction
SILVER
PREPARATION of bacteria
SULFADIAZINE

ANTIFUNGAL Also known as an antimycotic CLOTRIMAZOLE

medication, is used to treat
and prevent mycosis such as
athlete's foot and ringworm.
 
ANTI-LICE Used to treat head lice, tiny insects that PERMETHRIN
infest and irritate your scalp.
ex. Pediculus humanus capitis

ANTI-SCABIES An insecticide suitable for the eradication CROTAMITON

of the itch mite (Sarcoptes scabei)

ANTIPRURITIC Used for treatment of pruritus CALAMINE

 
ANTISEBORRHEIC A drug that aids in the control of SELENIUM
AGENT seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff) SULFIDE

ASTRINGENT A drug used topically to toughen and CALCIUM

shrink tissues. HYDROXIDE

EMOLLIENT A topical drug, especially an oil or fat PETROLEUM

used to soften the skin and make it JELLY
more pliable.

KERATOLYTIC A topical drug that toughens and SALICYLIC

protect the skin. ACID
A substance that promotes the
softening and peeling of epidermis.
 
 
ENDOCRINE AND GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS
 
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTIDIABETIC A drug that supplies insulin INSULIN

AGENT or stimulate insulin; it is
METFORMIN
useful in treating Diabetes
mellitus. GLICLAZIDE
breaks down carbohydrates
*insulin was first extracted
from pigs

CORTICOSTEROIDS An agent that includes the HYDROCORTISONE

steroid hormones naturally
PREDNISONE
produced in the adrenal
cortex
 

GASTROINTESTINAL

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTACID A drug that neutralizes excess CALCIUM

gastric acid CARBONATE
 for vomiting ALUMINUM
HYDROXIDE

ANTI-EMETIC A drug that suppresses nausea METOCLOPRAMIDE

and vomiting

ANTI-PEPTIC A drug used to treat peptic OMEPRAZOLE

ULCER ulcer.
 
EMESIS
 aka vomiting
 the forcible ejection of stomach contents from the mouth
 similar to nausea
 causes:
motion sickness
use of certain drugs
intestinal obstruction
disease
disorder of the inner ear
injury to the head
appendicitis
 can occur w/o nausea, such as after extreme physical exertion
 
GASTROINTESTINAL DRUG

ANTISPASMODIC A drug that inhibits the motility of DICYCLOVERINE

visceral smooth muscle.
HYOSCINE
N-BUTYLBROMIDE

LAXATIVES & Laxative-A drug that promotes SODIUM

defecation, usually considered PHOSPHATE
CATHARTICS
milder in action than a
MINERAL OIL
cathartic.
BISACODYL
too much use will harm organs
Cathartic- A drug that promotes
defecation, usually considered
stronger in action than a
laxative
ANTI-MOTILITY Are drugs used to alleviate LOPERAMIDE
symptoms of diarrhea

 
GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM, OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY AND
HEMATOLOGIC DRUGS
 
GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTI- An agent that prevents formation of SAMBONG

UROLITHIASIS CALCULI in the kidney and/or in (Blumea
any part of the urinary tract, including balsamifera)
the ureters and bladder.

DIURETICS An agent that promotes diuresis, the FUROSEMIDE

increased production of urine.
 

OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFFICATION

FOR-ECLAMPSIA Eclampsia—the onset MAGNESIUM SULFATE

of seizures in a
woman with
preeclampsia.
for pregnant women

HORMONES A drug that duplicates ETHINYL ESTRADIOL +

the action of a LEVONORGESTREL
physiological cell MEDROXYPROGESTERONE
 regulator (hormone)

OXYTOCIC A drug used to induce OXYTOCIN

labor by stimulating
contractions of the
uterus
 

HEMATOLOGIC

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTI-ANEMIC A drug used to treat FERROUS SULFATE

anemia.
aka: HEMATINIC,
HEMATOPOIETIC

ANTIFIBRONOLYTIC A drug that promotes TRANEXAMIC ACID

hemostasis by inhibiting
 given by
clot dissolution.
dentist when
extracting teeth

COAGULANT AKA: Hemostatic PHYTOMENADIONE

A drug that stops bleeding
by inhibiting systemic
fibrinolysis

ANEMIA
 a condition in which there’s a lack of strength
 inability of red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to the body's
tissues
 can make a person feel tired and weak
 
 
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM, MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DRUGS
 
NERVOUS SYSTEM AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANESTHETIC (LOCAL) A drug that eliminates pain LIDOCAINE

perception in a limited body
area by local action on sensory
nerves.

ANTICONVULSANTS An anti-epileptic drug DIAZEPAM

administered prophylactically to
prevent seizures, or a drug
that arrests convulsion by
inducing general CNS
depression
CONVULSION
 a sudden, violent, irregular movement of a limb or of the body, caused
by involuntary contraction of muscles and associated especially with
brain disorders such as epilepsy, the presence of certain toxins or other
agents in the blood, or fever in children

ANTIDEPRESSANTS A centrally acting drug that FLUOXETINE

induces mood elevation,
 useful in treating mental
depression.

ANTIPYSCHOSIS A drug that suppresses the HALOPERIDOL

symptoms of pyschoses of
various diagnostic type

MOOD STABILIZERS Drug used to treat mood CARBAMAZEPINE

disorders characterized by
intense and sustained mood
shifts, such as bipolar disorder
type I or type II and
schizoaffective disorder.

PSYCHOSIS
 a condition that affects the way the brain processes information
 causes to lose touch with reality
 the person might see, hear, or believe things that aren't real
 

ANALGESIC/ A drug that suppresses pain PARACETAMOL

perception without inducing
ANTIPYRETIC IBUPROFEN
unconsciousness.
A drug that restores normal
body temperature in the
presence of fever

ANTI- A drug that inhibits physiological CELECOXIB

INFLAMMATORY response to cell damage
NAPROXEN
(inflammation).
MEFENAMIC
ACID

ANTI-VERTIGO & A drug that suppresses motion- MECLIZINE

induced nausea, vomiting and
ANTI-MOTION
vertigo
SICKNESS

VERTIGO
 a sensation of feeling off balance
 having dizzy spells, feeling like spinning
 

ANTI-GOUT A drug that reduces tissue ALLOPURINOL

deposition of uric acid in chronic
gout or suppresses the intense
inflammatory reaction of acute gout.

ANTI-ARTHRITIC A drug that reduces the joint MELOXICAM

inflammation of arthritis
CELECOXIB

 
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTITUSSIVE A drug that suppresses BUTAMIRATE

coughing.
DEXTROMORPHAN

EXPECTORANT A drug that increases GUAIFENESIN

respiratory tract secretions,
LAGUNDI (Vitex
lowers their viscosity and
negundo)
promotes removal

MUCOLYTIC A drug that hydrolyzes ACETYLCYSTEINE

mucoproteins; it is useful in
CARBOCISTEINE
reducing the viscosity of
pulmonary mucus.

COUGHING
 a common reflex action that clears the throat of mucus or foreign
irritants
 
 
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION
ANTI-ASTHMATICS
A drug that prevents or treats  
asthma attacks
 
PHARMACOLOGIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CATEGORY

 BRONCHODILATORS A drug that expands SALBUTAMOL

bronchiolar airways; useful in
treating asthma

 LEUKOTRIENE A drug inhibits leukotrienes or MONTELUKAST

RECEPTOR fatty compounds produced by
ANTAGONISTS the immune system that causes
inflammation in asthma and
bronchitis and constrict airways.

LEUKOTRIENES
 inflammatory molecules
 one of the several substances which are released by mast cells
during an asthma attack
 responsible for bronchoconstriction
 
 
EYES, VITAMINS AND MINERALS
 
EYES

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

MIOTIC A cholinergic drug used topically in PILOCARPINE

 the eye to induce constriction of
the pupil (miosis)

MYDRIATIC An adrenergic drug used topically PHENYLEPHRINE

in the eye to induce dilation of the
ATROPINE
pupil (mydriasis)
 

VITAMINS AND MINERALS

MICRONUTRIENTS
 vitamins and mineral which are consumed in small quantities, but are
nonetheless essential for physical and mental development
 essential micronutrients (not limited to): iron, zinc, calcium, iodine,
vitamin A, B-vitamins, and vitamin C
 THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION

VITAMIN An organic chemical essential in small ASCORBIC

amounts for normal metabolism; it is ACID
used therapeutically to supplement the
VITAMIN A
vitamin content of foods.
essential in small amounts
 
2000 ml of Vitamin C can't be taken in
the body
 
too much Vitamin C will cause the
orangey color in urine
 

MINERALS Minerals essentials to meet nutrient IRON

requirements.
CALCIUM
ZINC
 
 
 
VACCINES, IMMUNOLOGICALS, RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS AND
MISCELLANEOUS PREPARATIONS
 
 
THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S
CLASSIFICATION

VACCINES An antigen-containing drug used to HEPATITIS B

induce active immunity against an VACCINE
infectious disease.
given IM
 
TYPES OF VACCINES

IMMUNIZING An antigen that induces antibody TETANUS

AGENT, ACTIVE production against a pathogenic TOXOID
microorganism; it is used to provide
permanent but delayed protection
against infection.

IMMUNIZING A drug containing antibodies against RABIES

AGENT, PASSIVE a pathogenic microorganism; it is IMMUNOGLOBIN
 used to provide immediate but
temporary protection against
infection
TETANUS
 aka LOCKJAW
 an infection caused by bacteria, Clostridium tetani
 when the bacteria invade the body, they produce a poison (toxin) that
causes painful muscle contractions
 causes a person's neck and jaw muscles to lock, making it hard to
open the mouth or swallow
 CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and adults to
prevent tetanus
 
RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS A drug containing a SODIUM

radioactive isotope FLUORIDE F18-
BONE DISEASES
It is used for
diagnostic or
therapeutic purposes
ex. radio-theraphy
 

 
MISCELLANEOUS

THERAPEUTIC DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE/S

CLASSIFICATION

ANTISEPTIC An agent that destroys microorganisms Ethyl alcohol

on contact and is suitable for sterilizing
 living tissues.

DISINFECTANTS An agent that destroys microorganism Ethyl alcohol

on contact and is suitable for sterilizing
inanimate objects.

FLUIDS AND An agent that helps Oral

ELECTROLYTES Rehydration
regulates nerve and muscle function,
Salts
hydrate the body,
0.9% Sodium
balance blood acidity and pressure, Chloride
and
5% Glucose
help rebuild damaged tissue. (Dextrose) in
Water
 given
to
patients
who
cannot
eat

NOTES TAKEN BY ELIZABETH JOYCE ANNE MARGARET O. BORRA

GOODLUCK PHARM 1-A SA QUIZ!!

HEHE