State of Qatar Public Works Authority

Intelligent Transportation Systems

Deployment Manual

Version 1.0

January 2013
Contract #5 – ITS Consultancy Services – Task 1.9 ITS Standards,
Specifications and Deployment Manual

DRAFT DOCUMENT CONTROL PANEL

File Name: Task 1.9 Ashghal ITS Deployment Manual 29 Jan
2013

Contract Name/Project ID Contract 5 – ITS Consultancy Services / IA 10-

11/D/027/G

File Location (Project Mates): Deliverables Tab/Task 1.9 ITS Standards/ITS

Deployment Manual
Deliverable Name: ITS Deployment Manual

Version: 1.0

Revision Number: 5

Name Initials Date

Created By: Nelson Castillo NC 7/12/2012
Catalina Echeverri CE 7/12/2012

Reviewed By: Kevin Hunt KTH 07/12/2012

Matt Schiemer MJS 9/26/2012
Jay Calhoun JHLC 11/13/2012
Philip Rowley PR 01/28/2013

Modified By: Nelson Castillo NC 09/25/2012

Catalina Echeverri CE 10/22/12
Kevin Hunt KTH 11/25/2012
Kevin Hunt KTH 01/24/2013

Completed By: Kevin Hunt KTH 01/29/2013

Client
Acceptance:
State of Qatar Public Works Authority ITS Deployment Manual
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Table of Contents

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 1
2 Systems Engineering Process ............................................................................. 3
3 Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems ....................................................... 29
4 Closed Circuit Television Cameras ................................................................... 46
5 Roadway Weather Information Systems (RWIS) and Air Quality Monitoring
Sites ..................................................................................................................... 55
6 Over-Height and Over-Weight Detection Systems ........................................... 64
7 Dynamic Message Signs .................................................................................... 70
8 Lane Control Signs ............................................................................................. 84
9 Ramp Metering Systems..................................................................................... 91
10 Ducts and Chambers ........................................................................................ 116
11 Power ................................................................................................................. 117
12 Communication ................................................................................................. 123
Appendix A – Design Checklists.............................................................................. 132

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List of Tables

Table 1-1: Client Resources ........................................................................................... 1

Table 2-1: Project Management Plan (PMP) Template .................................................. 6
Table 2-2: Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) Template ......................... 8
Table 2-3: ConOps Template ....................................................................................... 11
Table 2-4: System Requirements Template ................................................................. 14
Table 2-5: High Level Design Specification Template .................................................. 16
Table 2-6: Detailed Design Specification Template ...................................................... 17
Table 2-7: Integration Plan Template ........................................................................... 21
Table 2-8: Verification Plan Template .......................................................................... 22
Table 2-9: Deployment Plan Template ......................................................................... 23
Table 2-10: Validation Plan Template .......................................................................... 24
Table 2-11: Verification Procedure Template ............................................................... 26
Table 2-12: Verification Report Template ..................................................................... 27
Table 2-13: Validation Report Template ....................................................................... 27
Table 3-1: Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems Standards ................................. 29
Table 3-2: Vehicle Detection Design Considerations ................................................... 30
Table 3-3: Detector Technology Options ....................................................................... 34
Table 3-4: Detector Type Advantages and Disadvantages ........................................... 35
Table 3-5: Microwave/Radar Detector Recommended Height and Setback ................ 37
Table 3-6: Maximum Distance from the AP and RU to Magnetometer Sensor ............ 42
Table 4-1: CCTV Standards .......................................................................................... 46
Table 4-2: CCTV Design Considerations and Section Outline ..................................... 47
Table 4-3: Camera Site Selection and Placement Considerations ............................... 50
Table 5-1: RWIS and AQM Site Standards .................................................................. 56
Table 5-2: RWIS and AQM Site Design Considerations and Section Outline .............. 56
Table 6-1: Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Standards ........................ 64
Table 6-2: Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Design Considerations .... 65
Table 7-1: DMS Standards ........................................................................................... 71
Table 7-2: DMS Design Considerations ....................................................................... 71
Table 7-3: DMS Longitudinal Placement Guidance ...................................................... 76
Table 7-4: DMS Sight Distance vs. Speed Limit vs. Roadway Type ............................. 76
Table 7-5: DMS Offset Guidance ................................................................................. 77

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Table 7-6: DMS Grade Guidance ................................................................................. 77

Table 7-7: DMS Display Recommendations ................................................................. 78
Table 7-8: DMS Access Types ..................................................................................... 79
Table 8-1: LCS Standards ............................................................................................ 84
Table 8-2: LCS Design Considerations ........................................................................ 85
Table 9-1: RMS Standards ........................................................................................... 92
Table 9-2: Ramp Meter Design Considerations ........................................................... 93
Table 9-3: Description of Ramp Meter Detectors ....................................................... 100
Table 9-4: Ramp Meter Lane Determination .............................................................. 109
Table 9-5: Ramp Meter Detector Types ..................................................................... 111
Table 9-6: Typical Types and Locations of Signs Used for RMS ............................... 114
Table 11-1: Typical Power Requirements (Device-Only, No Enclosure) .................... 117
Table 12-1: Typical ITS System Communication Requirements ................................ 124
Table 12-2: ITS System Communication Capacity ..................................................... 125

List of Figures

Figure 2-1: Systems Engineering Vee Model ................................................................. 5

Figure 2-2: Concept of Operations ............................................................................... 10
Figure 2-3: Process Map Showing Trace of User Needs to Requirements .................. 13
Figure 3-1: Detector Design Operational Needs .......................................................... 29
Figure 3-2: Side-Fire Radar Detector Orientation .......................................................... 36
Figure 3-3: Microwave/Radar on Sign Structure .......................................................... 38
Figure 3-4: Side-Fire Detectors on Roadway with Barriers .......................................... 39
Figure 3-5: VIVDS Camera Image and Detection Zones.............................................. 39
Figure 3-6: Magnetometer Sensor ............................................................................... 41
Figure 3-7: Typical Highway MDS ................................................................................ 41
Figure 3-8: Typical MDS and Communications ............................................................ 43
Figure 3-9: Bluetooth® Traffic Monitoring Operation Concept ...................................... 44
Figure 4-1: CCTV Design Flow Chart ........................................................................... 46
Figure 5-1: Weather Station ......................................................................................... 55
Figure 5-2: Typical Placement of Pole-Based Sensors ................................................ 60
Figure 5-3: RWIS Pole Location .................................................................................... 62
Figure 5-4: Air Quality Monitoring Site........................................................................... 62

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Figure 6-1: Over-Height Detection System................................................................... 67

Figure 6-2: Piezoelectric WIM System Layout .............................................................. 68
Figure 6-3: Cross Section of Quartz WIM Sensor Installed in Asphalt ......................... 68
Figure 7-1: DMS Design Flow Chart............................................................................. 70
Figure 7-2: Full Color DMS ........................................................................................... 74
Figure 7-3: Lateral Offset vs. Required Sight Distance ................................................. 75
Figure 7-4: DMS Visibility .............................................................................................. 75
Figure 7-5: DMS Site Envelope .................................................................................... 77
Figure 7-6: DMS Maintenance Access ......................................................................... 79
Figure 7-7: DMS Structure Types ................................................................................. 80
Figure 7-8: Portable DMS............................................................................................. 80
Figure 8-1: Existing LCS in Qatar .................................................................................. 84
Figure 8-2: LCS in Qatar ............................................................................................... 87
Figure 8-3: Existing LCS in Qatar ................................................................................. 87
Figure 8-4: LCS with Graphics and Text ...................................................................... 88
Figure 8-5: LCS for Washington DOT ATMS ............................................................... 89
Figure 8-6: Variable Speed Limit LCS .......................................................................... 89
Figure 8-7: Regulatory Sign Combined with a Lane Control Signal ............................. 90
Figure 9-1: Ramp Metering Design and Implementation Process ................................ 92
Figure 9-2: Expressway Volume Criterion .................................................................... 97
Figure 9-3: Expressway Plus Ramp Volume Criterion.................................................. 98
Figure 9-4: Typical Components of a Single-Lane Meter ............................................. 99
Figure 9-5: Typical Components of a Dual-Lane Meter ................................................ 99
Figure 9-6: Single-Lane Meter .................................................................................... 101
Figure 9-7: Dual-Lane Meter ...................................................................................... 101
Figure 9-8: Design Issues Related to Ramp Meters ................................................... 105
Figure 9-9: Clearances for Placement of Ramp Signal Posts .................................... 106
Figure 9-10: Minimum Acceleration Distance for Desired Speeds ............................. 108
Figure 9-11: Safe Merge Speeds Corresponding to Expressway Free Flow Speeds . 108
Figure 9-12: Ramp Meter Signals .............................................................................. 110
Figure 9-13: Typical Demand and Passage Loop Detector Configuration.................. 112
Figure 9-14: Typical Mainline Inductive Loop Detector Layout ................................... 113
Figure 12-1: NTCIP Framework .................................................................................. 129

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Common Terms and Acronyms

AMR Automatic Meter Reader

ATMS Advanced Traffic Management System
Ashghal State of Qatar Public Works Authority
CCTV Closed-Circuit Television
ConOps Concept of Operations
DMS Dynamic Message Sign
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
ISO International Organization of Standards
ITS Intelligent Transportation System
LAN Local Area Network
LCS Lane Control Signs
MDC Major Desired Capability
MPT Maintenance and Protection of Traffic
NEC National Electrical Code
NTCIP National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol
O&M Operations and Maintenance
PDA Pre-Determined Amount
PMP Project Management Plan
PTZ Pan Tilt Zoom
QCS 2010 Qatar Construction Specifications 2010
QGEWC Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation
QHDM Qatar Highway Design Manual
Qtel Qatar Telecom Q.S.C.
QTM Qatar Traffic Manual
RF Radio Frequency
ROW Right-of-Way
RWIS Road Weather Information System
SE Systems Engineering
SEMP Systems Engineering Management Plan
TDMS Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems

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TMC Traffic Management Center

TVSS Transient-Voltage Surge Suppressor
WAN Wide Area Network

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1 Introduction

1.1 Purpose of the Guide

The Qatar Intelligent Transportation Systems Deployment Manual provides

guidelines for the planning, design, procurement and deployment of Intelligent
Transportation Systems (ITS) projects. This publication supplements the Ashghal
Civil and Structural Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems and Ashghal
ITS Specifications.

The purpose of this publication is to ensure the proper and consistent deployment of
ITS to support the Client’s transportation operations.

1.2 Intended Audience

This document is directed at individuals and organizations involved in the planning,

design, and deployment of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) devices. This
may include the Client’s staff, design consultants, system integrators, contractors,
and equipment vendors.

1.3 Supporting Resources and References

Table 1-1: Client Resources

Reference Description
Ashghal
To standardize the design of infrastructure elements that support
Civil and Structural Standards
ITS. The series should be used by the Client and their
for Intelligent Transportation
consultants for all ITS projects.
Systems
The Qatar Construction Specifications are intended for use with
the General Conditions of Contract. Contractors shall comply
Qatar Construction with every requirement of the Qatar Construction Specification
Specifications 2010 that is relevant to the type of work forming any part of the
(QCS 2010) Contract and shall adopt whichever permissible option or
alternative that is best suited to the needs of the construction
work being undertaken.
This manual provides guidance on the basic principles of traffic
Qatar Traffic Manual (QTM)
signs and road markings.
Qatar Highway Design Manual This manual provides the guidelines for the design of roadways
(QHDM) and intersections in Qatar.
The ITS Specifications should be used by the Client and their
Ashghal ITS Specifications
consultants for all ITS projects.
The NTCIP Guide is a document created to assist in
understanding, specifying, and using the NTCIP family of
The National Transportation
communications standards. This family of standards defines
Communications for ITS
open, consensus-based communications protocols and profiles
Protocol (NTCIP) Guide
for remote control of roadside devices and information sharing
between centers.

The above identified references are not the end-all for supporting documentation. In
addition to these references, additional resources and references may be identified
during the project development process. Also, all local requirements and
specifications shall be taken into consideration.

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1.4 Description of the Icons

To help guide the reader through this document, the following icons are used to draw
attention to various parts:

Key Point: Important Requirements / Recommendations for Design, Planning,

and/or Deployment

Resources: Additional Resources that are Available

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2 Systems Engineering Process

The purpose of this section is to introduce the Systems Engineering (SE) process
and provide a basic understanding of how it will be applied to planning, designing,
and implementing ITS projects on the Client’s roadway network in Qatar. This
section leads the reader step by step through the project life cycle and describes the
SE approach at each step. It describes how to use the SE approach on ITS projects
to:

 Increase the likelihood that an ITS project will meet the user’s needs.
 Reduce the risk of schedule and cost overruns.
 Develop more flexible, resilient systems and reduce the risk of obsolescence.
 Verify functionality and reduce defects.
 Improve documentation.

2.1 Systems Engineering Overview

SE is an interdisciplinary approach and means to enable the realization of successful

systems. It focuses on defining customer needs and required functionality early in
the development cycle, documenting requirements, and then proceeding with design
synthesis and system validation while considering the complete problem: operations,
cost and schedule, performance, training and support, testing, manufacturing, and
disposal. SE considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers
with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs.1

Why consider SE? Because applying the SE approach can improve the quality of
the system that is developed and reduce the risk of schedule and cost overruns.
The quality of the system can be improved because the SE process, through the
steps of requirements development and verification, can result in fewer defects in the
developed system. In addition, the process helps developers find the defects earlier
in the development process, reducing the cost of correcting the defects and reducing
the risk of schedule overruns. SE will not guarantee success, but it will help to
identify issues earlier in the project schedule and will improve the chances for a
successful project in the end. SE does this by focusing on the following key
principles2:

 Stakeholder Involvement
Successful projects involve the customer, users, operators, and other
stakeholders in the project development. The SE process includes reviews
and decision points intended to provide visibility into the process and
encourage stakeholder involvement. The SE process involves stakeholders
through all stages of the project, from initial needs definition through system
verification and acceptance. The stakeholders who are involved in any

1
International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), What is Systems Engineering?,
http://www.incose.org/practice/whatissystemseng.aspx, 14 June 2004.
2
Principles are taken from USDOT, Systems Engineering for ITS, An Introduction for Transportation
Professionals, January, 2007.

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particular step will vary, providing managers, operators, and technical

personnel with an opportunity to contribute to the steps in the process where
their input is needed.

 Start with Your Eye on the Finish Line

Consensus should be reached at the beginning of the project on what will
constitute success at the end. This means that the stakeholders should start
with an agreement of what the project should accomplish (through a definition
of user needs) and the metrics that will be used to measure the success of the
project. This initial focus on the finish line must be sustained by project
management as project development progresses and competing interests and
project complexities begin to dominate the day-to-day work.

 Delay Technology Choices

Technology is constantly changing. The choices available when a project is
initially conceived may well be replaced by better technology by the time the
project is implemented. Specifying technology too early will result in outdated
technology or constant baseline changes as you try to keep up with
technology advancements. It may also result in a solution that doesn’t meet
the needs, that is, it doesn’t solve the problem. It is best to follow the SE
process by defining the needs, requirements, and high-level design without
specifying technology. These steps will create a stable baseline, and the
most appropriate technology will be selected when it is time to implement.
Baseline is a frequently used term in SE. A baseline is a reference point
against which everyone on the project team works, so it is recommended to
control the changes that are made to the baseline.

 Divide and Conquer

Many systems are large and complex. A key SE strategy is the
decomposition of such a system into smaller subsystems and then of the
subsystems into more manageable hardware and software components.
These simpler components are easier to understand and define and ultimately
are easier to build. Much of the SE process is built around this approach;
breaking down a big problem into many smaller components that can be
individually solved and then recombined.

 Connecting the Dots – Traceability

As a project or system moves from one step to the next in the SE process, it
is important to be able to relate the items in one step with those in another in
the SE process. The relationship between items is called traceability. For
example, traceability is used to relate a requirement to the subsystem that will
fulfill the requirement. Traceability connects many items together. The
requirement will be related to a user need as well as to a test that will be used
to verify the requirement. Traceability is a powerful concept that allows you to
be certain that the system that is implemented at the end of the project is
directly connected with the user needs that were identified at the beginning.
In other words, does the system satisfy the user needs that were expressed?

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2.2 The Systems Engineering Process

What exactly is the SE process? There have been many representations of it over
the years, but one that is commonly used in transportation is called the Vee model,
which is shown in Figure 2-1. This model defines a set of steps that any project
using SE can follow and covers the entire life cycle of the system being developed,
from the planning that occurs prior to the start of the project development all the way
through to the decisions that are taken to retire or replace a system once it is at the
end of the system life cycle.

The Vee model includes a series of major milestones (labeled “Document/Approval”

in the figure) where the output of the previous step is reviewed and the customer and
project team determine whether the project is ready to move to the next step in the
process. The project moves forward only if the criteria for the decision point have
been satisfied. These decision points are important control points for the project that
provide visibility into the project development and allow for issue identification and
course correction during development.

ITS Project
Planning

Figure 2-1: Systems Engineering Vee Model

Photo credit: USDOT, Systems Engineering for ITS, An Introduction for Transportation Professionals, January, 2007

The steps of the SE process are summarized below.

2.2.1 ITS Architecture

An ITS Architecture defines the technical and institutional integration planned for ITS
deployments in a region. It is a tool to support ITS planning in the region, serving as
a guide for how different ITS-related projects fit together into an overall plan for the
deployment of ITS. For Qatar, this would be the State of Qatar ITS Architecture,
which is available through the Public Works Authority (Ashghal).

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2.2.2 Project Planning

Each project that moves forward into development must be planned. The first step in
the application of the SE process is to create a Project Management Plan (PMP) and
Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) for the development. The PMP
identifies the detailed work plans for both the administrative and technical tasks. The
plan estimates the resources (people, equipment, and facilities) needed for each
task along with an estimated budget for each task. Also, it identifies key events and
the technical and program milestones, and establishes a schedule for the project.
The PMP is the primary document for tracking the schedule and budget of the
project.

The SEMP is the top-level plan for organizing and managing all engineering activities
for the project. The SEMP defines how the SE portion of the work item will be
organized, structured, and conducted, and how the total engineering process will be
controlled to provide a product that fulfills customer requirements. The SEMP will be
used in technical management of this project, describing the process and steps to be
performed in the conduct of the project, and the roles and responsibilities of the
participants in the project. The SEMP describes how each SE subtask of the PMP
will be performed and completed, and defines the controls to ensure that each
subtask is completed correctly and on-schedule. The PMP focuses on the
management processes whereas the SEMP concentrates on applying the SE
structure. Templates for the PMP and SEMP are shown in Table 2-1 and Table 2-2,
respectively.

Table 2-1: Project Management Plan (PMP) Template

SECTION CONTENTS

1.0 Purpose of The purpose of this document is the plan for execution of the project including
Document defining all necessary tasks and their products.

2.0 Scope of This section provides a brief description of the planned project and the purpose
Project of the system to be built. Special emphasis is placed on the project’s
complexities and challenges to be addressed by the project’s managers.

This section defines the project’s relationship to the State of Qatar ITS
Architecture. It also defines the relationship of the project’s system to other
systems with which it interfaces, either physically [with a data interface] or
operationally.

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3.0 Project This section is the heart of the PMP. It defines each task of the project in terms
Tasks of the task inputs, approach, and outputs.

Inputs: Identification of the inputs to each task. Inputs can be a variety of

things, including, but not limited to: Documents from outside the project or from
other tasks of the project, or products other than documents from other tasks
that are a necessary precursor to the performance of this task.

Approach: A description of the approach to be taken by the team performing

the task. This may include a description of the products of the task or a
breakdown of the tasks into sub-tasks. This description may include
identification of procurement activities that need to be taken in this task. For SE
and design tasks, this description may be expanded as necessary in the SEMP,
which would be an activity and output of one of the tasks.

Outputs: A description of the products of the task. As with inputs, the outputs
may take many forms, including, but not limited to:

 Documents to be produced by the task team, such as specifications or

Verifications Plans.
 Meetings, including management meetings and technical reviews
 Other products, such as software code, procured hardware, and
integrated or verified sub-systems.

4.0 Work This section provides a hierarchical structure of all tasks and sub-tasks of the
Breakdown project, identifying the name of the task or sub-task, the allocated budget, and
Structure and the team or organization with the authorization and responsibility to perform the
Task Budgets task. The budget may not be allocated to each sub-task but may be allocated
to a higher level group of sub-tasks, tasks, or group of tasks, as necessary to
manage the project.

5.0 Schedule Development of a schedule for each task, for each sub-task, and for each
output of a task. This schedule is under complete control of the project’s
management by a variety of means, including the assignment of more or fewer
resources. This schedule takes into account the necessary precursors [inputs]
to each task or sub-task.
6.0 Deliverable This section is, as much as possible, a complete and precise list of the tangible
Requirements deliverables of each and every task. In general, a tangible deliverable may
List include, from the list of outputs of a task:

 Documents, especially documents to be reviewed by stakeholders and

documents to be used after the system is built.
 Meetings and reviews to be attended by project stakeholders.
 Other products, such as deliverable hardware [by name, part number,
and quantity] and deliverable software products, such as source code
and executable codes.

7.0 Referenced This section lists the applicable documents that are inputs to the project [that is,
Documents are needed by but not produced by the project].

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Table 2-2: Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) Template

SECTION CONTENTS

1.0 Purpose This section is a brief statement of the purpose of this document and the plan for
of Document the SE activities with special emphasis on the engineering challenges of the
system to be built.

2.0 Scope of This section gives a brief description of the planned project and the purpose of
Project the system to be built. Special emphasis is placed on the project’s complexities
and challenges that must be managed by the SE efforts.

This section defines the general process for developing the SEMP, including the
draft framework version prepared by the Client or their Systems Engineer and the
complete version prepared in conjunction with the Systems Engineer and
development teams.

3.0 Technical This section lays out the plan for the SE activities. It should be written in close
Planning and synchronization with the project’s Project Plan. Unnecessary duplication
Control between the Project Plan and the SEMP should be avoided.

The purpose of the section is to describe the activities and plans that will act as
controls on the project’s SE activities. For instance, this section identifies the
products of each SE activity, such as documentation, meetings, and reviews.
This list of required products will control the activities of the team performing the
activity and will control the satisfactory completion of the activity. Some of these
plans may be completely defined in the SEMP. For other plans, the SEMP may
only define the requirements for a particular plan. The plan itself is to be
prepared as one of the subsequent SE activities, such as may be the case with a
Verification Plan or a Deployment Plan. Almost any of the plans described below
may fall into either category.

 Configuration Management Plan describes the development team’s

approach and methods to manage the configuration of the system’s
products and processes. It will also describe the change control
procedures and management of the system’s baselines as they evolve.
 Risk Management Plan addresses the processes for identifying,
assessing, mitigating, and monitoring the risks expected or encountered
during a project’s life cycle. It identifies the roles and responsibilities of
all participating organizations for risk management.
 Verification Plan, almost always required, this plan is written along with
the requirements specifications. However, the parts on test conduct can
be written earlier.
 Verification Procedures are developed by the development team and
this defines the step-by-step procedure to conduct verification and must
be traceable to the Verification Plan.
 Other plans that might be included are, for example, Software
Development Plan, Hardware Development Plan, Technology Plan,
Interface Control Plan, Installation Plan, Operations & Maintenance Plan,
Training Plan, Data Management Plan, and a Validation Plan.

These plans should be prepared when they are clearly needed. In general, the
need for these plans become more important as the number of stakeholders

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SECTION CONTENTS
involved in the project increases.

4.0 Systems This section describes the intended execution of the SE processes used to
Engineering develop the system. These processes are generically described in the different
Process steps of the VEE diagram. The SEMP describes the processes specifically
needed for a project in sufficient detail to guide the work of the SE and
development teams.

This section will contain a description of the SE steps (from the VEE diagram)
tailored to the specific project.

2.2.3 Concept of Operations

A Concept of Operations (ConOps) is a document, written from the user and the
Client’s point of view, that clearly defines the situation or problem scope, identifies
user needs, and the operational context for the project. The ConOps, therefore,
should be developed with participation from all users that benefit from or are
impacted by the system.

The purpose of the ConOps is to clearly convey a high-level view of the system to be
developed that each stakeholder can understand. This step of the process identifies
the user needs that must be addressed by the project – that is, what transportation
problem or operational need is the project or system to address. It documents a
clear definition of the stakeholders’ needs and constraints that will support system
requirements development in the next step.

This is a foundation step that frames the overall system and sets the technical
course for the project. A good ConOps answers who, what, where, when, why, and
how questions about the project from the viewpoint of each stakeholder, as shown in
Figure 2-2.

 Who – Who are the stakeholders involved with the system?

 What – What are the elements and the high-level capabilities of the system?
 Where – What is the geographic and physical extent of the system?
 When – What is the sequence of activities that will be performed?
 Why – What does your organization lack that the system will provide?

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 How – What resources are needed to develop, operate, and maintain the
system?

Operator User Maintainer

Figure 2-2: Concept of Operations

Photo credit: USDOT, Systems Engineering for ITS, An Introduction for Transportation
Professionals, January, 2007

The ConOps is a powerful tool for defining needs since it forces the stakeholders to
think about the way the system will behave and how it will interact with users and
other systems. Interviews, workshops, and surveys are some of the techniques that
are used to develop a ConOps.

The following criteria should be used as the basis for documenting well-written
needs:

1. Uniquely Identifiable. Each need must be uniquely identified (i.e., each

need shall be assigned a unique number and title).
2. Major Desired Capability (MDC). Each need shall express a major desired
capability in the system, regardless of whether the capability exists in the
current system or situation, or is a gap.
3. Solution Free. Each need shall be solution free, thus giving designers
flexibility and latitude to produce the best feasible solution.
4. Capture Rationale. Each need shall capture the rationale or intent as to why
the capability is needed in the system.

The list of user needs that is generated also should be prioritized by the
stakeholders. Once stakeholders start to compare and rank the user needs, they will
discover that some of their “needs” are really “wants” or “nice-to-haves”. A template
for the development of a ConOps is shown in Table 2-3.

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Table 2-3: ConOps Template

SECTION CONTENTS

1.0 Purpose This section is a brief statement of the purpose of this document. It is a
of Document description and rationale of the expected operations of the system under
development. It is a vehicle for stakeholder discussion and consensus to ensure
that the system that is built is operationally feasible. This will briefly describe
contents, intention, and audience. One or two paragraphs will suffice.

2.0 Scope of This short section gives a brief overview of the system to be built. It includes the
Project purpose and a high-level description. It describes what area will be covered and
which agencies will be involved, either directly or through interfaces. One or two
paragraphs will suffice.

3.0 The Here is a brief description of the current system or situation, how it is used
Current currently, and the drawbacks and limitations of the current system. This leads
System into the reasons for the proposed development and the general approach to
improving the system. This is followed by a discussion of the nature of the
planned changes and a justification for them.

4.0 This section contains a discussion of why the changes are needed and describes
Justification the user needs that the proposed system should meet. The user needs are one
for and of the key outputs of the SE process. User Needs are summarized in the C5 -
Nature of Concept of Operations document, and one or more of the needs found in the
Changes comprehensive list of user needs for Qatar in that document can be used as a
starting point for this section. Needs selected from this document for a specific
project may need to be edited to correspond with the intended scope of the
project.

5.0 Concept This section is an overview of the system to be developed. The section describes
for the the project scope, the users of the system, what it interfaces with, the states and
Proposed modes of the system, the planned capabilities, the goals and objectives, and the
System system architecture. Note that the system architecture is not a design [that will
be done later]. It provides a structure for describing the operations, in terms of
where the operations will be carried out, and what the lines of communication will
be. This section can be developed by starting with a selection of one or more
customized service packages from the Qatar ITS Architecture. Start by reviewing
each of the customized service packages in the Qatar ITS Architecture (found at
http://consystec.com/qatar/web/services.htm), and select those that are relevant
to the project. These selected customized service package diagrams can then be
combined and edited to create a project architecture identifying stakeholder ITS
elements and architecture flows of information between the selected ITS
elements.

6.0 Each scenario describes a sequence of events, activities carried out by the user,
Operational the system, and the environment. It specifies what triggers the sequence, who or
Scenarios what performs each step, when communications occur and to whom or what
[e.g., a log file], and what information is being communicated. The scenarios will
need to cover all normal conditions, stress conditions, failure events,
maintenance, and anomalies and exceptions. There are many ways for
presenting scenarios, but the important thing is that each stakeholder can clearly
see what his expected role is to be. Examples of project operational scenarios
are shown in the C5 - Concept of Operations document.

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SECTION CONTENTS

7.0 Analysis This section describes the concept exploration, if one occurred, but will be
of Proposed removed if no set of alternatives was evaluated. It starts with a list and
System description of the alternative concepts examined. The evaluation and
assessment of each alternative follows. This leads into the justification for the
selected approach. This is not a design, but a high-level, conceptual, operational
description. It uses only as much detail as needed to be able to develop
meaningful scenarios. In particular, if alternative approaches differ in terms of
which agency does what, that will need to be resolved and described. An
example would be the question of whether or not a regional signal system will
have centralized control.

8.0 Applicable This section is a place to list any supporting documentation used and other
Documents resources that are useful in understanding the operations of the system. This
could include any documentation of current operations and any strategic plans
that drive the goals of the system under development.

9.0 This is a place to put a glossary, notes, and backup or background material for
Appendices any of the sections.

2.2.4 System Requirements

One definition of a requirement is a condition or capability needed by a user to solve

a problem or achieve an objective (see Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1233-1998). Requirements comprise the basis of the
client specifications that are used for testing and play a cross-cutting role in
governing the expectations of a system across the entire system life cycle.

This purpose of this step of the SE process is to identify the system requirements
that will completely fulfill the user needs to be addressed by the project. One of the
most important attributes of a successful project is a clear statement of requirements
that meet the stakeholders’ needs. When considering the implementation of a
project, it is a good practice to understand the requirements of the devices and/or
systems being implemented. Knowing these requirements early in the project life-
cycle can alleviate potential problems during subsequent phases. Successful
projects rely on the understanding of functional, design, and testing requirements
before any procurement, development, or implementation.

It is important to involve stakeholders in requirements development. Stakeholders

may not have experience in writing requirements, but they are the experts
concerning their own requirements. The system requirements ultimately are the
primary formal communication from the system stakeholders to the contractor. The
project will be successful only if the requirements adequately represent stakeholders’
needs and are written so they will be interpreted correctly by the contractor.

Every project should have a documented set of requirements that are approved and
baselined. Each requirement should be derived based on the user needs identified
in the ConOps; some requirements may satisfy more than one user need, but the full
set of requirements that will be created will fully satisfy all the user needs identified in

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the ConOps. Each developed requirement should be documented and uniquely

numbered to support traceability throughout the project. Figure 2-3 shows how
requirements (and user needs) fit into the overall SE process, using an example of
user needs and requirements for Dynamic Message Signs taken from the NTCIP
1203 standard. Note each user need shown maps to a number of requirements; just
one for each need is shown as an example.

Figure 2-3: Process Map Showing Trace of User Needs to Requirements

Each requirement should use “shall” in the sentence, and above all, the requirement
should be measurable and testable. Functions should be defined in a manner
reflective of the nature of the operation, such as being manual, automated, or semi-
automated. The following criteria should be used when documenting and writing
requirements:

1. Is it a “well-formed” requirement? Some of the attributes of “well-formed”

requirements are:
a. Necessary – Is the requirement an essential part of the system?
b. Clear – Can the requirement be interpreted one and only one way?
c. Complete – Is the function fully defined without needing further
clarification?
d. Consistent – Does the requirement contradict or duplicate another
requirement?
e. Achievable – Is the requirement technically feasible at a reasonable
cost and in a reasonable time?
f. Verifiable – Can one unambiguously determine if the requirement has
been met?
g. Concise – Is the requirement described succinctly and without
superfluous text?
h. Technology independent – Is the requirement statement technology
independent?
2. Is the requirement mapped to one or more user needs? This will also address
whether the requirement is in fact needed.
3. Does the requirement satisfy the intent and all key items of the need?

A template for the development of System Requirements is shown in Table 2-4.

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Table 2-4: System Requirements Template

SECTION CONTENTS

1.0 Scope of  Contains a full identification of the system.

System or Sub-  Provides a system overview and briefly states the purpose of the system.
system  Describes the general nature of the system.
 Summarizes the history of system development, operation, and
maintenance.
 Identifies the project stakeholders, acquirer, users, and support agencies.
 Identifies current and planned operating sites.

2.0 Reference Identifies all needed standards, policies, laws, concepts of operations, concept
exploration documents and other reference material that support the
requirements.

3.0  Functional requirements [What the system should do]. The Qatar ITS
Requirements Architecture Turbo Architecture database has functional requirements for
each stakeholder ITS element. These requirements can be used as a
resource for initially developing the project functional requirements.
 Performance requirements [How well the requirements should perform].
An example of this type of requirement might be a requirement defining
how quickly (in seconds) traffic sensor information is displayed at the
center.
 Interface requirements [Definition of the interfaces]. The Qatar ITS
Architecture Turbo Architecture database also includes recommended
open standards, where they exist, for each of the architecture flows.
 Data requirements [Data elements and definitions of the system].
 Non-Functional requirements, such as reliability, safety, and
environmental requirements [e.g., temperature range over which the
equipment must operate].
 Enabling requirements [e.g. Production, development, testing, training,
support, deployment, and disposal requirements]. This can be developed
through references to other documents or embedded in these
requirements.
 Constraints – [e.g., technology, design, tools, and/or standards]. For
example, the continuation where appropriate of legacy technology
investments in Qatar.

4.0 Verification For each requirement, identify one of the following methods of verification:
Methods  Demonstration is a requirement that the system can demonstrate without
external test equipment.
 Test is a requirement that requires some external piece of test equipment,
e.g., logic analyzer and/or volt meter.
 Analyze is a requirement that is met indirectly through a logical
conclusion or mathematical analysis of a result, e.g., algorithms for
congestion. The designer may need to show that the requirement is met
through the analysis of count and occupancy calculations in software or
firmware.
 Inspection is verification through a visual comparison. For example,
quality of welding may be done through a visual comparison against an in-
house standard.

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5.0 Supporting Catch-all for anything that may add to the understanding of the Requirements
Documentation without going elsewhere [Reference section]

Examples: diagrams, analysis, key notes, memos, rationale, stakeholders contact

list

6.0 Traceability This is a table that traces the requirements in this document to the user needs
Matrix contained in the ConOps.

7.0 Glossary Terms, acronyms, definitions.

2.2.5 Design

The design step in the SE process can be broken into two distinct parts which will be
described below:

 High-Level Design (also known as Preliminary Design)

 Detailed Design

In high-level design, subsystems are identified and decomposed further into smaller,
more manageable pieces of functionality, called components. Interfaces are
specified in detail, requirements are analyzed and derived, and all requirements are
allocated to the system components. The definition of interfaces in high-level design
permits identification of the standards that will be used. The definition of subsystems
and interfaces defines a project architecture, which can be developed as a subset of
the regional ITS architecture. If the project architecture, as envisioned, differs from
the representation in the regional ITS architecture, a revised project architecture
should be created that accurately reflects the project. If there are alternative
approaches to implementing the project, alternative architectures should be
developed and evaluated in order to select a desired approach.

One of the key activities of high-level design is to develop and evaluate alternative
high-level designs. To do this, the system is partitioned into subsystems and the
subsystems are partitioned into smaller assemblies in turn. The partitioning process
continues until system components – the elemental hardware and software
configuration items – are identified. The partitioning is driven by many factors
including consideration of existing physical and institutional boundaries, ease of
development, ease of integration, and ease of upgrading. One of the most important
objectives is to keep the interfaces as simple and as standard as possible.

There are times when an informal high-level design is all that is required. If the ITS
project being developed is a stand-alone system or a system that is in a single “box”
that will be developed by a single group, the project doesn’t need a lot of high-level
design because the project will be dealing with few external or internal interface
issues. Take a look at the size and complexity of the project, particularly the number
of components and interfaces, to determine whether a formal high-level design is
warranted.

Detailed design involves the specification of hardware and software in sufficient

detail to be able to procure or develop the products. Detailed “build to” design

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specifications are created for each hardware and software component to be

developed. If products are procured, procurement specifications are created. In the
case of standards-based interfaces, the detailed customization of the standard that
will be used on the interface is defined for use in procurement. A simple user
interface prototype is developed as a quick way to help users visualize the software
and several iterations are created based on user feedback. Any necessary
requirements and high-level design changes are identified, evaluated, and
incorporated as appropriate.

As shown in Figure 2-1, there are key decision points that occur at the conclusion of
High-Level and Detailed design. These usually take the form of design reviews,
where the customer and the project team review the design and approve moving to
the next step in the development process. In addition, in parallel with the
development process the project team must obtain any approvals required to deploy
the project (such as environmental approvals).

A template for the development of design documentation is shown in Table 2-5 and
Table 2-6.

Table 2-5: High Level Design Specification Template

SECTION CONTENTS

1.0 Purpose of This section is a brief statement of the purpose of this document. It is a high-
Document level description of the architecture [hardware and software] of the system. It
summarizes the contents of the document.

2.0 Scope of This section gives a brief description of the planned project and the purpose of
Project the system to be built. This section can be copied from a previous document,
and is included for completeness. This may be the only document which some
project participants and stakeholders may see.

3.0 Sub- This section describes the architecture of the system and how it is divided into
systems sub-systems, when that is found to be necessary. Simpler systems may not
need to be subdivided, and if so, this section is void.

When sub-systems are needed, each is described in terms of the purpose,

functionality, interfaces with other sub-systems, and component parts
[hardware and software]. If the requirements call for different capabilities at
multiple sites, the allocation of the sub-systems to these sites is shown.

In order to describe the functionality of a sub-system, it is necessary to allocate

system requirements to each sub-system. All requirements must be covered
by at least one sub-system. However, some requirements [and especially
performance requirements] may be applicable to several sub-systems. An
explicit trace of all requirements from the Requirements Document into the sub-
systems is a part of this document.

4.0 Hardware This section identifies the hardware components of each sub-system. It
Components identifies them by name, function, capabilities, source [manufacturer], and
quantity. It shows the interconnections between the components [e.g., point-to-
point or local area network]. If a hardware component needs optional

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SECTION CONTENTS
components or features, they are listed and defined at this time.

This section also includes a trace of requirements, where applicable, into the
hardware components.

5.0 Software This section describes the preliminary design of the software application. It
Components shows the allocation of the software to sub-systems and to hardware elements.
It shows and identifies the COTS software packages to be used, and their
allocation to sub-systems and to hardware components. It also
shows/identifies all custom-designed software packages and their allocation to
sub-systems and hardware components. It shows the architectural relationship
between the various software packages, both custom and COTS.

The high-level design of each custom software package is described. The

method used for this description depends on the methodology being used for
software design. That methodology may be object-oriented design, data flow
design, structured design, or any other method chosen by the project and the
software development team.

6.0 Sub-system This document may be used to describe additional requirements that were not
Requirements covered in the requirements specifications. These may include, but are not
limited to:

 Showing greater detail of previously defined functional requirements

based on additional functional analysis; for instance, defining the
details of a complex algorithm.
 Providing complete details of complex requirements, such as a detailed
description of a complex operator interface where considerable work
with operations personnel is necessary before a definitive statement of
the requirement can be made.
 Providing complete details of an interface with an external system.
 Stating requirements which result from the separation of the system
into sub-systems; that is, identifying functional requirements for the
way these sub-systems work together.

These types of requirements [with the exception of the last type] also may be
included in the Requirements Document or documented in separate
documents, as deemed appropriate.

Table 2-6: Detailed Design Specification Template

SECTION CONTENTS

1.0 Purpose of This section is a brief statement of the purpose of this document. The purpose is
Document to expand and complete the preliminary design descriptions included in the High-
Level Design Document.

2.0 Scope of This section describes the project and may be copied from the High-Level Design
Project Document.

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SECTION CONTENTS

3.0 Sub- This section completes the description of the system architecture and the sub-
systems systems, as necessary.

4.0 Hardware This section completes the description of the hardware components. It contains
Components a detailed list of the exact hardware items to be procured by name, part number,
manufacturer, and quantity. If necessary, it lists any hardware component
specifications or drawings which have been prepared by the design team.

5.0 Software This section completes the description of the software components. It contains a
Components detailed list of the COTS software products to be procured, by vendor, name, part
number, and options.

If the project involves custom software applications, this section becomes the
dominant and largest part of the Detailed Design Document. The section
purpose is to provide enough information so the code can be developed, and so
the code can be understood for maintenance and system upgrades. As a result,
the overriding requirement is that the descriptions of the software components
are complete and the link between these descriptions and the actual source code
is clear and explicit.

The Detailed Design Specification is primarily a completion of the preliminary

information in the High-Level Design Specification. Any corrections to the
information in the previous document should be made at this time. Again, if a
software design tool is used, it may produce most of the Detailed Design
Specification.

2.2.6 Development / Installation

The next step of the SE process is the procurement, development, and installation of
the various hardware and software components of the project, based on the project
specifications. This step may involve the selection of a contractor to provide the
desired components of the system to be procured, based on the requirements and
design from the previous steps. Once a development team is on board, the SE team
primarily provides technical oversight as an implementation team of hardware and
software specialists create the detailed component-level design, fabricate the
hardware, and write the software programs. Some of the key activities of this step
are:

 Plan software/hardware development (if the project includes hardware or

software development) – The implementation team documents their
development process, best practices, and conventions that will be used. The
plan should address development methods, documentation requirements,
delivery stages, configuration control procedures, and technical tracking and
control processes for the implementation effort, including reviews. This is one
of the key documents that should be reviewed by the customer and the
broader project team.

 Establish development environment – The development environment is

assembled and integrated, including design and development tools, source

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control tools, third party application libraries, test simulators, etc. Every tool
that is used should be documented specifically enough so that the
development environment can be replicated if necessary.

 Procure off-the-shelf products – Off-the-shelf (OTS) products are compared

and OTS solutions are selected and procured. An alternatives analysis
documents the alternatives that were considered and how the superior
alternative was selected. The evaluation of OTS products should be reviewed
to verify that the evaluation criteria were properly defined, an appropriate
range of products was considered, and the evaluation criteria were applied
fairly.

 Develop software and hardware – The software is written and the hardware is
built based on the detailed design. On most projects, there is an easy
transition from detailed design to software/hardware construction because the
same person that does the detailed design for a specific part of the project
also writes the software for that part. The current state of the practice is to
develop the software incrementally and release the software in stages. The
initial releases implement a few core features and subsequent releases add
more features until all requirements are satisfied. This incremental approach
enables early and on-going feedback between the customer and the
implementation team. If this approach is used, a staged delivery plan should
define the order in which the software will be developed and the staged
release process.

 Develop Supporting Products – Enabling products such as training materials,

user manuals and on-line help, installation and conversion software, and
maintenance manuals are also developed. It is natural to focus on the
hardware and software in the “end product”, but there is a need to also
develop and account for all the ancillary products that are needed in a working
system.

2.2.7 Testing

After the development and installation of the system, the next step of the SE process
involves testing. From the Client’s perspective, the primary purpose of testing is to
verify that the requirements stated in the Client’s specification are delivered by the
contractor. Technically, testing is performed for verification and validation:

 Testing verifies that the requirements (hardware, software, and device

communications interface) identified in the Client’s specification are fulfilled;
that is, that the system was built right.

 Testing also validates that the system satisfies the user needs; that is, the
right system was built.

The right side of the Vee model in Figure 2-1 is all about verification and validation.
A complete ITS device testing program consists of many phases of testing, taking
place in a methodical approach. Overall, the testing program should cover all
requirements leading to a complete system including electrical requirements,

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mechanical requirements, operational requirements, communications requirements,

and design requirements. Each phase may be described in a separate test plan
covering a set of test items: one for hardware and environmental requirements (e.g.,
structural, mechanical, electrical or environmental), one for software-related
requirements (e.g., functional, operational), and one for communications
requirements (e.g., communications interfaces).

For ITS projects in Qatar, the following specific testing requirements apply:

 Factory Acceptance Tests (FAT)

 Site Acceptance Tests (SAT)
 Sub-system Integration Tests (SSIT)
 System Integration Test (SIT)
 400-Day Operational Support Period

Refer to the General Provisions for ITS specification within Ashghal ITS
Specifications for specific requirements for each of the above phases of testing.

Test documentation is a key element of a testing program. Test documentation is

based on Ashghal ITS Specifications and is traceable to requirements. Therefore,
the Client will utilize test documentation on all ITS deployments which specifies what
and how to verify that when delivered the product fulfills the Client’s specifications
and the defined requirements. Test documentation specifies the extent of testing
that is required for the ITS device. For example, a custom-designed ITS device with
new hardware and software is likely to require significantly more testing and more
stringent testing than an unmodified device with extensive field deployments. Based
upon the risk involved in the project development, the Client should decide upon the
level of testing that is needed. Test documentation includes:

 Test Plan. Describes the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of

testing activities. An Integration Plan Template, Verification Plan Template,
Deployment Plan Template, and Validation Plan Template are provided in
Table 2-7, Table 2-8, Table 2-9, and Table 2-10, respectively.

 Test Design. References the test cases applicable to a particular test plan
associated with the test design. The test design also references the features
(requirements) to be tested.

 Test Cases and Procedures. Describe the inputs, outputs, expected results,
and procedures used to verify one or more requirements. A Verification
Procedure Template is provided in Table 2-11.

 Test Reports. Document the test plan execution. A Verification Report

Template and Validation Report Template are provided in Table 2-12 and
Table 2-13, respectively.

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Table 2-7: Integration Plan Template

SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 Purpose A brief statement of the purpose of this document. It is the plan for integrating the
of Document components and sub-systems of the project prior to verification.

2.0 Scope of This section gives a brief description of the planned project and the purpose of the
Project system to be built. Special emphasis is placed on the project’s deployment
complexities and challenges.

This section may be copied from earlier documents. It is important only to people
[stakeholders] who will be introduced to the project for the first time by this
document.

3.0 This section informs the reader what the high-level plan is for integration and,
Integration most importantly, why the integration plan is structured the way it is. As
Strategy mentioned before, the Integration Plan is subject to several constraints,
sometimes conflicting constraints. Also, it is one part of the larger process of
build, integrate, verify, and deploy, all of which must be synchronized to support
the same project strategy. For even a moderately complex project, the integration
strategy, based on a clear and concise statement of the project’s goals and
objectives, is described here at a high, but all-inclusive, level. It may also be
necessary to describe the analysis of alternative strategies to make it clear why
this particular strategy was selected.

This section covers and describes each step in the integration process. It
describes what components are integrated at each step and gives a general idea
of what threads of the operational capabilities [requirements] are covered. It ties
the plan to the previously identified goals and objectives so the stakeholders can
understand the rationale for each integration step. This summary level description
also defines the schedule for all the integration efforts.

4.0 Phase 1 This, and the following sections, define and explain each step in the integration
Integration process. The intent here is to identify all the needed participants and to describe
to them what they have to do.

In general, the description of each integration step should identify:

 The location of the activities.
 The project-developed equipment and software products to be integrated.
Initially, this is just a high-level list but eventually the list must be exact
and complete, showing part numbers and quantity.
 Any support equipment [special software, test hardware, software stubs,
and drivers to simulate yet-to-be-integrated software components,
external systems] needed for this integration step. The same support
equipment is most likely needed for the subsequent verification step.
 All integration activities that need to be performed after installation,
including integration with on-site systems and external systems at other
sites.
 A description of the verification activities [as defined in the applicable
Verification Plan] that occur after this integration step.
 The responsible parties for each activity in the integration step.
 The schedule for each activity.

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SECTION CONTENTS
5.0 Multiple This, and any needed additional sections, follows the format for section 3. Each
Phase covers each step in a multiple step integration effort.
Integration
Steps [1 or N
steps]

3
Table 2-8: Verification Plan Template
SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 Purpose of This section identifies the type of verification activity to be performed within this
Document Verification Plan. For instance, this activity may verify the entire system, a sub-
system, the deployment at a site, a burn-in test, or any other verification activity.

2.0 Scope of This section gives a brief description of the planned project and the purpose of
Project the system to be built. Special emphasis is placed on the project’s complexities
and challenges that must be addressed and verified by the SE efforts.

3.0 Referenced This is a list of all documents used in the preparation of this Verification Plan.
Documents This almost always includes the Project Plan, the SEMP [if one was written],
and the applicable Requirements Documents. However, reference of other
documents, such as descriptions of external systems, standards, a ConOps,
and manuals may need to be included.

4.0 Test This section provides details on how the testing is accomplished. It defines who
Conduct does the testing, when and where it is to be done, the responsibilities of each
participant before, during, and after each test; the hardware and software to be
used [and other systems as well], and the documents to be prepared as a
record of the testing activity. Another very important part of this section defines
how testing anomalies are to be handled [that is, what to do when a test fails].

In general, the following information should be included in this section:

 A description of the participating organizations and personnel, and
identification of their roles and responsibilities.
 Identification of the location of the testing effort.
 The hardware and software configuration for all of the test cases,
including hardware and software under test and any supporting test
equipment, software, or external systems. Several configurations may
be necessary.
 Identification of the documents to be prepared to support the testing,
including Verification Procedures, a Verification Report, and
descriptions of special test equipment and software.
 Details on the actual conduct of the testing, including:
o Notification of participants
o Procedures for approving last minute changes to the
procedures
o The processes for handling a test failure, including recording of
critical information, determination of whether to stop the testing,
restart, or skip a procedure, resolution of the cause of a failure
and determination of the retesting activities necessary as a
result of the failure.

3
IEEE 1012-1998 Independent Verification and Validation

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SECTION CONTENTS
5.0 Test This section is the heart, and largest, section of the Verification Plan. It
Identification identifies the specific test cases to be performed. A test case is a logical
grouping of functions and performance criteria [all from the Requirements
Documents] that is to be tested together. For instance, a specific test case may
cover all the control capabilities to be provided for control of a changeable
message sign. There may be several individual requirements that define this
capability, and they all are verified in one test case. The actual grouping of
requirements into a test case is arbitrary. They should be related and easily
combined into a reasonable set of test procedure actions.
Each test case should contain at least the following information:
 A description name and a reference number.
 A complete list of the requirements to be verified. For ease of tracing of
requirements into the Verification Plan and other documents, the
requirements are given numbers. They can be accurately and
conveniently referenced without repeating all the words of the
requirement.
 A description of the objective of the test case, usually taken from the
wording of the requirements, to aid the reader understanding the scope
of the test case.
 Any data to be recorded or noted during the test, such as expected
results of a test step. Other data, such as a recording of a digital
message sent to an external system, may be required to verify the
performance of the system.
 A statement of the pass/fail criteria. Often, this is just a statement that
the system operates per the requirements.
 A description of the test configuration. That is a list of the hardware and
software items needed for the test and how they should be connected.
Often, the same configuration is used for several tests.
 A list of any other important assumptions and constraints necessary for
conduct of the test case.

Table 2-9: Deployment Plan Template

SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 Purpose A brief statement of the purpose of this document. It is the plan for deploying the
of Document systems of the project over one or more phases and into one or more physical
locations [sites].

2.0 This section gives a brief description of the planned project and the purpose of
Scope of the system to be built. Special emphasis is placed on the project’s deployment
Project
complexities and challenges. This section may be copied from earlier
documents. It is important only to people [stakeholders] who will be introduced to
the project for the first time by this document.

3.0 A complex deployment, involving multiple deployment steps at multiple sites, is

Deployment based on certain goals and objectives. This section lists those goals and
Strategy objectives and is used to “sell” the Deployment Plan to the stakeholders. It is also
important that the deployment participants understand why the deployment is
proceeding as it is so they can work with and support the plan.

The significant goals and objectives guiding the deployment strategy should be
relatively few [no more than a dozen] and need to be clearly stated in this section.

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SECTION CONTENTS
Some typical examples of goals and objectives include:

 The funding profile for a multi-year project which limits the scope of
deployment in a single year.
 Development and installation prerequisites. An analysis of the system
may show that feature A must be deployed first before features B, C, or
D, all of which need A to function.
 Construction activities that must precede deployment.
 Deployment of interfacing systems [especially by other agencies] that
must precede deployment of a system feature.
 The need to create a viable operational capability at each stage of the
deployment. This influences how much of the system must be deployed
at each step.

4.0 This, and the following sections, define and explain each phase of the
Phase 1 deployment. The intent here is to identify all the needed participants and to
Deployment
describe to them what they have to do. In general, each phase description
should identify:

 The location of the deployment activities.

 The project-developed equipment and software products to be deployed.
Initially this is just a high-level list but eventually the list must be exact
and complete, showing part numbers and quantity. If detailed hardware
installation drawings have been prepared, they are referenced here.
 All site work [including construction and facilities] that is needed before
installation can begin. Again, reference to drawings may be required.
Also, any necessary inspection and testing of this work is defined.
 All integration activities which need to be performed after installation,
including integration with on-site systems and with external systems at
other sites.
 All verification activities [as defined in the applicable Verification Plan]
that must occur prior to acceptance of the site.
 All supporting activities that must be completed before site acceptance,
such as training and manuals.
 The responsible parties and schedule for each activity.

5.0 This, and any needed additional sections, follows the format for Section 4. Each
Multiple covers each step in a multiple step deployment effort.
Phase
Deployment
Steps [1 or N
steps]

Table 2-10: Validation Plan Template

SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 This section identifies the type of validation activity to be performed within this
Purpose of Plan. For instance, this activity may validate the entire system, a sub-system,
Document
the deployment at a site, or any other validation activity called for in the PMP or
in the SEMP.

2.0 This section gives a brief description of the planned project and the purpose of
Scope of the system to be built. Special emphasis is placed on the project’s complexities
Project

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SECTION CONTENTS
and challenges that must be addressed by the SE efforts.

This section also describes the environment in which the project operates. It
identifies the organization structures that encompass all stakeholders. It also
gives a brief description of the role to be played by each stakeholder. This
includes ad hoc and existing management work groups and multi-disciplinary
technical teams that should be formed for supporting the project.

3.0 Referenced This is a list of all documents used in the preparation of this Validation Plan.
Documents This almost always includes the PMP, the SEMP [if one was written], and the
ConOps. However, reference of other documents, such as descriptions of
external systems, standards, and manuals may need to be included.

4.0 Validation This section provides details on how the validation is accomplished. It defines:
Conduct who does it; when and where it is to be done; the responsibilities of each
participant before, during, and after each event/activity; the hardware and
software to be used [and other systems as well]; and the documents to be
prepared as a record of the activity.
In general, the following information should be included in this section:

 A description of the participating organizations and personnel, and

identification of their roles and responsibilities.
 Identification of the location of the activity.
 The schedule of when Validation will occur including a sequencing of
the events that make up the Validation activity.
 The system configuration for all of the activities, including the main
system hardware and software and any supporting equipment,
software, or external systems. Several configurations may be used
depending on the type of system and type of development that was just
completed.
 Identification of the documents to be prepared to support the validation,
including any special scenarios, a Validation Report, and descriptions of
special test equipment and software.
 Details on the actual conduct of the activity, including:
o Notification of participants
o Procedures for approving last minute changes to the scenarios.
 The processes for handling anomalies, including recording of critical
information, resolution of the cause of a failure [e.g., fix the software,
reset the system, change the ConOps, record potential future changes],
and determination of any retesting activities necessary.

5.0 Validation This section identifies the specific scenarios and other events to be performed.
Event For Validation, scenarios can be clustered around a typical operator’s use of the
Identification system. It may also be structured around the operational needs defined in the
baseline ConOps.
Each event should contain at least the following information:
 A description name and a reference number.
 A complete list of the needs to be validated. For ease of tracing into the
Validation Plan and other documents, the Needs are given numbers.
They can be accurately and conveniently referenced without repeating
all the words from the ConOps.
 A description of the objective of the event, usually taken from the
wording of the Needs.
 Any data to be recorded or noted during the event.

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SECTION CONTENTS
 A statement of the pass/fail criteria. Often, this is just a statement that
the system satisfies the needs.
 A description of the system configuration. This is a list of the hardware
and software items needed and how they should be connected. Often,
the same configuration is used for several events/scenarios.
 A list of any other important assumptions and constraints necessary for
conduct of the event.

Table 2-11: Verification Procedure Template

SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 This section identifies the type of verification to be performed. For instance, this
Purpose of activity may verify the entire system, a sub-system, the deployment at a site, a
Document burn-in test, or any other verification activity called for in the Program Plan or in
the SEMP.

2.0 Verification This section identifies the equipment and software to be verified. It also
Configuration identifies all equipment and software necessary for this verification activity that
and Software is external to the system / sub-system configuration under test. This may
Under Test
include special test equipment and any external systems with an interface to the
configuration under test. For the hardware / software configuration under test,
this section identifies:

 Each hardware item by part number and serial number.

 Each item of COTS software, by part number and version number.
 Each source code file of custom developed software, by file name and
version number.
 For all special test equipment / software, this section identifies:
o Each hardware item by part, serial, and version number
o Each item of COTS software, by part number and version
number
o Each source code file of custom developed software by file
name and version number.

3.0 Verification This section describes the steps to be taken to set up each verification
Setup configuration, including, but not limited to, tuning of the hardware, configuring
and starting the software, starting the special test software, and set-up steps at
each external system to be used.

4.0 Verification This section describes the step-by-step actions to be taken by the verification
Procedures operator for each verification case. Each step includes:
 Operator action to be taken. This operator action may be, for example,
an entry at a workstation, initiation of a routine in the special test
software, or an action at an external system.
 Expected result to be observed. This too may take several forms, for
example, display of certain information at a workstation, a response at
an external system, recording of data for subsequent analysis, or an
action by a field device.
 Pass / fail entry space. Here the verification conductor records whether
or not the expected result occurred. If the expected results are not
observed, the procedures for dealing with failures contained in the
Verification Plan are invoked.

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SECTION CONTENTS
 A trace of each verification step from a verification case in the
applicable Verification Plan and a trace from a requirement in the
applicable Requirements Document.

Table 2-12: Verification Report Template

SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 Purpose of This section identifies the type of verification performed. For instance, the
Document activity may verify the entire system, a sub-system, the deployment at a site, a
burn-in test, or any other verification activity called for in the PMP or in the
SEMP. This section can be taken from the applicable Verification Procedure.

2.0 This section identifies the equipment and software verified. It also identifies all
Identification of equipment and software necessary for this verification activity that is external to
the the system / sub-system configuration under test. This may include special test
Configuration
equipment and any external systems with an interface to the configuration
Under Test
under test. This section can be taken from the applicable Verification
Procedure.

3.0 Individual This section summarizes the purpose and results of each test case performed
Test Case in the applicable Verification Procedure. Special attention is paid to any test
Report case where a failure occurred and how the failure was resolved. This section
covers:

 Test case overview and results.

 Completed Verification Procedure pages annotated with pass / fail
results.
 Description of each failure, if any, from the expected result called for in
the Verification Procedure.
 Any back-up data or records related to the field procedure.
 Details of the resolution of each test failure, including procedure
modification, software fix, re-testing and results, regression testing and
results, and required document changes [including changes to the
requirements].

Table 2-13: Validation Report Template

SECTION CONTENTS
1.0 This section identifies the type of validation performed. For instance, the activity
Purpose of
may validate the entire system, a sub-system, the deployment at a site, or any
Document
other validation activity called for in the PMP or in the SEMP. This section can be
taken from the applicable Validation Plan.

2.0 This section identifies the equipment and software validated. It also identifies all
Identification of equipment and software necessary for this validation activity that is external to the
the system / sub-system configuration. This may include special test equipment and
Configuration
any external systems with an interface to the system. This section can be taken
Under Test
from the applicable Validation Plan and updated to reflect the actual system as
delivered.

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SECTION CONTENTS
3.0 Individual This section summarizes the purpose and results of each event performed in the
Validation applicable Validation Plan. Special attention is paid to any situation where a failure
Reports (or deviation from the expected System performance) occurred and how the failure
was resolved. This section covers:

 Event overview and results.

 Completed Validation Plan pages annotated with results.
 Description of each anomaly, if any, from the expected result called for in
the Validation Plan.
 Any back-up data or records related to the experience.
 Details of the resolution of each anomaly, including procedure
modifications, software fix, re-testing and results, regression testing and
results, and required document changes [including changes to the
ConOps, new requirements for next version].

Test documentation may be developed by the manufacturer, the Client, a test

laboratory, a consultant, a contractor, or perhaps it is based on test documentation
used by another Client as part of their qualified products program. Testing is
conducted by a combination of manufacturer, the Client, a contractor, and possibly
an independent laboratory to verify that an ITS device complies with Ashghal ITS
Specifications.

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3 Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems

3.1 System Purpose & Design Flow

Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems (TDMS) are stand-alone detectors that
detect the presence of vehicles and their characteristics. They can detect and
provide valuable real-time and historical data, including speed, volumes, vehicle
presence, occupancy, gaps, and incident occurrence. This data can then be utilized
to complete a variety of functions, including:

 Real-time traffic and incident management

 Traveler information
 Historical analysis
 Origin-destination information
 Roadway capacity analysis
 Performance measures
 Planning and design purposes

To design a detection location, consideration must be paid to detector purpose and

system needs, selection of the appropriate technology, and deployment criteria such
as structure type and orientation of the detector or sensor. The design process of a
TDMS is illustrated in the following diagram:

Detector
Purpose and
Operational System
Needs Requirement
s
Figure 3-1: Detector Design Operational Needs

There are several Client and industry standards/requirements related to detectors.

The table below highlights some of the more important ones.

Table 3-1: Traffic Detection and Monitoring Systems Standards

Criteria Relevant Standard
 Ashghal ITS Specifications – Traffic Detection and
 Detector Type
Monitoring Systems
 Communication and Software  NTCIP
 Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS
 Structure
 QCS 2010
 Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Specification for
 Enclosure
ITS

3.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with a TDMS design. Each section of the list
corresponds to a section of this document chapter. The background, details, and

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specific regulations or guidance related to the design process for a TDMS are
contained in those referenced sections.

The criteria contained in this publication should be followed when designing new
TDMS. It is important to note/clarify, however, that there will be instances where all
of the criteria in these guidelines cannot be met. Justification for deciding to go
through with an installation, despite not being able to meet all criteria, should be
detailed by the designer. The goal of this process is to provide practitioners with
guidance as well as to provide consistency with respect to TDMS installations.

Table 3-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter in general. For a design checklist that can be
used for projects, see Appendix A, Table A1. The checkboxes in the right-hand
column are a simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand
column has been considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

Table 3-2: Vehicle Detection Design Considerations

Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
System Requirements Section 3.3
 Does the detector deployment satisfy the precision considerations
established in the system needs?
 Does the detector deployment satisfy the spacing considerations
established in the system needs?
 Does the detector deployment satisfy the accessibility considerations
established in the system needs?
Detector Technology Selection Section 3.6
 Does the detector technology satisfy the accuracy, accessibility, and cost
requirements established in the system needs?
Deployment Guidelines Section 3.7
 Does the detector deployment take steps to minimize new structures and
co-locate devices where possible?
 Does the detector deployment include sufficient detector coverage to satisfy
system needs?
 Is the detector installed to ensure a detector in each lane and every 500m
on the Expressway network and on each entry and exit ramp?
 Is the detector installed to ensure a detector at every approach at traffic
signal junctions?
 Is the detector installed to ensure a detector at every entry/exit to major
traffic generating venues and public car parking facilities?
Enclosure Section 3.8
 Is an enclosure required at this location?
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?
 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s recommended distance
to the detector?
 Is the enclosure mounted on an existing structure (where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate protection?

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 Has a maintainer’s pad been provided at the enclosure’s main door?

Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the detector and all of the system
components been determined?
Power Availability Section 11.1.2
 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from the detector site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?
Power Conditioning Section 11.2
 Have the UPS and power back-up options been determined and accounted
for?
Communication Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the detector been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been located and confirmed
within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?
Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community and cultural impact
studies, processes, and concerns been addressed?

3.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

3.2.1.1 Communications Interface for Traffic Detection and Monitoring

The communications interface between the traffic detection and monitoring (field)
devices and the TMC is needed to facilitate the following functions:
 Configure the traffic detection and monitoring devices. This feature
allows an operator to determine the identity of the field device and its
capabilities, and to configure the detection zones and outputs.

 Control the traffic detection and monitoring devices. This feature

allows an operator to reset the field devices, initiate diagnostics, and
manage the camera detection zones for video detection devices.

 Monitor field device status and report equipment malfunctions. This

feature allows an operator to monitor the overall status of the field device,
the status of each sensor, the output states, and the status of each zone.

 Upload event logs. This feature allows an operator to upload any event
logs that are maintained by the field devices.

 Collect data from the field devices. This feature allows an operator to
retrieve the data from the in-progress sample period (started but not yet
completed), the current sample period, and historical sample periods.

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The communications protocol should support all the features desired for these
devices.
3.2.1.2 NTCIP for Traffic Detection and Monitoring
The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable.
 NTCIP 1206, Object Definitions for Data Collection, is a data dictionary
standard used to support the functions related to data collection and
monitoring devices within a transportation environment. This standard
defines data elements specific to transportation data collection sensors – it
supports the collection of information about each vehicle, such as number
of axles, vehicle dimensions (such as length, width and height), vehicle
weight, and axle weight. Other information that may be collected includes
vehicle headways, vehicle speeds, and vehicle acceleration.

 NTCIP 1209, Object Definitions for Transportation Sensor Systems, is a

data dictionary standard used to support the functions related to
transportation system sensors within a transportation environment. This
standard defines data elements specific to transportation systems sensors
– it supports the collection of traffic volumes, percent of occupancy, and
the average speed of traffic over the defined sensor zone.

 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management,
time schedulers, event logging, and database management.

3.3 Corridor Detection Systems

Detection systems will be used on all minor and major arterials as well as all
expressways throughout the State of Qatar. These systems will include point vehicle
detectors that collect presence, speed, and occupancy data at each detection
location for each lane of travel. In addition, floating vehicle (probe vehicle) data will
also be collected for a representative sample of vehicles on all corridors to provide
for link travel time and origin-destination data. Together, the information from the
point vehicle detectors and the probe vehicle detectors will be utilized to provide a
comprehensive set of data for all corridors, including real-time and historical data,
such as speed, volumes, vehicle presence, occupancy, gaps, and incident
occurrence. This data can then be utilized to complete a variety of functions,
including:

 Real-time traffic and incident management

 Traveler information
 Historical analysis
 Travel time information
 Origin-destination information
 Roadway capacity analysis
 Performance measures
 Planning and design purposes

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Primary considerations for the placement of detectors are:

1. Spacing and Lane Coverage (Point Detectors) – Point vehicle detectors will
be spaced every 0.5km on all minor and major arterials and expressways.
The quantity and frequency of detectors correlate with the effectiveness of the
overall system. Detector spacing is paramount. All lanes of travel should be
covered by the detector(s) at each detection point.
2. Spacing and Lane Coverage (Probe Vehicle Detectors) – Probe vehicle
detectors will be spaced every 0.5km on all minor and major arterials and
expressways in urban areas (e.g., Doha). Outside of urban areas and on
interurban expressways, probe vehicle detectors will be spaced at major
intersections and interchanges, with a maximum spacing of 2.0km.
3. Cost – Because multiple detectors should cover all lanes of travel at a
detection location, the cost of the system can quickly escalate. Choose
detector types, locations, and communication methods that minimize the
overall cost of the system. Co-locate detectors on existing structures (e.g.,
CCTV poles) where possible to minimize the need for new structures,
provided the integrity of 0.5km detector spacing remains intact.
4. Accessibility – Accessibility of the device for maintenance and repair purposes
is of high importance, especially when many devices are necessary for a
system. Inaccessible devices lead to higher costs and the potential need to
close lanes to perform maintenance, which increases the potential for
disruption of traffic.
5. Comprehensive Data Capabilities – For incident detection, speed, volume,
and occupancy are typically required.
6. Accuracy – Speed data must be accurate within a range of approximately 5
km/h. Accuracy levels should be as a minimum 95% for volume, 90% for
occupancy, and 90% for speed for all lanes.
7. Location Precision – Precision is secondary to detector spacing. The exact
location of the detector is not of high importance, provided the integrity of the
detector spacing remains intact.

When placing point vehicle detectors, spacing is the key design

consideration. Spacing of 0.5 km or less is necessary for an effective
system.

3.4 Point Detection Systems

Point detection systems may be utilized for specific locations such as detection at
traffic signals as part of the traffic signal system and urban traffic control (UTC)
system, at entrance or exit ramps along the expressway network, etc. Point
detection technologies (inductive loop, radar, video, and magnetometer) can be used
for point detection systems.

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3.5 Vehicle Detection Systems for Tunnels

Vehicle detection systems used in tunnels shall ensure compliance with all
requirements of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 502 - Standard for
Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways. Refer to the NFPA
502 standard for design requirements.

3.6 Select Vehicle Detection Technology

The detector technologies currently approved for use in Qatar for point vehicle
detection are inductive loops, microwave radar, video image, and magnetometer.
For probe vehicle detection, Bluetooth® detection systems will be utilized. Table 3-3
should be used as a starting point for selecting the appropriate detector technology.
Table 3-4 displays how each of the technologies fulfills the Detection System
Requirements. Table 3-4 also displays additional design considerations and
advantages vs. disadvantages for each system.

The designer should use the Detection System Requirements, Table 3-3, and Table
3-4 to determine the appropriate detection technology for the proposed system. The
remainder of this chapter identifies design considerations and guidelines for each
detection system.

Table 3-3: Detector Technology Options

Detector Structure
Available Data Accuracy Accessibility System Cost
Technology Type
-Speed
-Volume
-Occupancy
-Classification Low (single lane) –
None (In- Moderate- Difficult/
Inductive Loop (special High (multiple
pavement) High Intrusive
software and lanes)
additional
detectors
required)
-Speed
-Volume
-Occupancy
(special
Pole or
Microwave software Moderate-
Existing Easy Low-Moderate
/Radar required) High
Structure
-Classification
(special
software
required)
Video Image Moderate-High
-Speed
Vehicle Pole or (Also must consider
-Volume Moderate-
Detection Existing Moderate additional
-Occupancy High
Systems Structure hardware/software
-Classification
(VIVDS) needed)

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-Speed
-Volume
In- Moderate- Easy/
Magnetometer -Occupancy Low-Moderate
Pavement High Intrusive
-Classification
(Length-based)
-Speed
Pole or
® -Travel Time Moderate-
Bluetooth Existing Easy Low-Moderate
-Origin- High
Structure
Destination

Table 3-4: Detector Type Advantages and Disadvantages

Detection Technology Design Advantages Design Disadvantages
 Installation requires pavement
cut
 Cannot perform maintenance
without interrupting traffic
 Mature, tested technology
 May reduce pavement life
 Provides an array of data:
 Loops are required for every
Inductive Loop volume, presence,
travel lane, increasing costs
(point detector) occupancy, gap, and speed
and complexity
 Is not affected by inclement
 May require series of detectors
weather
to provide vehicle classification
capabilities
 Subject to stresses of traffic
and temperature
 May be affected by
 Widely used and tested rainy/sandstorm conditions
technology  May require calibration after
 Non-intrusive technology – no storm events
pavement work is necessary  Obstructions such as barriers,
Microwave/Radar (point  Multiple lanes can be roadway cut sections, and
detector) detected using a single retaining walls may decrease
detector accuracy
 Can be mounted on existing  Requires setback from
structures roadway – may cause
 Low installation costs problems in situations where
right-of-way is limited
 When mounted above
 Widely used and tested
roadway, traffic may be
Video Image Vehicle technology
interrupted during installation
Detection Systems  Non-intrusive technology – no
 May be affected by shadows,
(VIVDS) pavement work is necessary
fog, and sandstorms
(point detector)  Can provide video images of
 Requires processing
the roadway to a TMC
technology
 In-pavement installation
 Potential pavement issues
 May suffer premature failure on
roads with extremely high
volumes of trucks
 Provides an array of data  Cannot perform maintenance
Magnetometer  Is not affected by inclement without interrupting traffic
(point detector) weather  Magnetometers are required
 Longer lasting than loops for every travel lane, increasing
costs and complexity
 Difficult to detect stopped
vehicles
 Some magnetometers can
have small detection zones

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Detection Technology Design Advantages Design Disadvantages

 Rapidly maturing technology
 Non-intrusive technology – no
pavement work is necessary
 Multiple lanes can be  New technology
®
Bluetooth detected using a single  Cannot directly provide volume
(probe vehicle detector) detector data
 Can be mounted on existing  May require technical support
structure from vendor
 Low installation costs
 Can provide travel time and
origin-destination data

3.7 Deployment Guidelines

This section identifies deployment guidelines and criteria for each detector
technology. The designer should use this section as a guide for deployment of the
detector or system of detectors.

3.7.1 Loop Detection

Loop vehicle detectors consist of a metal loop buried several centimeters beneath
the pavement surface of the roadway, and are positioned in the center of the travel
lanes. They utilize electrical induction from vehicles passing over the loop to detect
vehicle presence.

For specifics and additional guidance concerning the size and placement
of the loop within the travel lane, the Designer should refer to the Ashghal
ITS Specification – Traffic Detection and Monitoring and the Ashghal Civil
and Structural Standards for ITS.

3.7.2 Microwave/Radar Detection

Radar detectors consist of a sensor mounted on the side of the road, angled down
towards the travel lanes of the roadway. These sensors use a beam of microwave
energy to collect vehicle data, including speed, volume, and sometimes occupancy,
depending on the manufacturer and signal type. See Figure 3-2 for an illustration of
a radar detector and its detection area. The detector software then divides this area
into user-definable “detection zones,” where one zone corresponds to one lane.

Figure 3-2: Side-Fire Radar Detector Orientation

When designing a microwave/radar detector location, the designer should follow the
steps below.

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1. Identify Detector Location

Detector location will vary based on its use – either data collection or incident
detection.
 If the detector is used for point data collection, the system needs may
require a very specific detection area (e.g., a specific lane or entrance
ramp, or a point on the main line). The designer should not place the
detector outside of this detection area.
 If the detectors are part of a corridor data collection system, they must be
spaced approximately 0.5km apart.
 Radar detectors shall not be utilized within tunnels.
 Verify the cross section of the roadway to determine the detection zone is
covered by the proposed detector.

2. Detector Quantity
Radar detectors have a range of approximately 75m from the detector structure
to the farthest detection point. At locations where the detection zone exceeds
75m, multiple detectors must be used. This typically occurs at locations where
two directions of travel must be captured. When the zone exceeds the detection
capabilities of a detector, one detector on either side of the roadway is necessary
to capture all travel lanes.

3. Mounting Height and Setback

Mounting Height – For a standard detection range of approximately 75m, the
sensor should be mounted approximately at the height recommended by the
manufacturer. Note that if the detector structure is located on an embankment or
hill, the mounting height may be more or less than 5.0m to 8.0m from the base of
the structure, depending on the structure elevation.

Setback – Detector setback is the distance from the edge of the nearest travel
lane in the detection area to the detector itself. This setback is required so that
the detector’s radar beam can expand to cover the detection area. Newer radar
detectors do not require a setback. A minimum of 3.0m setback from the edge of
the closest detection lane is recommended.

Table 3-5 is an example of the setback and height requirements as a function of

lanes. This will vary, depending on the actual equipment used and setback from first
travel lane, so manufacturer’s recommendations must always be considered during
the site design.

Table 3-5: Microwave/Radar Detector Recommended Height and Setback

Number of 3.6 m Lanes Minimum Set-back Recommended Height

Including Median (Meters) (Meters)

1-3 3.0-4.0 5.0

4 5.0 5.0
6 6.0 5.0
8 8.0 6.0
8 + Median > 9.0 > 7.0

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4. Structure Type
Microwave detectors can be either free-standing on a steel or concrete pole (as
seen in Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4), or collocated with an existing structure such
as:

 Sign structure
 Overhead Truss structure
 Bridge structure
 CCTV pole
 DMS structure

Microwave/Radar detectors are amenable to mounting configurations that vary from

those listed above, including being mounted overhead on a lane on traffic signal
mast arms, if the situation warrants this kind of deployment. This could include curve
warning system detectors or other ITS systems.

The designer should locate radar sensors on any of the above structures where the
structures coincide with required detector spacing, where the structure satisfies the
mounting height and setback guidelines, and where the structure meets the wind
speed and vibration/deflection requirements identified by the manufacturer.

Mounting Microwave/Radar detectors on existing or new wooden poles is not

acceptable.

5. Obstructions
Microwave sensors can experience interference and disruption when obstructions
such as barriers or high retaining walls are within the detection area. To
minimize this interference, locations should be selected to reduce the impact of
these obstructions. If obstructions are unavoidable, the designer should consider
using multiple detectors to avoid the conflict. For example, if a roadway is
separated by a jersey barrier median, one detector on either side of the roadway
may be needed to capture all travel lanes.

0.60m

Figure 3-3: Microwave/Radar on Sign Structure

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5.0 m 5.0 m
To To
8.0 m 8.0 m

6.0 m 6.0 m

Figure 3-4: Side-Fire Detectors on Roadway with Barriers

3.7.3 Video Image Vehicle Detection System (VIVDS)

A Video Image Vehicle Detection System (VIVDS) consists of a video camera
mounted above or along the roadway, angled towards the travel lanes. The system
is configured using software to collect data only from predetermined zones within the
travel lanes. This video image is then run through software processing to detect
vehicle presence, speed and volumes. Figure 3-5 displays an image from a VIVDS
camera and the detection zones as defined in the system software.

Figure 3-5: VIVDS Camera Image and Detection Zones

When designing a VIVDS system, the designer should follow the steps described
below.

1. Detector Location
Detector location areas are determined by system use – either data collection or
incident detection.

 If the detector is used for point data collection, the system needs may
require a very specific detection area (e.g., a specific lane or entrance
ramp, or a point on the main line, or a traffic signal structure). The
designer should not place the detector outside of this detection area.
 If the detectors are part of a corridor data collection system, they must be
spaced approximately 0.5km apart.
 Full coverage of all tunnels should be provided for incident detection, as
per the requirements of NFPA 502.

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2. Detector Structure
Because VIVDS detectors are above-roadway systems, it is highly recommended
that they are located on existing structures such as:

 Bridges
 Trusses
 Mast arms
 Poles
 Tunnel ceilings/walls

If collocation is not possible because of spacing or other system needs, new

overhead structures must be constructed. Traffic signal mast arms are the
preferred structure for mounting VIVDS cameras. If mast arms are utilized, they
must meet the vertical clearance guidelines and wind speed contained in this
deployment manual and on the standard drawings. Typically, any above-lane
structure must provide a minimum of 6.5m clearance.

3. Detector Vertical Clearance and Quantity

VIVDS can detect vehicles on as many lanes as are contained in the video
image. At a height of 9.0m, VIVDS can detect up to three lanes simultaneously.
At a height of 6.0m, VIVDS can detect several lanes simultaneously.

4. Configure Detection Zones

VIVDS systems detect vehicles on the roadway based on detection zones
established with the software. Each proprietor of VIVDS technology utilizes a
proprietary software system to define the detection zones. Once installed, these
zones must be defined for each travel lane that data is to be collected from.

Each detection zone must be defined such that only vehicles within the detected
lane cross the zone. This will make certain that each detection zone gathers
lane-specific data, and that vehicles are not counted more than once. See Figure
3-5 for an example of defined detection zones.

There are also VIVDS that utilize existing CCTV cameras, adding analytics to the
“back-end” of the CCTV image. These systems require additional hardware (video
servers) in which the analytics are added prior to being used by a TMC Operator.
These systems have no adverse effect on the actual video, but can provide input into
an existing Advanced Transportation Management System (ATMS) in which, once
an incident has been detected, it would generate an alarm through the ATMS or
simply route the image to the video wall, thus notifying the Operator of the incident.
These systems are very comprehensive, where the analytics “re-learn” the image
every time the CCTV camera is adjusted. A significant drawback to these types of
systems is that it requires a substantial amount of additional hardware for
processing, typically adding an additional video server for every eight CCTV
cameras.

3.7.4 Magnetometer Detection System (MDS)

The magnetometer sensor is a type of magnetic field sensor that is used for traffic
management and vehicle detection. The sensor is designed to detect the passage
of a vehicle by measuring the changes of the Earth’s magnetic field and converting

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them into electronic signals. A portion of the vehicle must pass over the sensor for it
to be detected. A magnetometer can detect two vehicles that are separated by a
distance of 30cm. The sensor is placed in the middle of the traffic lane in a core
drilled in the roadway surface. The detection data is transmitted in real-time via low-
power radio technology to an Access Point (AP) or Repeater Unit (RU), it is
processed, stored, forwarded to an ITS enclosure, and then sent to the TMC.

Figure 3-6: Magnetometer Sensor

Photo Credit: Sensys Networks

Magnetometer sensors can be used for a variety of highway and arterial

applications. They are used to measure volume, occupancy, speed, and advanced
detection.

Figure 3-7: Typical Highway MDS

Photo Credit: Sensys Networks

When designing a magnetometer detector location, the designer must follow the
steps below.

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1. Detector Location
The location of the detectors will vary based on their use – either data collection
or incident detection. All highways and major arterials throughout Qatar will be
designed to provide incident detection.
 If the detector is used for point data collection, the system needs may
require a very specific detection area (e.g., a specific lane or entrance
ramp, or a point on the main line). The designer should not place the
detector outside of this detection area.
 If the detectors are part of a corridor data collection system, they must be
spaced approximately 0.5 to 2.0km apart or according to the
manufacturer’s recommendation.
 If detectors are part of an incident detection system, they must be spaced
at a maximum 0.5km apart.

2. Detector Quantity
One or more magnetometers must be used in each lane of each approach. In
typical arterial and highway management applications, a sensor is placed in the
middle of a traffic lane to detect the passage of vehicles and provide counts.
Vehicle speeds are measured by installing at least two sensors in the same lane.
The recommended distance between sensors depends on the range of expected
speeds to be measured. For typical highway applications, a separation of
approximately 6 to 7 meters is recommended. For typical arterial applications, a
separation of 3 to 4 meters is preferred.

3. Access Points and Repeater Units

The number of APs and RUs will be determined by the geometry of the road,
mounting height, the number of lanes, and the location of the ITS enclosure. The
AP should be placed near the ITS enclosure and to the power source when
possible. Note that if the AP/RU structure is located on an embankment or hill,
the mounting height may be more or less from the base of the structure,
depending on the structure elevation.

Table 3-6 is an example of the setback and height requirements as a function of

lanes. This will vary, depending on the actual equipment used and setback from
first travel lane, so manufacturer’s recommendations must always be considered
during the site design.

Table 3-6: Maximum Distance from the AP and RU to Magnetometer Sensor

Maximum Distance to Magnetometer

Mounting Height of AP/RU (Meters)
Sensor (Meters)

5 30
6 45
9 50

4. Structure Type
Access Points and Repeater Units can be either free-standing on a pole, or
collocated with an existing structure such as:

 Sign structure

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 Overhead truss structure

 Bridge structure
 CCTV pole
 DMS structure

APs/RUs are amenable to mounting configurations that vary from those listed above.
The designer should co-locate an AP/RU on any of the above structures where the
structures coincide with required detector spacing, and where the structure satisfies
the mounting height guidelines.

Figure 3-8: Typical MDS and Communications

Photo Credit: Clearview Traffic

3.7.5 Bluetooth® Device Matching System

Bluetooth® technology is a short-range wireless communications technology that is
simple, secure, and widely available. Bluetooth ® is a fast-growing technology in
wireless communications that can be used as an alternative technology for collecting
travel time information, origin-destination information, and traffic monitoring.

Bluetooth® devices have a unique electronic identifier called a Media Access Control
(MAC) which is transmitted short distances. The system works by having an initial
reader pick up the MAC address and then a second reader along the corridor
identifying the same MAC address. A vehicle containing a detectable Bluetooth ®
device is observed at the two stations. The MAC address and time of detection is
logged, and the information used to obtain a sample travel time for the segment.
Observations of multiple vehicles containing Bluetooth ® devices provide an accurate
estimate of traffic conditions. This information is then processed to calculate the
travel time and average speeds. Similarly, the origin-destination is obtained.

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®
Figure 3-9: Bluetooth Traffic Monitoring Operation Concept
Photo Credit: University of Maryland Center for Advanced Transportation Technology

When designing a Bluetooth® detector location, the designer must follow the steps
below.

1. Detector Location
Bluetooth® detectors are primarily used to provide link travel times and origin-
destination data. The device needs to be positioned along the side of the
roadway at a height of approximately 3 to 5 m. Bluetooth® detectors should be
designed on all highways and major arterials throughout Qatar.
 On highways, detectors should be located with a maximum of 2km
spacing. Additionally, there should be at least one detector located
between each interchange.
 On major arterials, detectors should be located with a maximum of 1km
spacing. Additionally, there should be at least one detector located
between each signalized intersection or major roundabout.
 Also, when locating a Bluetooth® site the access for power and
communication needs to be taken into consideration. Solar power, Power
over Ethernet (PoE), and cellular modem could be utilized.

2. Detector Quantity
Bluetooth® detectors can typically cover approximately a 45m radius, which is
equivalent to up to six lanes of traffic. At locations where the roadway exceeds
45m, multiple detectors must be used. When the zone exceeds the detection
capabilities of a detector, one detector on either side of the roadway is necessary
to capture all travel lanes.

3. Structure Type
The device can be pole-mounted and does not require an overhead structure.
Bluetooth® detectors can be either free-standing on a pole, or collocated on an
existing structure such as:

 Sign structure
 Overhead truss structure
 CCTV pole

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 DMS structure
 Light pole

Bluetooth® detectors are amenable to mounting configurations that vary from those
listed above. The designer should co-locate Bluetooth® detectors on any of the
above structures where the structures coincide with required detector spacing, and
where the structure satisfies the mounting height guidelines.

Mounting sensors on existing or new wooden poles is not acceptable.

3.8 ITS Enclosure Placement

When the TDMS system includes devices that will be designed, constructed, and
maintained as Client-owned assets, the enclosure and its associated components
must be included in the design process.

Design criteria for a suitable ITS enclosure location includes:

 The enclosure for the TDMS controller should be pole-mounted on the TDMS
pole or existing structures wherever possible in order to minimize cost.

 If possible, collocate the TDMS enclosure components within another Client-

owned ITS field device enclosure. Verify manufacturer’s specifications to
determine the maximum distance between the enclosure and the field device
it services.

 The enclosure should be oriented so that the maintainer is facing the

roadway, while performing maintenance at the enclosure location.

 A maintainer’s pad should be provided for the maintenance worker to stand

on while accessing the enclosure.

 Where possible, there should be adequate and safe parking conditions

present for parking of a maintenance vehicle in the vicinity of the enclosure.

When it comes to designing the enclosure, there is no standard size. There are a
wide variety of component manufacturers to choose from and this will usually impact
the enclosure interior space requirements. In some cases, collocated ITS devices
may also share the same enclosure. This will further influence the design of the
enclosure size.

Standard Specifications for an ITS enclosure can be found in the Ashghal ITS
Specifications:

Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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4 Closed Circuit Television Cameras

4.1 System Purpose & Design Flow

The primary function of a CCTV camera is to provide surveillance of the

transportation system and enhance situational awareness. CCTVs enable
operations staff to perform a number of valuable monitoring, detection, verification,
and response activities.

Some typical CCTV camera uses include:

 Detecting and verifying incidents along roadways and within tunnels.

 Monitoring traffic conditions.
 Monitoring incident response and clearance.
 Verifying message displays on DMS.
 Assisting emergency responders.
 Monitoring environmental conditions (visibility distance, wet pavements, etc.).

To maximize the effectiveness of a CCTV camera and to reduce potential threats to

driver safety, the camera type and location must be carefully considered when
deploying any new camera. The design process is illustrated in Figure 4-1. First,
the operational requirements of the camera must be considered. This will determine
the camera type and the general camera location required to achieve those
requirements. These two factors determine the mounting structure characteristics
that are needed.

Figure 4-1: CCTV Design Flow Chart

There are several Client and industry standards/requirements related to CCTV

cameras. Table 4-1 highlights some of the more important ones:

Table 4-1: CCTV Standards

Criteria Relevant Standard
 Camera Type  Ashghal ITS Specifications - CCTV Camera
 Communication and Software  NTCIP
 Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS
 Structure
 QCS 2010
 Enclosure  Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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4.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with CCTV camera design. Each section of the
list corresponds to a section of this document chapter. The background, details, and
specific regulations or guidance related to the design process for a camera are
contained in those referenced sections.

The criteria contained in this publication must be followed when designing new
CCTV cameras. It is important to note/clarify that there will be instances where all of
the criteria in these guidelines cannot be met. Justification for deciding to go through
with an installation, despite not being able to meet all criteria, should be detailed by
the designer. The goal of this process is to provide practitioners with guidance, as
well as to provide consistency with respect to camera installations.

Table 4-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter. For a design checklist that can be used for
projects, see Appendix A, Table A2. The checkboxes in the right-hand column are a
simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand column has been
considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

Table 4-2: CCTV Design Considerations and Section Outline

Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
Location/Placement Guidelines Section 4.3
 Has the camera location been chosen/designed with consideration to
maximizing visibility?
 Has a site for the camera been chosen that considers the available utilities
and the cost/constraints associated with connection to those utilities?
 Has the site been chosen with consideration to protecting the camera
structure and ensuring that it will last without undue maintenance necessary
to the structure and the surrounding site?
 Has a site been chosen that makes the best use of the operational needs of
a CCTV camera system (e.g., Incident Management)?
 Has a site been chosen that satisfies safety requirements for personnel
performing maintenance on the system?
 Has the site been chosen so that it will minimize maintenance costs (e.g.,
there is sufficient shoulder to park a bucket truck without the need for a full
lane closure and significant traffic control activities)?
 Has the site been chosen where it will not interfere with pedestrian or
bicycle movements?
 Has the site been chosen that leads to 100% CCTV Camera monitoring
coverage of the Qatar Roadway network, including tunnels and the
approaches to tunnels and at road works?
CCTV Type Section 4.4
 Is the camera type (Pan, Tilt & Zoom vs. Fixed) appropriate for the desired
location?

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Camera Mount Section 4.5

 Have the Client’s standards been followed in the design of the
mount/structure?
 Is a camera lowering system needed?
Enclosure Section 4.7
 Is an enclosure required at this location?
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?
 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s recommended distance
to the camera?
 Is the enclosure mounted on the camera pole or on an existing structure
(where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate protection for the
enclosure?
 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at the enclosure’s main
door?
Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the camera and all of the system
components been determined?
Power Availability Section 11.1.2
 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from the camera site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?
Power Conditioning Section 11.2
 Have the UPS and power back-up options been determined and accounted
for?
Communication Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the camera been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure been located and
confirmed within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?
Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community, and cultural impact
studies, processes and concerns been addressed?

4.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

4.2.1.1 Communications Interface for CCTV Cameras

The communications interface between the CCTV camera system and the TMC is
needed to facilitate the following functions:

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 Configure the CCTV Camera System. This feature allows an operator to

determine the identity of the field device and its capabilities. This feature also
allows an operator to configure the presets, pan/tilt/zoom limits, home
position, step sizes (for pan/tilt), and timeout parameters.

 Control the CCTV Camera System. This feature allows an operator to control
the pan/tilt unit, lens, and camera. It allows an operator to control the zoom,
command the camera to preset positions, activate camera features (e.g.,
wipers, washers, blower, auto iris, auto focus), set and clear alarms and alarm
thresholds, and set camera zones and labels.

 Monitor the CCTV Camera System Status. This feature allows an operator to
monitor the overall status of the field device, the status of each sensor, the
output status, and the status of each zone. This feature also allows an
operator to determine presets, the position of pan/tilt unit, the status of
features supported by the camera (wipers, washers, blower, auto iris, auto
focus), and monitor alarms.

 The communications protocol should support all the features that are required
for this device.

4.2.1.2 NTCIP for CCTV Cameras

The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable:

 NTCIP 1205, Object Definitions for Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Camera
Control, is a data dictionary standard used to support the functions related to
controlling and monitoring the status of cameras, lenses, and pan/tilt units
within a transportation environment. This standard defines data elements
specific to a CCTV camera control subsystem, which consists of an assembly
of a camera, lens, and pan/tilt functions.

 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management, time
schedulers, event logging, and database management.

4.3 Location/Placement Guidelines

The selection of CCTV camera locations is based on the operational and

maintenance requirements. The desired coverage will often dictate the general
camera locations. This should be a primary design consideration. Local topography
will also play a major role.

Camera locations should provide a clear line of site with minimal obstructions. The
considerations outlined in Table 4-3 should be taken into account when selecting the
site and placement of the camera.

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Table 4-3: Camera Site Selection and Placement Considerations

 Cameras in low light conditions, such as tunnels, should be located

so that the main view is away from bright light.
 Near horizontal curves, install on outside of curve.
 Near vertical curves, install at the crest.
Visibility  At the intersection of two major routes or an interchange, place
CCTV camera(s) so that secondary roads and ramps can also be
monitored.
 The blind spot created from the pole should be oriented at a location
non-critical to viewing.
 Consider proximity to power and communications.
 If fiber-optic communication is available, try to place the camera on
Utility Availability
the same side of the roadway to eliminate lateral crossings (this is
secondary to visibility regulations).
 Protect CCTV structure with barrier inside the clear zone, but
consider lateral deflection and maintenance vehicle access.
 Medians are not the preferred location, but wide medians may be
Safety and Device
considered if suitable roadside locations are not available.
Protection
 To reduce site erosion, reduce construction costs, and provide
longer device structure life, avoid locating the structure on sections
that have a fill slope of greater than one vertical to three horizontal.
 Provide for full coverage of the roadway network on all minor and
major arterials and expressways.
 Provide for full coverage within all tunnels and on the approaches, in
compliance with NFPA 502.
 Provide full coverage of roadways at road works.
Operational
 If possible, position cameras to view nearby DMS for message
Considerations
verification.
 Large interchanges of two major expressways may require more
than one camera to obtain all desired views of roadways and ramps.
 If possible, avoid mounting onto bridge structures due to the
potential of vibration affecting the image.
 Where possible, the CCTV camera should be located such that a
maintenance vehicle can park in the immediate vicinity without
necessitating a lane closure or blocking traffic when possible.
 A concrete maintainer pad in front of the enclosure opening should
Maintenance be provided per Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for
Considerations ITS.
 The CCTV enclosure should be mounted away from traffic so that
the maintainer is facing traffic when looking at the enclosure. This
will increase the life of the filter as well as the safety of the
maintainer.

4.3.1 Camera Coverage

Full CCTV camera coverage should be provided for all minor and major arterials and
all expressways throughout the State of Qatar. Full camera coverage of a roadway
results in CCTV camera placement such that an operator can view and monitor the
entire corridor, with no breaks in coverage. In order to provide full and continuous
coverage of a roadway, cameras should be placed no more than 2.5km apart
depending on the curvature of the roadway. In addition, CCTV cameras should be
considered at signalized intersections where warranted.

Full CCTV camera coverage within tunnels is also required, in accordance with the
requirements of NFPA 502.

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When possible utilize a camera-equipped van or bucket truck to

validate CCTV camera placements prior to installation.

4.4 Camera Type

Most of the desired CCTV camera features are standard with commonly available
commercial products. Depending on use, a camera may be chosen that meets the
Ashghal ITS Specifications for:

 CCTV Camera
 Video Encoder/Decoder

The following features related to camera type must be considered as part of the
design process:

 Pan-tilt-zoom vs. Fixed

 Analog vs. IP

Note that barrel mount cameras should be used on a case-by-case basis, and for
very specific applications (such as within tunnels).

4.4.1 Pan-Tilt-Zoom vs. Fixed

Using a Pan-Tilt-Zoom (PTZ) platform, CCTV system operators can change camera
position about the 360-degree ‘azimuth’ axis and adjust camera elevation up or down
(within a 90-degree range). Together with a zoom lens, the PTZ camera allows
operators to view a scene within any direction about the camera, and within the lens
field-of-view and distance ranges. The speed of the pan/tilt mechanism determines
the rate of camera coverage, while the horizontal and vertical camera movements
determine the coverage area.

Dome-enclosed systems provide much higher PTZ speeds. Dome systems also
have much more range than external units, having the ability to look straight down. It
should be noted that dome cameras are “horizon limited” and cannot look up at the
sky or up a nearby steep hill very well. However, unless the camera is to be placed
in very hilly terrain, this is not a major drawback for roadway traffic monitoring.

Fixed cameras should only be considered for installations that focus on only one
view, and in locations such as tunnels and long underpasses where the camera will
not have to fight strong wind loads. PTZ cameras are the preferred camera type.

4.4.2 Analog vs. IP

The Ashghal ITS Specifications contain two camera types; one which transmits video
in IP format only and one which is a dual IP/Analog camera.

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New CCTV camera deployments should always be of the IP type,

except in the case where the Client requires the camera to be analog-
compatible for a particular reason.

The need to deploy analog cameras is typically due to the Client still maintaining
legacy infrastructure that contains some analog devices or cannot accommodate IP
signals.

4.5 Selection of Camera Mounting Type

The overriding factor in determining a CCTV camera location is the site’s fitness for
performing the operational role that it is designed for (see Section 4.3). If all other
factors are equal, the ITS practitioner may possibly have more than one option on
the type of camera mount to design. The three possible choices are:

 Pole-mounted
 On an existing sign or structure, like a bridge
 Inside a tunnel, on a wall, or an underpass wall

The most prevalent structure for CCTV cameras is a stand-alone pole. The
minimum pole height to be used in Qatar is 15m, and pole heights of 20 to 25m may
be warranted at some locations depending on topography, obstructions, bridges,
interchange geometry, etc. Design standards for a CCTV pole can be found in the
following Client documents:

Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS

4.5.1 Camera-Lowering Device

The use of a camera-lowering system is required for most pole-mounted CCTV

installations. The inclusion of a camera-lowering system allows for easier access to
the camera in many cases eliminating the need to use a bucket truck or similar
vehicle for maintenance, and reducing the need for lane closures. Camera-lowering
systems are typically not used for fixed CCTV cameras since those applications
involve fixed mounting on tunnel walls, traffic signal mast arms, etc. During the
design process, consideration should be given to the possibility of utilizing a camera-
lowering system for fixed CCTV cameras wherever practical.

For a pole-mounted enclosure, do not place the enclosure on the same side as the
hand hole for a camera lowering winch or under the camera to be lowered.

Standard Specifications for a CCTV Camera Lowering Device can be found in

Ashghal’s ITS specifications:

Ashghal ITS Specifications - Closed Circuit Television Camera

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4.6 CCTV Cameras in Tunnels

CCTV camera systems for use in tunnels shall ensure compliance with all
requirements of NFPA 502 - Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited
Access Highways. Refer to the NFPA 502 standard for requirements. One hundred
percent (100%) CCTV coverage should be provided on the approaches to and inside
a tunnel.

4.7 ITS Enclosure Placement

An ITS enclosure and its associated components must be included in the design
process.

Design criteria for a suitable ITS enclosure location includes the following:

 The enclosure for the CCTV controller should be ground-mounted.

 In locations where the site has limited space, the enclosure may be pole-
mounted.

 A ground-mounted or pole-mounted enclosure should be located at a

minimum distance from the barrier, based on the design and type of barrier
used. See standard drawings for appropriate minimums.

 The enclosure is to be placed in the safest possible location.

 The enclosure should be oriented so that the maintainer is facing the

roadway, while performing maintenance at the enclosure location.

 The enclosure should be at a level where the maintainer doesn’t need a step
ladder to perform maintenance at the enclosure location.

 The enclosure should be located as close as possible to the location where

the camera is installed; however, if site conditions prevent the installation of
the enclosure near the camera, the enclosure should be installed up to a
maximum distance of 100m. If the distance exceeds 100m, equalizing
amplifiers for video should be provided. If the camera is IP, the absolute
maximum distance is 100m based on restrictions of the communications
cable.

 A leveled maintainer’s pad should be provided at the front of the enclosure for
the maintenance worker to stand on while accessing the enclosure.

 Where possible, there should be adequate and safe parking conditions

present for parking of a maintenance vehicle in the vicinity of the enclosure.
Where this is not possible, locate the camera where it is accessible by on-foot
maintenance personnel.

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 See manufacturer’s specifications to determine the maximum distance

between the enclosure and the field device it services.

When it comes to designing the enclosure, there are a wide variety of component
manufacturers to choose from and this will usually impact the enclosure interior
space requirements. In some case, collocated ITS devices may also share the same
enclosure. This will further influence the design of the enclosure size.

Standard Specifications for an ITS enclosure can be found in Ashghal’s ITS

specifications:

Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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5 Roadway Weather Information Systems (RWIS) and Air Quality Monitoring

Sites

5.1 System Purpose & Design Flow

The primary function of the Road Weather Information System (RWIS) is to measure
and monitor road weather conditions with the use of different sensors. RWIS assists
the Client and other agencies in determining road conditions. This information can
be shared with drivers or used internally to assist in scheduling maintenance.
RWISs collect atmospheric, pavement surface, and sub-surface information to
provide the most accurate weather information available.

The system component that collects weather data is the Environmental Sensing
Station (ESS). An ESS consists of a combination of sensors that gather and
transmit pavement, temperature, wind speed, visibility, and humidity data. These
sensors are controlled by a field controller, called a Remote Processing Unit (RPU),
which sends the sensor data to the TMC.

The information can be used to inform drivers of adverse conditions or to determine

when to conduct road maintenance operations in a safe manner. RWISs should be
used with an information dissemination source such as DMS to reach motorists and
reduce weather related traffic accidents. Air Quality Monitoring (AQM) Sites are
typically small structures containing electronic instruments used to measure and
record the concentration of various air pollutants. The AQM Site purpose is to
measure the concentrations of air pollution in a specific area and to determine the
source of pollution. If any monitoring station shows pollution levels above a certain
threshold, the AQM should notify the TMC.

Figure 5-1: Weather Station

Photo Credit: Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT)

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There are several Client and industry standards/requirements related to RWIS and
AQM Sites. The table below highlights some of the more important ones:
Table 5-1: RWIS and AQM Site Standards
Criteria Relevant Standard
 Ashghal ITS Specifications - Road Weather Information
 Sensor and Pole Type
Systems
 Communication and Software  NTCIP
 QCS 2010
 Structure
 Per Manufacturer’s Requirements
 Enclosure  Ashghal ITS Specifications – General Provisions for ITS

5.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with RWIS design. Each section of the list
corresponds to a section of this document chapter. The background, details, and
specific regulations or guidance related to the design process for a RWIS and/or
AQM Site are contained in those referenced sections. The Client requires a system
design for each RWIS site which will also include the communications design for that
site. The contractor will develop these designs and provide them to the Client along
with a Communication Test Plan for approval.

All sensors require power to operate. Power is also required for the collection of the
data at the RPU and for transmission of the road weather data to its intended users.

Table 5-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter in general. For a design checklist that can be
used for projects, see Appendix A, Table A3. The checkboxes in the right-hand
column are a simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand
column has been considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

Table 5-2: RWIS and AQM Site Design Considerations and Section Outline
Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
Location/Placement Guidelines Section 5.5
 Has the RWIS and/or AQM Site location been chosen/designed with
consideration to atmospheric conditions?
 Has a site for the RWIS been chosen that considers the available utilities
and the cost/constraints associated with connection to those utilities?
 Has the site been chosen with consideration to protecting the RWIS and/or
AQM Site structure and ensuring that it will last without undue maintenance
necessary to the structure and the surrounding site?
 Has a site been chosen that makes the best use of the operational needs of
a RWIS and/or AQM Site (e.g., low visibility sites)?
 Has a site been chosen that satisfies safety requirements for personnel
performing maintenance on the system?

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 Has the site been chosen so that it will minimize maintenance costs and in
accordance with QCS 2010, Section 11, Part 1.1.8 (e.g., there is sufficient
shoulder to park a bucket truck without the need for a full lane closure and
significant maintenance and protection of traffic)?
Sensor Type Section 5.3.1
 Are the sensor types appropriate for the desired location?
Sensor Mount Section 5.3.2
 Have the Client’s standards been followed in the design of the
mount/structure?
 Is the mounting height appropriate?
Enclosure Section 5.6
 Is an enclosure required at this location?
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?
 Is the enclosure mounted on the RWIS pole or on an existing structure
(where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate protection for the
enclosure?
 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at the enclosure’s main
door?
Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the RWIS and/or AQM Site components
been determined?
Power Availability Section 11.1.2
 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from the site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?
Power Conditioning Section 11.2
 Have the UPS and power back-up options been determined and accounted
for?
Communication Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the RWIS and/or the AQM been
determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure been located and
confirmed within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?
Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community, and cultural impact
studies, processes and concerns been addressed?

5.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

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5.2.1.1 Communications Interface for RWIS and AQM

The communications interface between the RWIS sensors and measurements from
the AQM Site and the TMC is needed to facilitate the following functions:

 Monitor RWIS Equipment Status. This feature allows an operator to monitor

the electrical power for the RWIS equipment to ensure proper operation, and
to monitor the movements of a mobile RWIS station.

 Monitor Weather Conditions. This feature allows an operator to monitor the

weather conditions that can directly or indirectly affect the transportation
system. Weather conditions to be monitored may include wind conditions,
temperature, humidity, precipitation, and visibility. This feature also allows an
operator to visually inspect and verify reported weather conditions through an
image collected at the RWIS equipment location.

 Monitor Pavement Conditions. This feature allows an operator to monitor the

road conditions and conditions below the road surface that may adversely
affect transportation operations. Roadway conditions to be monitored may
include pavement surface temperature, moisture conditions, and surface
friction.

 Monitor Water Level. This feature allows an operator to monitor the depth of
water at one or more locations, such as over a roadway or in a stream.

 Monitor Air Quality. This feature allows an operator to monitor the current air
quality in the vicinity of the RWIS and/or AQM Site, and determine whether
there are airborne biohazards in the vicinity.

 Upload Event Logs. This feature allows an operator to upload any event logs
that are maintained by the RWIS and/or AQM Site.
The communications protocol should support all the features that are desired for
RWIS and/or AQM equipment.

5.2.1.2 NTCIP for RWIS

The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable.

 NTCIP 1204, Environmental Sensor Station Interface Standard, is a data

dictionary standard used to support the functions related to monitoring and
collecting environmental sensor data, including weather data, pavement
condition data, water level data, and air quality data. This standard defines
data elements specific to environmental sensors, which include sensors that
monitor weather, roadway surface, water level, and air quality conditions.
These sensors are typically connected to a nearby RPU. An environmental
sensor station (ESS), in the context of this standard, consists of an RPU plus
the suite of sensors connected to it. Typically, the ESS is at a fixed location
along the roadway, but ESSs may be portable or even mobile.

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 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management, time
schedulers, event logging, and database management.

5.3 The RWIS System

The typical RWIS site consists of a pole, enclosure, a RPU, and several
environmental sensors. Figure 5-2 shows the typical location and mounting heights
of sensors on a pole-based RWIS. The RWIS outstations are likely to include some
or all of the following:

 Road sensors in travel lanes are used to measure surface temperature, sub-
surface temperature, and surface condition.

 Atmospheric sensors adjacent to the road measure air temperature, relative

humidity, wind speed and direction, air quality, and precipitation.

 A power source supplemented by either a main electricity connection or solar

panels.

 A RPU connected to all the sensors translates and records the signals
received from the sensors. The RPU transmits data to the server.

 A communication device, such as a modem, to allow remote collection and

transfer of data.

 A connection to nearby DMS and/or VSL to provide automated alerts to

drivers in hazardous conditions.

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Figure 5-2: Typical Placement of Pole-Based Sensors

Photo Credit: Federal Highway Association (FHWA)

5.3.1 Types of Sensors

Most of the sensors on an outstation are installed above the road, affixed to a pole.
The sensors that are typically included in a RWIS are the ultrasonic wind speed and
direction sensor, precipitation and visibility sensor, air temperature/relative humidity
sensor, and passive pavement sensor (PPS). These sensors are typically part of an
outstation. However, some sensors are installed either at the road surface or sub-
surface.

5.3.1.1 Passive Pavement Sensor (PPS)

The identification of road temperature and condition is crucial for the accuracy of a
RWIS. These sensors report the road surface as either wet or dry and usually report
the road surface temperature. These sensors are located under or just above the
pavement.

5.3.1.2 Air Temperature and Humidity

Air temperature and humidity sensors can provide air temperature, dewpoint
temperature, wet bulb temperature, and relative humidity. Typically, a single sensor
provides both air temperature and relative humidity measurements. To minimize
errors induced by solar heating, the sensor is typically mounted in a solar radiation
shield. These sensors should be mounted approximately 1.5 to 2.0m above ground
level and installed towards the predominant wind direction.

5.3.1.3 Precipitation and Visibility Sensor

Visibility sensors measure meteorological optical range, and can be extremely useful
in low-visibility or fog-prone areas. The visibility sensor should be capable of

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detecting fog, mist, smoke, and sand. These sensors typically use infra-red forward
scatter technology, with a limitation being that anything in the optical path that
attenuates or scatters the infra-red beam, such as dirt, or even spider webs, may
cause erroneous readings. To avoid this problem multiple sensors can be used to
check and adjust for any contamination errors. These sensors should be installed at
a height of approximately 2.0 to 3.0m above the ground.

5.3.1.4 Ultrasonic Wind Speed and Direction

Ultrasonic wind speed and direction measurements will be made either by a
combination sensor or by individual sensors. There are a variety of types of
anemometers which vary in appearance, but have the same basic principles of
operation. This sensor should be positioned approximately 10 m above ground
level. Obstructions to the wind flow should be avoided.

5.3.1.5 Barometric Sensor

Barometric pressure sensors are used for determining atmospheric air pressure.
These sensors measure the fluctuations in the pressure exerted by the atmosphere.
Barometric pressure data is useful to create weather forecasts. The forecasts are
used to predict future pavement and weather conditions that will potentially cause
road problems.

5.3.1.6 RWIS Structure

The RWIS structure must have a concrete foundation to provide a sturdy platform.
The size must be designed for the specific site or according to manufacturer’s
specifications. The RWIS structure will be a pole. The structure should be sturdy
and meet manufacturer’s requirements for deflection to reduce contamination of
sensor data by turbulence and wind flow.

The pole height should be sufficient to accommodate the sensors. If installing wind
sensors, poles should be at least 10m in height. Poles are most frequently installed
within a range of 10 to 15m from the edge of the paved surface and if possible at the
same elevation as the surface of the road as shown in Figure 5-3.

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10 to 15m

Figure 5-3: RWIS Pole Location

Photo Credit: FHWA

5.4 AQM Site

The AQM Site is an air quality device that is used to measure common air pollutants
including Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Oxides (NO), Ground Ozone (O3),
Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon-Methane and Non-Methane THC, and
Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) among others. Air samples are generally collected
to observe pollution trends and sources, and activate control procedures. The AQM
Site should have a particle monitor module and a gas module to detect the pollutants
mentioned above. The mounting assembly and the RPU should follow
manufacturer’s specifications and Ashghal’s ITS Specifications. Figure 5-4 shows a
typical AQM Site.

Figure 5-4: Air Quality Monitoring Site

Photo Credit: AeroQual

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5.5 RWIS and AQM Site Selection

A poorly chosen site can result in incorrect readings, service difficulties, or even
damage from passing traffic. The site should not be sheltered in such a way that
sensor readings give a false impression of the situation closer to the road. At the
same time, sensors and the outstation should not be located too close to the road
that wind from passing traffic will give inaccurate readings. The height of sensors
above the ground, as well as their orientation, can also affect sensor readings and
needs to be taken into account when selecting locations and installing equipment.

The number and spacing of sites in the network is dependent upon a variety of
factors including; topography, soil type, land use, microclimate zones, proximity to
utilities, and road classification. Generally, the greater the variability in these factors,
the more sites will be required in the network. RWIS deployments should focus on
roadways where sandstorms and/or fog are prevalent. The observation points and
pavement sensors should be installed at critical points along the roads. Variations in
sensor or structure siting may be unavoidable due to many circumstances, such as
limited road right-of way, access for maintenance, geography, and security concerns.
The contractor shall install the weather sensors at various pole heights using
mounting brackets in accordance with the RWIS Specifications.

AQM sites should be located strategically where pollution needs to be closely

monitored or controlled. The placement and type of mounting of the AQM site
should be approved by the Client. Also, when locating a RWIS or an AQM site, the
access for power and communication needs to be taken into consideration.

5.6 ITS Enclosure Placement

When the RWIS system includes devices that will be designed, constructed, and
maintained as Client-owned assets, the enclosure and its associated components
must be included in the design process. See manufacturer’s specifications to
determine the maximum distance between the enclosure and the field device it
services.

The RWIS controller system consists of an enclosure, controller, load switches,

power distribution unit, and other miscellaneous devices.

The AQM equipment, monitors, sensors, control module, and communications

network device should be housed in an enclosure.

Standard specifications for an ITS enclosure can be found in Ashghal’s ITS

specification:

Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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6 Over-Height and Over-Weight Detection Systems

6.1 System Purpose & Design Flow

The goal of Over-height and Over-weight Detection Systems is to prevent

commercial vehicles from exceeding the legal height and weight limitations
established within Qatar. When the limits are violated, damage to the infrastructure
could be significant and the operation of the vehicle will be unsafe. These systems
should automatically alert the TMC when vehicles that are over the allowed height or
weight pass over a Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) sensor or by the Over-height sensor.
WIM and over-height detectors are used to monitor the weight and height of vehicles

There are several industry standards/requirements related to Over-height and Over-

weight Detection Systems. The table below highlights some of the more important
ones:

Table 6-1: Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Standards

Criteria Relevant Standard
 Ashghal ITS Specifications – Over-height and Over-
 Sensor and Warning Signs
weight Detection
 Communication and Software  NTCIP
 Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS
 Mounting Structure
 QCS 2010
 Enclosure  Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

6.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with an Over-height or Over-weight Detection
System design. Each section of the list corresponds to a section of this document
chapter. The background, details, and specific regulations or guidance related to the
design process for an Over-height or Over-weight Detection System are contained in
those referenced sections.

The criteria contained in this publication must be followed when designing new Over-
height and Over-weight Detection Systems. It is important to note/clarify however,
that there will be instances where all of the criteria in these guidelines cannot be met.
Justification for deciding to go through with an installation, despite not being able to
meet all criteria, should be detailed by the designer. The goal of this process is to
provide practitioners with guidance, as well as to provide consistency with respect to
Over-height and Over-weight Detection System installations.

Table 6-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter. For a design checklist that can be used for
projects, see Appendix A, Table A4. The checkboxes in the right-hand column are a
simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand column has been
considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

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Table 6-2: Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Design Considerations

Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
Enforcement Purpose Section 6.3
 Has a comprehensive Over-height or Over-weight Detection System Study
been performed?
 Do the results of the study support continuing with the deployment of the
project?
Enforcement System Location Section 6.4
 Is the sensor placed such that enough space is available to warn drivers
and enable them to re-route as necessary?
 Is the Over-weight detection system installed in a location to ensure
coverage for all key Qatar roadway network routes and access routes
to/from major generators of truck traffic?
Enforcement System Signals Section 6.4
 Are the warning signs placed at critical points to allow drivers to stop or exit
the road?
 Are the signs designed in compliance with QTM and QCS 2010
requirements?
Enforcement System Sensors Section 6.3
 Does the system design include all of the necessary detectors?
 Does the complexity/configuration of the system require additional detection
areas and enable them to re-route as necessary?
Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the detector and all of the system
components been determined?
Power Availability Section 11.1.2
 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from Over-height or Over-weight
Detection sites?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?
Power Conditioning Section 11.2
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been determined and
accounted for?
Communications Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the detectors been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been located and confirmed
within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 Has the chosen communications option been reviewed?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?

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Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community, and cultural impact
studies, processes and concerns been addressed?

6.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

6.2.1.1 Communications Interface for Over-height and Over-weight Detection

Systems
The communications interface between the enforcement systems and the TMC is
needed to facilitate the following functions:

 Configure the Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Field Devices.

This feature allows an operator to determine the identity of each enforcement
system device and configure the sensors.
 Control the Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Field Devices.
This feature allows an operator to reset a field device and initiate diagnostics.
 Monitor the Over-height and Over-weight Detection System Field Device
Status. This feature allows an operator to monitor the overall status of the
field device and the status of each sensor.
 Upload Event Logs. This feature allows an operator to upload any event logs
that are maintained by the enforcement system field devices.
 Collect Data from the Field Devices. This feature allows an operator to
retrieve the data collected by the enforcement system field devices.
 The communications protocol should support all the features that are desired
for enforcement system.

6.2.1.2 NTCIP for Enforcement Systems

The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable.

 NTCIP 1206, Object Definitions for Data Collection, is a data dictionary

standard used to support the functions related to data collection and
monitoring devices within a transportation environment. This standard defines
data elements specific to transportation data collection sensors – it supports
the collection of information about each vehicle, such as number of axles,
vehicle dimensions (such as length, width, and height), vehicle weight, and
axle weight. Other information that may be collected includes vehicle
headways, vehicle speeds, and vehicle acceleration.

 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management, time
schedulers, event logging, and database management.

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6.3 Enforcement Purpose

Over-height and over-weight detection systems are deployed to prevent road

damage by oversized vehicles. WIM and Over-height warning systems can identify
those vehicles that do not comply with the limits.

The WIM shall automatically indicate when vehicles are over the permitted weight as
they drive over a sensor. Unlike static weigh stations, WIM systems do not require
the vehicles to stop; therefore, making them more efficient.

Over-height vehicle detections systems are deployed to warn drivers and the TMC
when a vehicle exceeds the maximum height for an upcoming infrastructure or
obstacle.

6.3.1 Over-Height Detection System

Over-height detectors are used to identify over-height vehicles and warn drivers of
an upcoming obstacle. They can be used in different applications such as bridges,
over-road walkways, tunnels, overpasses, and parking structures among others.
Over-height detectors should be installed prior to a bridge that is lower than the
standard height of 5.7m over a roadway. The system should activate a visual and/or
audible alarm, warning signs, flashing lights, or traffic signals to prevent accidents.
The system should also send an alarm to the TMC when activated. See Figure 6-1
for an illustration of an Over-height Detection System.

Figure 6-1: Over-Height Detection System

Photo Credit: Trigg Industries

6.3.2 Weigh-in-Motion

WIM devices are designed to capture and record vehicle weights as they drive over
a sensor installed under the road pavement. The sensors estimate the load of a
moving vehicle without disrupting the traffic flow. WIM systems are used for
collection of statistical traffic data, support of commercial vehicle enforcement, and
traffic management.

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The most common WIM sensors are the quartz piezoelectric sensors. The piezo-
quartz sensor is a widely used type of piezoelectric sensor that has a stable
response over a large temperature range. The quartz sensors are used for
measuring wheel and axle loads of moving vehicles. These sensors consist of a
light metal material fitted with quartz discs. When an external force is applied to the
surface of the sensor, the load causes the quartz discs to yield an electrical charge
proportional to the applied force through the piezoelectric effect. A charge amplifier
converts the electric charge into a proportional voltage that can be measured and
correlated with the applied force.

This sensor offers great accuracy as well as low maintenance. The sensor is
embedded in the pavement and produces a charge that is equivalent to the
deformation induced by the tire loads on the pavement’s surface. The sensor’s
performance is affected by pavement flatness. See Figure 6-2 and Figure 6-3 for
details of a WIM layout.

Figure 6-2: Piezoelectric WIM System Layout

Photo Credit: New Jersey Department of Transportation (NJDOT)

Figure 6-3: Cross Section of Quartz WIM Sensor Installed in Asphalt

Photo Credit: KISTLER

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A standard WIM system should cover all lanes of the expressway where oversized
are permitted. The travel lanes are instrumented with induction loops and quartz
sensors. All vehicles driving through the WIM site are measured. The legal weight
and height limits should be determined by the Client.

6.4 Deployment Guidelines

This section identifies deployment guidelines and criteria for each detector
technology. The designer should use this section as a guide for deployment of the
detector or system of detectors.

Enforcement systems provide information on vehicle classification that can be used

for regulation and automatic enforcement. The locations and system depend on the
characteristics of the roads and their traffic volumes.

WIM should be installed on all key Qatar roadway network routes and access routes
to/from major generators of truck traffic. The installation of WIM includes making the
pavement cuts and rehabilitation for the inductive loops and quartz sensors. Loop
vehicle detectors and quartz sensors are buried several centimeters beneath the
pavement surface of the roadway. For specifics concerning the size and placement
of the loop and quartz sensor within the travel lane, the Designer should adhere to
the guidelines provided in the Ashghal’s ITS Specification - Over-height and Over-
Weight Detection Systems.

Over-height detectors consist of a sensor mounted on each side of the road. Over-
height vehicle detection systems are deployed to warn drivers if their vehicle
exceeds the maximum height for the upcoming infrastructure, whether that be a
tunnel entrance, low bridge/overpass, or sign gantry. The location of the over-height
detector should provide drivers sufficient warning time to stop prior to the structure or
re-route without causing traffic congestion. Typically the Over-height Detector
System consists of transmitters and receivers, an electronic warning sign,
uninterruptable power supplies, and inductive traffic loops. When designing an
Over-height detector or system location, the designer must determine detector
location, quantity, height and setback. In some cases, over-height detectors can
also be used to support WIM systems. Also, the structure type must be approved by
the Client.

Ashghal ITS Specifications – General Provisions for ITS

Ashghal ITS Specifications – Over-height and Over-weight Detection
Systems
Ashghal ITS Specifications – Dynamic Message Signs
QCS 2010, Section 6, Part 13 - Traffic Signals

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7 Dynamic Message Signs

7.1 System Purpose and Design Flow

The primary function of a DMS is to provide traveler information. The nature of this
information is varied, but the goal is to disseminate roadway condition information to
travelers so that they can make informed decisions regarding their intended trip
and/or route.

Some typical DMS uses include notifying travelers of:

 Full road closure

 Tunnel closure
 Lane closures (Incident, Maintenance/Construction, Events, etc.)
 Weather/Road conditions
 Special events
 Travel times
 Future road work
 Scheduled safety messages (e.g., Public Service Announcements)
 Sign testing

To maximize the effectiveness of a DMS and to reduce potential threats to driver

safety, the sign type, placement, and the supporting structure must all be carefully
considered when designing and deploying any new sign. First, the operational
requirements of what purpose the sign will satisfy must be considered. This will
determine the general location and the type of sign. These operational requirements
and the location will determine the required support structure. The design process
can be simply illustrated in Figure 7-1.

Figure 7-1: DMS Design Flow Chart

There are several industry standards/requirements related to DMS. Table 7-1

highlights some of the more important ones.

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Table 7-1: DMS Standards

Criteria Relevant Standard
 Sign Type  Ashghal ITS Specifications - Dynamic Message Signs

 Communication and Software  National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol

 Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS
 Structure
 QCS 2010
 Enclosure  Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

7.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with a DMS design. Each section of the list
corresponds to a section of this document chapter. The background, details, and
specific regulations or guidance related to the design process for a DMS are
contained in those referenced sections.

The criteria contained in this publication should be followed when designing a new
DMS. It is important to note/clarify that there will be instances where all of the
criteria in these guidelines cannot be met. Justification for deciding to go through
with an installation, despite not being able to meet all criteria, should be detailed by
the designer. The goal of this process is to provide practitioners with guidance as
well as providing the Client consistency with respect to DMS installations.

Table 7-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter. For a design checklist that can be used for
projects, see Appendix A, Table A5. The checkboxes in the right-hand column are a
simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand column has been
considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

Table 7-2: DMS Design Considerations

Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
Longitudinal Placement Section 7.3.1
 Is the DMS visible and un-obscured?
 Is the DMS placed sufficiently in advance of any interchanges that would be
used for diversions?
 Is the DMS properly spaced away from existing guide signs?
 Is the DMS placed to reduce glare/visibility issues from rising/setting sun?
Lateral Placement Section 7.3.2
 Is the DMS structure located beyond the clear zone or protected by a
suitable safety barrier?
 Has the lateral offset of the DMS been accounted for when calculating the
length of the Reading and Decision Zone?

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Vertical Placement Section 7.3.3

 Is the approaching segment of roadway relatively flat (between 0-4%
vertical grade)?
Sign Matrix Type Section 7.4.1
 Has a sign matrix type been chosen that is consistent with the visibility and
message requirements of the roadway being deployed on?
Sign Viewing Angle Section 7.4.2
 Has a sign viewing angle been chosen that complements the roadway
alignment and the DMS structure?
Sign Access Section 7.4.3
 Are there any traffic, environmental, or safety factors that warrant a specific
type of sign access?
Structure Section 7.5
 Have visibility, road speed/volume, right-of-way, and maintenance/cost
issues all been considered when selecting a type of sign structure?
 Is there sufficient vertical clearance for the sign and the structure?
Enclosure Section 7.7
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?
 Is the enclosure located within a reasonable distance of the sign?
 Is the sign face visible from the enclosure location?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate protection for the
enclosure?
Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the DMS and all of the system
components been determined?
Power Availability Section 11.1.2
 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from the DMS site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?
Power Conditioning Section 11.2
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been determined and
accounted for?
Communication Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the DMS been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure been located and
confirmed within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?
Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community, and cultural impact
studies, processes, and concerns been addressed?

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7.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

7.2.1.1 Communications Interface for DMS

The communications interface between the DMS systems and the TMC is needed to
facilitate the following functions:

 Configure the DMS. This feature allows an operator to determine the identity
of the DMS, determine its capability, manage fonts, manage graphics, and
manage the brightness.
 Control the DMS. This feature allows an operator to control the message on
the sign face of the DMS, control the brightness output, control external
devices connected to the DMS, reset the DMS, and perform preventative
maintenance. This feature also allows a DMS to be controlled from more than
one location.
 Monitor the Status of the DMS. This feature allows an operator to monitor the
current message on the DMS, and perform diagnostics.
 Upload Event Logs. This feature allows an operator to upload any event logs
that are maintained by the DMS.

The communications protocol should support all the features that are desired for the
DMS system.

7.2.1.2 NTCIP for DMS

The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable.

 NTCIP 1203, Object Definitions for DMS, is a data dictionary standard used to
support the functions of DMS system within a transportation environment.
This standard defines data elements that allow for the display of messages
and the configuration of DMS. The standard also defines data elements to
support fonts, graphics, and message text so that the DMS may accurately
render messages on the sign face based on these data elements.

 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management, time
schedulers, event logging, and database management.

7.3 Location/Placement Guidelines

DMS should be considered at all key strategic decision making points, variable
speed limit gantries, and entries to Expressways. The site characteristics in the
vicinity of the planned DMS must be investigated. These characteristics dictate the
amount of information that can be displayed. Relevant characteristics include:

 Operating speed of the roadway (typically the speed limit).

 Presence and characteristics of any vertical curves affecting sight distance.

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 Presence of horizontal curves and obstructions such as trees or bridge

abutments that constrain sight distance to the DMS around the curve.
 Location of the DMS relative to the position of the sun (for daytime
conditions).
 Presence, number, and information on static guide signs in the vicinity.
 Location of the DMS prior to decision points and potential alternate routes.

Figure 7-2: Full Color DMS

Photo Credit: Daktronics

7.3.1 Longitudinal Placement

The main considerations related to longitudinal placement of a DMS are to minimize

obstructions of and by the DMS, provide for the maximum visibility of the DMS
message, and allow the driver ample time in which to read, process, and react to the
message.

The approach to a sign can be divided into the following 3 zones:

 Detection Zone
 Reading and Decision Zone
 Out-of-Vision Zone

Detection Zone: At expressway speeds (between 80 and 120 km/h), the DMS
should be visible to the approaching driver from approximately 300 to 600m away.
The visibility distance should also be increased if the DMS is placed at an offset from
the traveling lane, per Figure 7-3 and Figure 7-4.

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Figure 7-3: Lateral Offset vs. Required Sight Distance

Figure 7-4: DMS Visibility

Detection Distance = AB
Visibility Distance = AD
Legibility Distance = BD
Reading and Decision Distance = BC
Out of Vision Distance = CD

Reading and Decision Zone: As a general rule, the message panels on an

expressway-deployed DMS usually contain room for 3 lines of 21 characters each
(see Section 7.4.1).

 For deployment on roadways with operating speeds under 80 km/h, the

reading and decision zone should be a minimum of 250m.
 For deployments on roadways with operating speeds greater than 80 km/h,
the reading and decision zone should be a minimum of 300m.
 Individual characters of 30cm in height can be seen from approximately 200m
away under normal conditions.
 Individual characters of 45cm in height can be seen from approximately 335m
away under normal conditions.

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Drivers need approximately one second per word to read and comprehend a
message. Travelling at approximately 100 km/h, this translates into roughly time
enough to read and comprehend a 10-word message. The character height, cone of
vision, and lateral placement must all be considered when determining the
placement of the sign to meet the sight distance requirements.

Out-of-Vision Zone: Once the driver gets close to the sign, they will not be able to
read the message. The distance is determined by the viewing angle (Section 7.4.2)
of the sign, the structure that the sign is placed on (Section 7.5) and the lateral
placement of the sign (Section 7.3.2).

Table 7-3: DMS Longitudinal Placement Guidance

Criteria Guidance
 Location of the sign must provide a viewing distance to
drivers of at least 250m, and optimally 300 to 600m.
 On expressways, should be placed at least 250 to 300m
from a static directional sign.
 Should be placed on straight sections of roadway,
 Visibility
where/when possible.
 If the sign must be located on a curve, should be angled
towards the roadway.
 The sign should be located/angled to avoid the rising and
setting sun from affecting visibility.
 In sequence, 2 DMS should be placed no less than 300 m
apart; optimally 1.0 km or more.
 Should be placed a minimum of 300m away from a lane
merge or expansion.
 Reaction Time
 Should be placed 1.50 to 6.0 km in advance (no closer than
1.50 km) of an alternate route or major decision point.
 Should not be placed within 60m of a signalized
intersection.
 Should be placed as close to existing communications
and power to minimize costs.
 Should avoid locating on sections that have a fill slope of
 Cost
greater than one vertical to three horizontal (to reduce site
erosion, reduce construction costs, provide longer device
structure life).

Table 7-4: DMS Sight Distance vs. Speed Limit vs. Roadway Type
Legibility Distance
Expressway Limited Access Arterial Major Arterial
Requirements
Less than 80 km/h N/A 200m 200m
80 km/h to 100 km/h 250m 250m 250m
Greater than 100 km/h 300m or more 300m or more N/A

7.3.2 Lateral Placement

Standards regarding lateral placement of signs must be followed when designing

DMS. QTM and QCS 2010 provide information on the set back distances and
vertical clearances.

QTM
QCS 2010, Section 6, Part 7 – Vehicle Crash Barriers

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The DMS structure must be placed far enough behind a crash barrier or outside the
clear zone to comply with the minimum clearances values. Refer to the safety
specifications, in QCS 2010, of the particular barrier present at the site or the barrier
planned to be installed.

The offset of the DMS (horizontal distance from the sign as a function of travel lane)
will require additional sight distance to clearly view and react to the sign. Figure 7-5
provides a rough guide of the additional distance that must be factored into the
longitudinal (Section 7.3.1) sign placement.

Table 7-5: DMS Offset Guidance

Criteria Guidance
 All roadside DMS must be placed outside the clear zone or
shielded with a crashworthy barrier within the clear zone.
 The distance between the center of a DMS and the driver’s
forward line of vision (offset) must be factored into the
 All DMS
DMS placement.
 For roadways with a speed limit of 100 km/h and greater,
the center of the DMS should be no more than lateral
meters from the driver’s forward line of vision.

7.3.3 Vertical Placement

A roadway’s vertical alignment impacts the visibility of the DMS. If there are a limited
number of potential locations available, a slight upward grade is desirable.

Figure 7-5: DMS Site Envelope

Table 7-6: DMS Grade Guidance

Criteria Guidance
 Where possible, should be placed on roadway segments
that are as flat as possible (grade of < 1%). Signs may be
placed on segments with up to 4% grade.
 Should NOT be placed on roadway segments that have a
 All DMS grade of 4% or more (this may be waived if sign is placed
on positive grade immediately following a similar negative
grade. In these situations, expanded cones of vision should
be considered to compensate for the reduction of visibility
distance caused by the grade).

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7.4 Selection of Sign Type

The selection of the sign type, the configuration of the display, and the technology
employed all have direct or indirect impacts on the visibility of the message that will
be displayed on the DMS.

7.4.1 Matrix Characteristics

DMS display characters and symbols in a matrix format, which are generally
designed in one of the following three patterns:

 Character Matrix
 Line Matrix
 Full Matrix

All permanent DMS used in Qatar shall be full color, full matrix. Portable DMS shall
be amber color, full matrix. Full matrix DMS displays are important as the use of
graphics and symbols become more accepted and used. In this format, the entire
display consists of continuous matrix of pixels, as shown in the layout below.

The technology required for all DMS deployed in Qatar is Light-Emitting Diode
(LED). LEDs are semiconductors that emit light when current is applied. Typically,
several individual LEDs are "clustered" together in order to create each pixel. LEDs
have the added benefit of being able to display signs in full color with the appropriate
LED type. The reliability of LED lamps is very high.

Table 7-7: DMS Display Recommendations

Criteria Recommendation
 Character height must be between 27 and 45cm.
 Sign should be limited to three lines of text.
 General
 Each line of text should have between 12 (arterial or local
road) and 21 characters (expressways).

 Character height shall be 45cm.

 On Expressways
 21 characters per line shall be provided.

 Photocell to automatically adjust illumination intensity of

 All Signs
display to the ambient light.
 Character height must be between 28 and 45cm.
 Sign should be capable of displaying between one and four
 Portable
lines of text.
 Each line of text should have a minimum of 8 characters.

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7.4.2 Viewing Angle

Viewing angle is an important aspect and depends upon the mounting location of the
DMS and the curvature of the roadway. There are three standard angles available
from DMS manufacturers: 15 degrees, 30 degrees, and 70 degrees. The 30-degree
viewing angle is typical and required for use on all DMS in Qatar.

7.4.3 Sign Access

The Client requires the use of either walk-in or front-access signs. Rear-access
signs are extremely difficult to access given the existing standard drawings for DMS
structures. What follows is a brief examination of the pros/cons of the walk-in or
front-access signs.

Figure 7-6: DMS Maintenance Access

Table 7-8: DMS Access Types

Access Type Pros Cons Other Considerations
 Provides safe
 Highest installed  Catwalk or platform
environment for
Walk-In and recurring required to access
worker over live
costs. the DMS.
traffic.
 A bucket truck is
typically used to
 Sign mounted access the sign
 Smaller and lighter
overhead might  Consider installing
Front Access sign allows for a
require a lane catwalk to avoid
smaller structure.
closure. need for bucket
truck and lane
closures.

7.5 Selection of Structure

The three types of permanent structures that the Client allows for mounting DMS are
overhead or span, cantilever, and center-mount, as shown in Figure 7-7. All large
and medium-size DMS shall be mounted on either overhead or cantilever structures.
Center-mount structures will be considered as an exception in urban areas for
medium-size signs only; however, they will require specific approval from the Client.
The lateral placement guidelines in section 7.3.2 and the nature of the roadway are
the two main factors in determining the type of structure that the DMS should be
mounted on. Portable DMS should not be considered as an acceptable long-term

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substitution for permanent DMS. Portables should only be deployed as temporary

installations. Figure 7-8 shows a portable DMS.

Center-mount Overhead Cantilever

Figure 7-7: DMS Structure Types

Figure 7-8: Portable DMS

Table 7-9: DMS Support Type Comparison

Support Type Pros Cons Other Considerations
 Good alternative if
 Highest in cost. limited ROW
 Requires more available.
Overhead  Best for visibility. preventative  Can be used on
maintenance than any roadway type.
off-set DMS.  Utilize on high
volume roadways.
 Structural issues,
including failures,
have occurred in
 Less expensive
some locations.  Alternative if
than overhead.
 Visibility can be an limited ROW.
Cantilever  Alternative if full-
issue on tangent  Can be used on
span cannot be
sections. any roadway type.
installed.
 Visibility can be an
issue if truck
volumes are high.
 Suitable for
 Smaller display.
construction
 Typically requires
 Good temporary activities and
Portable the most
alternative. temporary
preventative
emergency
maintenance.
measure.

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The width of the roadway (including all lanes and hard shoulders), the
speed characteristics, and the available ROW determine the placement
and structure type of the DMS.

Center-mount structures will be considered as an exception in urban

areas for medium-size signs; however, they will require approval from
the Client.

Portable DMS should not be considered as an acceptable long-term

substitution for permanent DMS. Portables should only be deployed as
temporary installations.

7.5.1 Structural Design Guidance

The following outline contains the information which must be submitted for each
DMS sign structure. The outline contains aspects of the DMS design required by the
Client.

The Client’s sign structure guidelines will be used for all structure types. All design
calculations, plans, and details will be in accordance with the Civil and Structural
Standards for ITS. Each DMS structure will be assigned its own structure number.

The Client’s order of preference for DMS support structure types is:

1. Overhead truss
2. Cantilever
3. Center-mount

Center-mount support structures supporting DMS require written justification and

approval by the Client. Center-mount support structures are only permitted when it
can be demonstrated that an Overhead or Cantilever is not feasible.

Design Calculations will include:

 List of Design Assumptions

o Sign weight, dimensions, and eccentricity
o Any non-standard loadings
o Fatigue Importance Category
o Design wind speed

 Foundation Design
o One test boring will be completed at each DMS foundation location.
Where exceptions are granted and no borings are completed, use
worst-case soil conditions found in the standard drawings. The Client’s
Geotechnical Unit must approve the procedure and assumptions for
designing the foundations.
o Analysis in accordance with QCS 2010 will be used for drilled shafts
(caissons).

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 Additional calculations may be required if the design criteria specified in the

Civil and Structural Standards for ITS is not met. The following list of items
that may need calculations is not all-inclusive, and may vary by structure type
and details:

o Post/Base Plate connection

o Base Plate Design
o Anchor Bolt design
o Chord Splices
o Bolted connections
o Ladder connections
o Miscellaneous weld checks
o Catwalk loading and connections

Note: The standard drawings establish minimum plate, bolt, weld sizes, etc.
Additional calculations may be required for using larger plate, bolt, weld sizes, etc.

Detailed Design Drawings will include:

o General Notes sheet.

o Drawing sheets shall show DMS enclosure and connection.
o Drawing sheets shall show, as a minimum, the applicable views and
details shown on the ITS standard drawings.
o Provide panel connection details.
o Include complete connection details with weld symbols.
o Unique structure number, provided by the Client.
o Stand-alone drawing package is required for each DMS structure.
Multiple structures being presented without detail sheet are not
acceptable.

7.6 DMS in Advance of Tunnels

DMS shall be utilized in advance of all tunnels in accordance with all requirements of
NFPA 502 - Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access
Highways. These DMS shall be primarily focused on alerting drivers of tunnel
closures due to accidents, fires, or other unplanned events and emergencies within a
tunnel. Refer to the NFPA 502 standard for design requirements.

7.7 ITS Enclosure Placement

When the DMS system includes devices that will be designed, constructed, and
maintained as Client-owned assets, the enclosure and its associated components
must be included in the design process.

Design criteria for a suitable ITS enclosure location include the following:

 The enclosure should be ground-mounted, and should be next to the

structure.

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o A ground-mounted enclosure should be located at a minimum distance

from the barrier, based on the design and type of barrier used. See
standard drawings for appropriate minimums.
o The enclosure should be oriented so that the maintainer is facing the
roadway while performing maintenance at the enclosure location.

 If no suitable location is available for the enclosure to be ground-mounted, it

may be pole-mounted on the DMS (or other existing structure) in order to
minimize cost or eliminate ROW takes.

 A concrete pad should be provided at the front of the enclosure for the
maintenance worker to stand on while accessing the enclosure.

 Where possible, there should be adequate and safe parking conditions

present for parking of a maintenance vehicle in the vicinity of the enclosure.

 See manufacturer’s specifications to determine the maximum distance

between the enclosure and the field device it services.

Standard Specifications for the ITS enclosure can be found in Ashghal ITS
specifications:

Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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8 Lane Control Signs

8.1 System Purpose & Design Flow

The primary function of the Lane Control Signs (LCS) is to maximize roadway
capacity and safety. The information is transmitted though specific dynamic road
traffic signs with a relatively small dimension. Applications for LCS include lane
open/close/change, variable traffic restrictions, variable speed limits, travel times,
congestion warning, temporary shoulder use, and hazard lane signalization. In the
future, the VSL should be linked to micro-simulation models running in real time
using dynamic traffic data that can set pre-emptive speed limits to avoid the on-set of
congestion before it actually occurs. Signals with a green downward arrow are used
to indicate a lane which is open to traffic facing the signal. A red cross indicates that
a lane is closed to traffic. A flashing amber circle, arrow or cross, indicates to traffic
facing the signal to immediately clear the lane. Other LCS can show full color
graphics or text depending on the intended use.

Figure 8-1: Existing LCS in Qatar

To maximize the effectiveness of a LCS and to reduce potential threats to driver

safety, the sign type, placement, and the supporting structure must all be carefully
considered when designing and deploying any new sign. Table 8-1 highlights some
of the more important industry standards.

Table 8-1: LCS Standards

Criteria Relevant Standard
 Lane Control Sign and Controller  Ashghal ITS Specifications – Lane Control Signs

 Communication and Software  NTCIP

 Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS
 Mounting Structure
 QCS 2010
 Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for
 Enclosure
ITS

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8.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with a LCS design. Each section of the list
corresponds to a section of this document chapter. The background, details, and
specific regulations or guidance related to the design process for a LCS are
contained in those referenced sections.

Table 8-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter in general. For a design checklist that can be
used for projects, see Appendix A, Table A6. The checkboxes in the right-hand
column are a simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand
column has been considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

Table 8-2: LCS Design Considerations

Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
Longitudinal Placement Section 8.3.1
 Is the LCS visible and un-obscured?
 Is the spacing between LCS appropriate where it would give drivers enough
time to move from lane?
Vertical Placement Section 8.3.2
 Is the approaching segment of roadway relatively flat (between 0-4%
vertical grade)
Sign Matrix Type Section 8.4
 Has a sign matrix type been chosen that is consistent with the visibility and
message requirements of the roadway being deployed on?
Structure Section 8.5
 Have visibility, road speed/volume, right-of-way, and maintenance/cost
issues all been considered when selecting a type of sign structure?
 Is there sufficient vertical clearance for the sign and the structure?
Enclosure Section 8.6
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?
 Is the enclosure located within a reasonable distance of the LCS?
 Is the sign face visible from the enclosure location?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate protection for the
enclosure?
Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the LCS and all of the system components
been determined?
Power Availability Section 11.1.2
 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from the LCS site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

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Power Conditioning Section 11.2

 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been determined and
accounted for?
Communication Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the LCS been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure been located and
confirmed within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?
Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community, and cultural impact
studies, processes and concerns been addressed?

8.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

8.2.1.1 Communications Interface for LCS

The communications interface between the lane control sign systems and the TMC
is needed to facilitate the following functions:

 Configure the LCS. This feature allows an operator to determine the identity
of the lane control sign, determine its capability, and set its default values.

 Control the LCS. This feature allows an operator to control the sign face of
the lane control sign, control external devices connected to the lane control
sign system, reset the lane control sign system, and perform preventative
maintenance.

 Monitor the Status of the LCS. This feature allows an operator to monitor the
current status of the lane control signs and perform diagnostics.

 Upload Event Logs. This feature allows an operator to upload any event logs
that are maintained by the lane control sign system.

 The communications protocol should support all the features that are desired
for the lane control sign system.

8.2.1.2 NTCIP for LCS

The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable.

 NTCIP 1203, Object Definitions for DMS, is a data dictionary standard used to
support the functions of a DMS system within a transportation environment.
This standard defines data elements that allow for the display of messages
and the configuration of DMS. The standard allows addressing LCS by

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defining each LCS basically as a DMS. Each possible indication (e.g., green
downward arrow, a red cross, etc.) would be defined as a message.

 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management, time
schedulers, event logging, and database management.

8.3 Location/Placement Guidelines

The dimensions and weight of most LCS allow easy installation and configuration for
different road infrastructures, including tunnels, bridges, expressways, and road
interchanges. All messages shall be clearly legible under any lighting conditions as
shown in Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-3. In the case of lane closures, the signs must
clearly indicate which lanes are open or closed to avoid driver confusion.

Figure 8-2: LCS in Qatar

Photo Credit: Telegra

All LCS shall be coordinated so that all the indications along the controlled section of
roadway are operated uniformly and consistently. For reversible-lane control signs,
the indications must not be simultaneously displayed over the same lane to both
directions of travel. All lane-use control signal faces will be located in a straight line
across the roadway approximately at right angles to the roadway alignment.

Figure 8-3: Existing LCS in Qatar

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8.3.1 Spacing between Signs

The placement should allow drivers to decide in which lane they need to drive, and
should provide maximum visibility of the message. At expressway speeds, the LCS
should be visible to the approaching driver from 300 to 600m away. The color of
LCS indications must be clearly visible for 600m at all times under normal
atmospheric conditions, unless otherwise physically obstructed. LCS will be placed
at a maximum spacing of 500m apart on all major arterials and expressways.

8.3.2 Vertical Placement

The sign placement should not be lower than the required vertical clearance of the
structure where it is attached. QTM and QCS 2010 provide information on the
vertical clearances.

8.4 Selection of Sign Type

LCS are special overhead signs on a street or expressway that indicate whether
travel in a lane is prohibited or allowed. Each LCS is independently controlled to
indicate the status of each travel lane. LCS signs can also be collocated with a DMS
to provide additional information as shown in Figure 8-4.

Figure 8-4: LCS with Graphics and Text

Photo Credit: ITS International

8.4.1 Arrow Cross

Graphic displays placed over individual travel lanes displaying bright color
pictograms (red cross, green arrow, yellow arrow to the left or right) indicate lane
usage as follows:

 Green indication: drivers may travel in the lane under a green signal as
shown in Figure 8-5.
 Steady or Flashing yellow indication: drivers are warned that a lane
control change is being made.

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 Steady red indication: drivers shall not enter or travel in any lane where a
red signal is shown.

Figure 8-5: LCS for Washington DOT ATMS

Photo Credit: Telegra

8.4.2 Graphic Displays

Full matrix, full-color, high-resolution pixels will be used to allow for crisp graphics
and easy to read text. Graphics and pictograms should replace text whenever
possible to minimize confusion. All lane-use control signal indications will be in units
with rectangular signal faces and will have opaque backgrounds. Nominal minimum
height and width of each downward green arrow, yellow arrow, and red X sign face
will be at least 60cm for typical applications. See Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 for
examples.

Figure 8-6: Variable Speed Limit LCS

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Figure 8-7: Regulatory Sign Combined with a Lane Control Signal

Photo Credit: VDOT

8.5 Selection of Structure

LCS shall be placed directly above the lanes they control. They can be attached to a
new or existing sign structure. The Client’s structural engineer must approve the
design and the load calculations.

8.5.1 Structural Design Guidelines

LCS can be attached to another type of structure for different road infrastructures like
tunnels, bridges, expressways, and static signs. LCS can also be mounted on a new
structure depending on the size and the location. The design must be approved by
the Client prior to installation.

8.6 ITS Enclosure Placement

When the LCS system includes devices that will be designed, constructed, and
maintained as Client-owned assets, the enclosure and its associated components
must be included in the design process.

See manufacturer’s specifications to determine the maximum distance between the

control enclosure and the field device it services.

All LCS controller equipment should be housed in a standard enclosure.

Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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9 Ramp Metering Systems

9.1 System Purpose & Design Flow

Ramp meters are traffic signals that control traffic at entrances to expressways, and
are installed to address three primary operational objectives:

 Control the number of vehicles that are allowed to enter the expressway.
 Reduce expressway demand.
 Disperse platoons of vehicles released from an upstream traffic signal.

The purpose of the first and second objectives is to ensure that the total traffic
entering an expressway section remains below the operational or bottleneck capacity
of that section. A secondary objective of ramp metering is to introduce controlled
delay to vehicles wishing to enter the expressway, and as a result, reduce the
incentive to use the expressway for short trips during rush hour. Easily accessible
alternate routes must exist to achieve the desired result. Also, measures should be
implemented to prevent any traffic diversion to neighborhood or local streets. The
purpose of the third objective is to provide safe and efficient merge operation at the
expressway entrance. Ramp metering has been shown to prevent disruptions in
expressway operations, which can cause unsafe queuing conditions by significantly
decreasing expressway capacity. Prevention of expressway flow disruptions also
minimizes chances of rear-end crashes.

Most urban expressways are multi-lane facilities that carry heavy traffic during peak
periods. Traffic demand at a single on-ramp, however, is usually a small component
of the total expressway demand. Therefore, metering a single ramp and even a few
ramps may not be sufficient to achieve the first objective. In addition, drivers
affected by a small ramp metering system perceive such a system to be unduly
taxing them, favoring those who have entered the expressway at uncontrolled ramps
at upstream expressway sections. Thus, ramp metering with the objective of
mitigating downstream congestion should be installed on a sufficiently long section of
an expressway if it is to achieve all of these benefits and keep the motorists happy.

When properly installed, ramp metering has the potential to achieve the following
benefits:

 Increased expressway productivity

 Increased speeds
 Safer operation on an expressway and its entrances
 Decreased fuel consumption and vehicular emissions

A thorough engineering study should be conducted prior to installing and operating a

ramp meter. The typical study process is outlined in Figure 9-1 and fully described
later.

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Analyze Traffic Data

to Determine if Ramp
Metering can
Address Identified
Issues

Collect Traffic, Install Ramp

Geometric and Crash Inform Public in
Metering System and
START Advance and FINISH
Data for Location(s) Provide Briefing to
of Concern Begin Operation
Traffic Police

Analyze Ramp
Geometry to
Determine Feasibility
and Extent of Ramp
Metering

Figure 9-1: Ramp Metering Design and Implementation Process

There are several industry standards/requirements related to Ramp Metering

Systems (RMS). The table below highlights some of the more important ones:

Table 9-1: RMS Standards

Criteria Relevant Standard
 Ramp Meter Systems  Ashghal ITS Specifications - Ramp Metering Systems
 QTM
 Signs and Signals
 QCS 2010, Section 6, Part 13 - Traffic Signals
 Communication and Software  NTCIP
 Ashghal Civil and Structural Standards for ITS
 Structure
 QCS 2010
 Enclosure  Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

9.2 Design Considerations

The following list is intended to be a high-level guide to assist ITS practitioners

through the many criteria associated with a RMS design. Each section of the list
corresponds to a section of this document chapter. The background, details, and
specific regulations or guidance related to the design process for a RMS are
contained in those referenced sections.

The criteria contained in this publication should be followed when designing a new
RMS. It is important to clarify that there will be instances where all of the criteria in
these guidelines cannot be met. Justification for deciding to go through with an
installation, despite not being able to meet all criteria, should be detailed by the
designer. The goal of this process is to provide practitioners with guidance as well
as providing the Client consistency with respect to RMS installations.

Table 9-2 contains an overview of the design considerations contained in this

chapter and an outline of the chapter. For a design checklist that can be used for
projects, see Appendix A, Table A7. The checkboxes in the right-hand column are a
simple way to track whether or not the guidance in the left-hand column has been
considered by the ITS practitioners during the design process.

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Table 9-2: Ramp Meter Design Considerations

Pre-Design Planning Chapter 2
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in a Concept of
Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS architecture?
Ramp Meter Study Section 9.3
 Has a comprehensive Ramp Meter Study been performed?
 Do the results of the study support continuing with the deployment project?
Lane Configuration Section 9.5.4
 Do the number of lanes and the vehicles per green design support the
projected ramp volume?
Ramp Meter Location Section 9.5.5
 Is the meter placed such that enough stacking space is available on the
ramp to accommodate the queues it will generate?
 If the ramp meter consists of more than one lane, does it provide a sufficient
distance for the lanes to merge prior to the merge with the mainline?
 Does the ramp geometry allow sufficient sight distance to the signal?
Ramp Meter Signals Section 9.5.6
 Are the signals vertically spaced such that the driver can see the signal
heads while parked at or just in front of the stop bar?
 Are the signals designed in compliance with QTM and QCS 2010
requirements for Mast Arm Signal Poles, Signal Placement, and Signal
Heads?
Vehicle Detectors Section 9.5.7
 Does the system design include all of the necessary detection areas;
Demand, Ramp Queue, and Mainline?
 Does the complexity/configuration of the system require the additional
detection area; Passage, Exit Ramp, and Entrance Ramp?
Signing and Pavement Markings Section 9.5.7
 Do the signs and marking meet the QTM and QCS 2010 standards?
Enclosure Placement Section 9.6
 Is an enclosure required at this location?
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?
 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s recommended distance
to the detectors?
 Is it positioned such that maintenance personnel can access the enclosure
while viewing ramp meter signal heads?
 Is the enclosure mounted on an existing structure (where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate protection for the
enclosure?
 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at the enclosure’s main
door?
Power Requirements Section 11.1.1
 Have the power requirements for the detector and all of the system
components been determined?

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Power Availability Section 11.1.2

 Has an appropriate power source been located and confirmed with the utility
company within a reasonable distance from the detector site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement calculations been
performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?
Power Conditioning Section 11.2
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been determined and
accounted for?
Communications Section 12
 Have the communication requirements for the detector been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been located and confirmed
within a reasonable proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the pros/cons been
studied?
 Has the chosen communications option been reviewed?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has service been coordinated
with the Client?
Environmental
 Have all the necessary environmental, community, and cultural impact
studies, processes and concerns been addressed?

9.2.1 Communications Interface

See Section 12.4 for a general discussion on communications interfaces.

9.2.1.1 Communications Interface for Ramp Metering

The communications interface between the ramp metering systems and the TMC is
needed to facilitate the following functions:

 Configure the Ramp Meters. This feature allows an operator to determine the
identity of the ramp meter controller, configure the thresholds, configure the
scheduler, and define the lane and sensor configurations for the mainline and
ramp.

 Control the Ramp Meters. This feature allows an operator to control the
operational mode of the ramp meter and control the ramp metering plans.

 Monitor the Status of the Ramp Meters. This feature allows an operator to
monitor the current status of the ramp meters, monitor the current status of
the sensors, determine what operational mode or ramp metering plan is
currently being implemented, and perform diagnostics.

 Upload Event Logs. This feature allows an operator to upload any event logs
that are maintained by the ramp metering system.

 The communications protocol should support all the features that are desired
for the ramp metering system.

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9.2.1.2 NTCIP for Ramp Metering Systems

The following NTCIP Information Level standards are applicable.
 NTCIP 1207, Object Definitions for Ramp Meter Control (RMC) Units, is a
data dictionary standard used to support the functions related to ramp meter
control units within a transportation environment. A RMC unit, in the context
of this standard, consists of a field controller, its suite of sensors, and the
warning signs and signals. This standard defines data elements specific to
RMC units – it supports the control and configuration of the RMC units, and
allows for the exchange of metering plans to the RMC units.

 NTCIP 1201, Global Object Definitions, is a data dictionary standard to

support functions that may be needed by multiple device types. Such
functions include device identification and addresses, time management, time
schedulers, event logging, and database management.

9.3 Ramp Meter Study

Ramp metering can improve the safety and efficiency of traffic flow at or around
expressway bottlenecks under certain conditions. A thorough engineering study
should be conducted to determine the applicability of this traffic management
strategy.

9.3.1 Data Collection

Detailed data should be collected for the entire expressway section of interest, which
may include one or more bottlenecks and adjacent roadway facilities. Preliminary
site visits should be performed to assess where and how the data will be collected.
Then, plans should be developed and executed to collect the following types of data:

 When available, crash records for the section of concern for at least the past
one year, and preferably for three years.

 Traffic data:
o 15-minute traffic volumes in individual expressway lanes at key
locations within the section of interest. For analysis purposes, these
volumes should be converted to hourly flow rates.
o 15-minute volumes of traffic entering and leaving the expressway
section at exit and entrance ramps, and converted to hourly flow rates.
o 15-minute volumes of traffic at surrounding adjacent roadway facilities.
o Expressway speeds at key locations and speeds of traffic approaching
and traveling on the ramp.
o Observations about formation, dissipation, and impacts of queues on
expressway lanes, entrance ramps, and exit ramps.

 Roadway geometry:
o Number and width of expressway lanes, segment lengths (i.e., distance
of on-ramp entrance from upstream intersection, ramp length, length of
auxiliary acceleration lane, lengths of tapers, etc.), widths of ramps,
locations of physical bottlenecks (i.e., a lane-drop), and other relevant

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information (i.e., locations of horizontal and vertical cures and any

related operational issues.

9.3.2 Data Analysis to Determine Ramp Metering Viability

The first step is to analyze any available crash data to identify the locations,
numbers, and severity of crashes in the section, and compare them to other sections
of the same expressway or similar roadways. If the number of crashes is higher than
the average for other similar locations or the crashes are more severe than similar
locations, some countermeasure is needed to minimize the number and severity of
crashes. Additional analysis should be conducted to determine the appropriate
countermeasures. These countermeasures may include ramp metering at
immediately upstream or downstream ramp, active traffic management (advance
warning of downstream queues or slow traffic, speed harmonization, etc.), or both.
Another countermeasure might be to adjust signal timings to provide more capacity
to exiting ramp traffic in cases where queues at the downstream intersection begin to
interfere with exiting traffic or spillback into main lanes.

The next stage is to determine if traffic volume/demand levels indicate ramp

metering to be a viable option. In this regard, there are two general rules:

1. If the total expressway plus ramp volume is more than the capacity of a
downstream bottleneck (a downstream expressway section or the ramp merge
area) for a significant part of a peak period, one or more upstream ramps should
be considered for metering depending on the amount of excess demand. The
reader should note that service volume (count of vehicles) at a location
represents traffic demand only when no queuing occurs immediately upstream of
that location.

2. Regardless of the above condition, an upstream ramp should not be metered if

ramp demand is less than 300 vehicles per hour (vph).

At entrance ramps, merging of entering traffic into the main stream creates
bottlenecks under certain conditions. The level of impact depends primarily on the
ramp volume, and the volumes in the expressway merge lane and adjacent
expressway lane. The graphs in Figure 9-2 and Figure 9-3 can be used to determine
if ramp metering can be justified based on two criteria based on these volumes. It
should be noted that these two graphs assume typical entrance ramps, which are
located on the right side of the expressway. If there is a need, the user can use
these plots for on-ramps located on the left-side by using data from the appropriate
expressway lanes.

Use the following steps to test the criteria given in these figures:

1. Determine acceleration distance on the ramp. This distance should be measured

from the entrance ramp.

2. For each 15-minute flow rate (15-minute volume multiplied by 4), calculate the
average expressway volume in the two right-most lanes. Using Figure 9-2, locate
the point corresponding to acceleration distance from Step 1 and this value. If

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the point lies above the solid line, metering is recommended at this ramp during
the assessed period. Repeat for other time times.

3. For each 15-minute, add flow rates for the on-ramp and the right-most lane and
plot against acceleration distance in Figure 9-2. If the point is located above the
solid line, ramp metering would be recommended.

Even if these criteria are not met for a ramp, a meter may be justified based on
safety or system-based analysis. For instance, if a ramp meets criteria for metering,
but it is not possible to reduce expressway demand by the desired amount by only
metering traffic at this ramp, one or more upstream ramps could be metered to
achieve the desired results. Also, consideration of the adjacent roadway system
should be taken into account to ensure it is not affected by queued traffic from the
ramp meter.

Expressway

Figure 9-2: Expressway Volume Criterion

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Expressway

Figure 9-3: Expressway Plus Ramp Volume Criterion

9.3.3 Analysis of Ramp Geometrics

If the analysis shows that safety and/or operational benefits can be achieved by
installing a ramp meter, additional analysis should be conducted to ensure that ramp
geometry is adequate to support a good ramp metering operation. In some cases,
the Client may have to make decisions that may compromise some objectives.
Using methods (equations and graphs) described earlier, the following tasks are
recommended:

 Determine if restrictive or non-restrictive metering should be implemented and

determine locations of queue detectors.

 Determine the desired metering rate and select a metering strategy. Note that
a dual-lane meter is recommended for metering more than 900 vph. Bulk
metering can be used for slightly higher demands, but it compromises a key
ramp metering objective.

 Analyze ramp geometrics and signal installation options to determine the

ranges of storage and acceleration distances that can be provided.

o Calculate storage space distance using the formula provided in Section

9.5.3.3.
o Obtain minimum acceleration distances required from the signal to the
merge point. This will be done in two steps. First, use Figure 9-10 to
obtain safe merge speeds by selecting prevalent expressway speed
and a driver type. Then use this value to obtain acceleration distance
from Figure 9-11.

 Determine how many additional ramps, if any, will need to be metered, based
on a system-based analysis.

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 Determine lengths of signal intervals to produce the desired metering rate.

Divide 3600 by the sum of green, yellow, and red indications to obtain the
metering rate for each metered lane.

9.4 Ramp Meter System Components

Figure 9-4 and Figure 9-5 illustrate the various typical components of a ramp meter
system. These components include detectors and traffic control devices.

Mainline
Primary Queue Detectors
Detector Merge Detector

"Ramp Metered Intermediate Queue Demand Ramp Meter Signals

When Flashing" Detector Detector "Stop Here On Red"

Figure 9-4: Typical Components of a Single-Lane Meter

Mainline
Primary Queue Detectors
Detector Merge Detector
Loop

"Ramp Metered "Form 2 Lanes Intermediate Queue Demand Ramp Meter Signals
When Flashing" When Metered" Detector Detectors "Stop Here On Red"

Figure 9-5: Typical Components of a Dual-Lane Meter

9.4.1 Loop Detectors

Several loop detectors can be installed to provide a wide range of operations. Table
9-3 provides a description of these detectors.

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Table 9-3: Description of Ramp Meter Detectors

Type of Detector Location/Size Application
Mainline Located in each expressway Provides expressway occupancy, speed, or
lane upstream and/or volume information that is used for traffic
(Optional) downstream of the on-ramp responsive control. These detectors also
ingress point to the provide measurements for incident detection
expressway. Speed-trap and other ITS functions in TMCs. Used by
consisting of two 1.8x1.8 m nearly all agencies.
loops.
Merge Placed upstream of the Used primarily to provide on-ramp count
merge area and downstream data.
(Optional) of the stop-bar along the on-
ramp. Size: 1.8x1.8 m.
Passage Positioned immediately Used to determine the duration of the green
(Optional) downstream of the stop-bar. signal display on the specified lane.
Size: 1.8x1.8 m.
Demand Placed immediately Senses vehicle presence at the stop-bar and
(Required) upstream of the stop-bar in initiates the green traffic signal display for
both specified lanes. Size: that specific lane under the selected metering
6x2 m strategy.
Intermediate Queue Placed approximately half- Incrementally increases or decreases
way between the stop-bar metering rate to control queues within the
(Optional) and the on-ramp entrance queue storage reservoir.
point in both lanes. Size:
1.8x1.8 m
Primary Queue Positioned near the on-ramp Monitors excessive queues that cannot be
(Required) entrance area. Size: 20x2 contained within the queue storage reservoir.
m. Maximizes the metering discharge rate to
clear excessive queues.

9.4.2 Warning and Regulatory Signs

A series of warning and regulatory signs could be used to convey the intent of the
expressway management system. Various ramp meter signs used under single-lane
and dual-lane configurations are described in Section 9.5.7.7.

9.4.3 Traffic Control Devices

The final element of the single-lane or multiple-lane traffic control devices is the
traffic signal display. As the motorist nears the ramp meter stop-bar, one of two
standard signing and traffic signal display conventions is used to inform the driver of
the regulatory requirements of the ramp meter and to indicate when the motorist is
allowed to enter the expressway. Figure 9-6 and Figure 9-7 illustrate the typical post
mounted signal used for single- and dual-lane metering. It should be noted that
three-section (three-aspect) signal heads are installed on both sides of the entrance
ramp on breakaway posts because they are located within the clear zone. If
breakaway poles are not supported by the existing policy, other measures should be
used to prevent crashes involving vehicles and signal poles. These measures
include curbs and barriers.

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Figure 9-6: Single-Lane Meter Figure 9-7: Dual-Lane Meter

As illustrated in Figure 9-6, single-lane meters use one signal-head on each side of
the ramp. One of these signals is installed at an angle where vehicles stopped at the
meter can clearly see the lights. The other is installed at an angle that allows lights
to be seen from the ramp entrance. Additionally, a “Stop Here On Red” sign is
posted below each signal-head.

For dual-lane meters, as shown in Figure 9-7, two three-section heads are installed
on each pole. The top signal head points to vehicles entering the ramp, while the
bottom signal head points to vehicles stopped at the meter. Signals on the left side
pole are for the left lane and signals on the right side pole are for the right-lane. A
“Stop Here On Red” sign is mounted on each pole between the two signal heads.
Additionally, a “Left Lane Left Signal” sign is placed below the bottom signal head on
the left pole, and a “Right Lane Right Signal” is similarly placed on the right pole.

9.4.4 Pavement Markings

In addition to the standard marking on the ramp to separate travel lanes from the
shoulders, dual-lane meters require an additional line to identify the two metered
lanes. Typically a solid line is used to convey the message that shifting lanes is
prohibited once a vehicle has entered this space. An HOV by-pass lane also
requires marking (a diamond) to identify lane restrictions.

9.4.5 Ramp Controller

To be suitable for ramp metering applications, the traffic controller should provide the
following functionality:

 As a minimum, support up to two metered lanes without a HOV by-pass lane.

 For each metered lane, allow programming of green, yellow, and red
indications in the 1 to 99 second range with 0.1 seconds intervals.

 Support configuration of at least one detector trap per expressway lane for
up to a maximum of six lanes. Furthermore, the controller should provide for
collection of average speed, volume (separate for passenger cars and
trucks), and average occupancy data from these detectors in separate bins.

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The data should be collected every 0.1 second and aggregated over a user-
specified time (e.g., 20 second, 30 second, etc.).

 Collect volume and occupancy data from other detectors on the ramp.

 Support traffic responsive metering.

 Support queue override functionality using occupancy data from primary and
intermediate queue detectors.

 Support real-time or manual data uploads.

 Provide separate startup, metering, and shutdown cycles, with separate

values for signal intervals during these cycles.

 A startup cycle should provide for activating the advance flashing beacon for
a programmable duration before normal metering cycle begins.

 Provide for advance flashing beacon to be active during the normal metering
cycles.

Similar to a regular traffic signal, the controller should be installed on a concrete pad
meeting the QCS 2010 - Traffic Signal requirements.

9.4.6 Miscellaneous Items

Loop detectors should be installed and wired using the QCS 2010 requirements and
hardware as for traffic signals.

9.5 Ramp Meter Design Considerations

9.5.1 Ramp Meter Operating Philosophies

Ramp metering can be operated in a number of ways depending on the type and
level of operation.

9.5.1.1 Local versus System-Based Control

In local metering, the operation at a ramp is independent of adjacent meters. An
expressway may have many consecutive ramps operating in local modes. In
system-based metering, a group of ramps are operated in a coordinated manner.
System-based control may be central or non-central.

9.5.1.2 Pre-Timed versus Traffic Responsive Control

In pre-timed control, ramp metering operation begins and ends at preprogrammed
times. In traffic responsive control, meter operation times and metering rates are
based on detected traffic conditions. For instance, a meter may be programmed to
commence operation if expressway detector occupancy exceeds a certain threshold
value or expressway speeds are lower than a corresponding threshold. Traffic
responsive operation may also adjust metering rates by either using preprogrammed
values or by using a feedback control loop to calculate metering rates in real-time.

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9.5.1.3 Restrictive versus Non-Restrictive Control

In restrictive mode, metering rates are set based on expressway conditions. In non-
restrictive mode, metering rates are adjusted based on queuing conditions on the
ramp. An extreme form of non-restrictive mode shuts-off metering operation when
the ramp queue reaches the maximum allowed length. Metering operation resumes
when the queue clears.

9.5.1.4 Central versus Non-central Control

In central control, a computer located in the TMC controls ramp meters. Central
control is typically used with system-based ramp metering at a group of ramps along
a section of the expressway. Non-central control implements ramp metering using
only in-field devices, and can be local or system-based.

9.5.2 Types of Ramp Metering

When the merge area of the expressway is not a bottleneck, an uncontrolled single-
lane expressway entrance ramp may have a throughput capacity of 1800 to 2200
vph. The same ramp will have lower capacity when metered. The maximum
theoretical metering capacity depends on the type of strategy used. There are three
ramp-metering strategies. These strategies are described below.

9.5.2.1 Single-Lane One Car per Green

This strategy allows one car to enter the expressway during each signal cycle. To
maintain consistency with normal traffic signals, ramp meters use three aspect signal
heads with green, yellow, and red signal indications. The length of green plus yellow
indications is set to ensure sufficient time for one vehicle to cross the stop line. The
length of red interval should be sufficient to ensure that the following vehicle
completely stops before proceeding. From a practical point of view, the smallest
possible cycle is 4 seconds with 1 second green, 1 second yellow, and 2 seconds
red. This produces a meter capacity of 900 vph. However, field observations have
shown that a 4-second cycle may be too short to achieve the requirement that each
vehicle must stop before proceeding. Also, any hesitation on the part of a
passenger-car driver may cause the consumption of two cycles per vehicle. A more
reasonable cycle is around 4.5 seconds, obtained by increasing the red time to 2.5
seconds. This increase in red would result in a lower meter capacity of 800 vph.

9.5.2.2 Single-Lane Multiple Cars per Green

Platoon metering, also known as bulk metering, allows for two or more vehicles to
enter the expressway during each green indication. The most common form of this
strategy is to allow two cars per green. Three or more cars can be allowed;
however, this will sacrifice the third objective (breaking up large platoons).
Furthermore, contrary to what one might think, bulk metering does not produce a
drastic increase in capacity over a single-lane one car per green operation. This is
because this strategy requires longer green and yellow times as ramp speed
increases, resulting in a longer cycle length. Consequently, there are fewer cycles in
one hour. For instance, the two-cars-per-green strategy requires cycle lengths
between 6 and 6.5 seconds and results in a metering capacity of 1100 to 1200 vph.
This analysis illustrates that bulk metering does not double capacity and this finding
should be noted.

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9.5.2.3 Dual-Lane Metering

Dual-lane metering requires two lanes be provided on the ramp in the vicinity of the
meter which merges to one lane. In this strategy, the controller displays an
independent green-yellow-red cycle for each lane. Signal cycles in the two lanes
can be synchronized such that the green indications never occur simultaneously in
both lanes. Dual-lane metering can provide a metering capacity of 1600 to 1700
vph. In addition, dual-lane ramps provide more storage space for queued vehicles.

9.5.3 Geometric Design Considerations

Installation of a ramp meter to achieve the desired objectives requires sufficient room
at the entrance ramp. The determination of minimum ramp length to provide safe,
efficient, and desirable operation requires careful consideration of the elements
described below:

 Sufficient room must be provided for a stopped vehicle at the meter to

accelerate and attain safe merge speeds.
 Sufficient space must be provided to store the resulting cyclic queue of
vehicles without blocking an upstream signalized intersection.
 Sufficient room must be provided for vehicles discharged from any upstream
signal to safely stop behind the queue of vehicles being metered.

Figure 9-8 illustrates the distance requirements at the ramp meter location. In this
figure, the dotted line shows the ramp length. Under strict metering, the primary
queue detector controls the maximum queue length in real-time. Thus, the distance
between the meter and the queue detector defines the storage space. For dual-lane
ramps, the ramp storage area as shown in Figure 9-8 should also consider the
transition from one lane to two lanes and dual-lane storage space. The transition
zone should be at least 23m long, and the length of dual-lane storage should be
sufficient to store a minimum of four cars per lane (approximately 31m). In addition,
the signal poles should be placed where they cannot be reached by vehicle
occupants.

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Single-Lane Meter

Primary Queue Detector

Storage Space Acceleration

Distance

Safe Stopping Ramp

Distance Length

Dual-Lane
Meter

2-Lane Storage
Transition

Figure 9-8: Design Issues Related to Ramp Meters

The gore-to-gore length of a ramp depends on two geometric factors: outer

separation and ramp angle. Outer separation is the distance from the outside edge
of the right-most expressway lane to the inside edge of the frontage road. The top
part of Figure 9-9 provides a cross section view of the expressway, a single-lane
ramp, and the frontage road. In this figure, thick lines represent travel lanes and thin
lines represent shoulders. As shown, the offset/setback to the signal pole should be
a minimum of 1.1m from the shoulder or, in case of a curb, from the edge of the
travel lane. The bottom part of Figure 9-9 illustrates the desired and minimum
dimensions for ramps. These clearance requirements restrict the farthest
downstream location of a signal on the ramp.

The placement of signal poles controls the distribution of available ramp length to
storage and acceleration distances. If needed, additional acceleration distance may
be provided by constructing an auxiliary lane parallel to expressway lanes. Similarly,
additional storage may be provided on the frontage road upstream of ramp entrance.

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Outer Separation
2.2m 2.2m

Expressway Ramp Frontage

Road

1.1m 1.1m

Ramp Details
0.6m 4.3m 1.8m
Single-Lane Uncurbed m6´ Desired
0.6m 3.6m 3.6m 18 m
Dual-Lane Uncurbed Desired

0.6m 3.6m 3.6m 0.6m

Dual-Lane Curbed Desired

0.3 m 3.6m 3.6m 0.3m

Dual-Lane Curbed Minimum

Figure 9-9: Clearances for Placement of Ramp Signal Posts

9.5.3.1 Minimum Stopping Distance to the Back of Queue

When a ramp meter is in operation, motorists arriving at the ramp will likely
encounter the rear end of a queue. Adequate maneuvering and stopping distances
should be provided for vehicles from a location where they are expected to first see
the back of the queue. The following equation AASHTO (or equivalent BSEN)
stopping sight distance equation can be used to calculate this distance:

v2
X  0.278vT 
 a  
254   G
 9.81  

where:
X = Stopping sight distance, meters;
v = Speed of traffic approaching the on-ramp, km/h;
T = Perception-reaction time (2.5 sec), seconds;
a = Deceleration rate, m/s2; and
G = Percent grade divided by 100.

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Assuming a deceleration rate of 3.5 m/s2, 60 km/h approach speed, and zero grade,
the value of stopping sight distance will be 81.5m. This would be the minimum value
for the assumed conditions. If the decision point is an upstream intersection, this
calculation should also consider cross-street turning traffic that, even though making
the turn maneuver at a slower speed, may need travel distance to allow one or more
lane changes.

9.5.3.2 Storage Distance

Storage distance may be calculated using the following generalized model, which
assumes a single-lane meter.

L  0.250V  0.00007422V 2 V  1600vph

In this equation, L (in meters) is the required single-lane storage distance on the
ramp when the expected peak-hour ramp demand volume is V vehicles per hour
(vph). Dividing calculated value of L by the length of a design vehicle (7.7m) will
convert the value to storage requirement in terms of number of vehicles. For a dual-
lane ramp meter, storage distance can be calculated by considering the length of
dual-lane storage.

9.5.3.3 Distance from Meter to Merge

AASHTO provides speed-distance profiles for various classes of vehicles as they
accelerate from a stop to speed for various ramp grades. Figure 9-10 provides
similar acceleration distances needed to attain various expressway merging speeds
based on AASHTO design criteria. This figure can be used to determine the
acceleration distance for any desired merge speed. In the figure, note that the
desired distance to merge increases with increasing expressway merge speeds and
ramp grade. Because of gaps in the expressway traffic stream, ramp vehicles can
safely merge at slightly slower speeds than the expressway free flow speeds. Figure
9-11 provides plots to determine safe merge speeds versus expressway speeds for
three types of drivers.

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Figure 9-10: Minimum Acceleration Distance for Desired Speeds

Figure 9-11: Safe Merge Speeds Corresponding to Expressway Free Flow Speeds

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9.5.4 Lane Configuration

Ramp metered entrance ramps can be comprised of single or multiple lanes. To

determine the number of metered lanes, the designer should take the vehicle
volumes and the number of vehicles per green period into account.

The number of lanes must be determined in the ramp metering study.

Table 9-4 indicates when it is appropriate to permit one or two vehicles per green:

Table 9-4: Ramp Meter Lane Determination

Ramp Volumes Number of Metered Lanes Vehicles Per Green
<1000 vph  One Lane  Single

900 - 1200 vph  One Lane  Dual

1200 - 1600 vph  Two Lanes  Single

1600 – 1800 vph  Two Lanes  Dual

The FHWA Ramp Management and Control Handbook recommends that ramp lanes
have a width of at least 3.6m, an inside shoulder width of approximately 2.0m and an
outside shoulder width of 2.0m.

These guidelines should be used when determining the appropriate number of ramp
metered lanes. Other considerations such as environmental disturbance, existing
structures, and other factors may influence the final design.

9.5.5 Location of Ramp Meter

The ramp meter and stop bar must be placed at a location on the entrance ramp that
balances the need for an upstream queuing/stacking area and a downstream
acceleration and merge area. The meter must be placed such that enough stacking
space is available on the ramp to accommodate the queues it will generate.

The designer should utilize the methods of calculating queue storage requirements.
As a rough estimation, queue lengths can be calculated by subtracting the metering
rate from ramp volume over a specific period of time.

A commonly utilized rule of thumb is that the ramp should

accommodate a queue of 10% of the peak hour volume. For example,
if the peak hour volume is 1000 vph, the approximate stacking area
should accommodate 100 vehicles.

Special consideration should be given to multi-lane ramp meter locations. Ramp

meters consisting of more than one lane must provide a sufficient distance for the
ramp lanes to merge prior to its merge with the mainline. This may increase the
distance required from the meter to the mainline/ramp merge point to accommodate
acceptable acceleration distance.

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The exact location of the ramp meter on the entrance ramp will come
from the ramp meter study. The rules of thumb included here are to
be used to determine general placement areas, but will not address
the needs of each unique situation.

9.5.6 Ramp Meter Signals

Single lane ramps should utilize a signal pole (vertical pole) with two
mounted signal heads placed on the left side of the stop line. The
signals should be vertically spaced such that the driver can see the
signal heads while parked at or just in front of the stop bar. A Figure 9-12:
Ramp Meter
duplicate pole on the right side of the ramp can supplement the left Signals
side signal if deemed necessary. For ramp meter applications, signal
heads should have red, amber, and green lamps.

Two lane ramps should utilize two signal poles, one on either side of the ramp. For
multi-lane ramps using staggered or multi-vehicle green periods, it is recommended
that two signal heads be used per lane.

The QTM and QCS 2010 provide standards for traffic signal applications. Ramp
meter designers must follow the standards in the Ashghal ITS Specifications.

Ashghal ITS Specifications - Ramp Metering Systems

The following items should be considered when placing signal supports:

 Signal supports should be placed as far as practical from the edge of the
traveled way without adversely affecting the visibility of the signal indications.
 Where supports cannot be located based on the recommended AASHTO (or
equivalent BSEN) clearances, consideration should be given to the use of
appropriate safety devices.

QCS 2010, Section 6, Part 13 - Traffic Signals

9.5.7 Vehicle Detectors

Ramp metering systems require a series of vehicle detectors to provide input on

various pieces of motorist information. While inductive loops have typically been
used as the primary method of detection, other technologies can be used for
detection as well, provided they produce all the input information required by the
ramp meter controller. Viable technologies for vehicle detection include inductive
loops, microwave detection, magnetometers, and VIVDS. Many controller
algorithms are designed to incorporate and utilize loop or loop imitator (such as
VIVDS system) data. Extra calibration may be required if non-loop detectors are

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used in the ramp metering system. See Chapter 3 for more information regarding
vehicle detection options and installation guidelines.

RMSs employ a series of detectors at key locations. Depending on the complexity of

the system, some or all of the detector locations may be deployed. A RMS may
utilize some or all of the following types of detectors:

Table 9-5: Ramp Meter Detector Types

Detector Purpose Description

Located at the stop-line. Detects the presence of vehicles at each

Demand Detector
ramp meter lane. Also referred to as a check-in detector.

Located just across the stop-line. Detects when vehicles pass the
Passage Detector
ramp meter. Also referred to as a check-out detector.

Located at the intersection of the ramp and the surface street.

Ramp Queue Detector Detects when the queue is at or exceeding ramp capacity.
Intermediate ramp queue detectors may also be utilized.

Located at one or more location on the expressway mainline.

Detects capacity of mainline, existing congestion, and speeds of
Mainline Detector each travel lane. Data can be used for data collection, and/or fed
into the controller algorithm for traffic-responsive ramp metering
systems.

Located on exit-ramp at the metered interchange. Provides volume

Exit Detector information to be used for system-wide, traffic-responsive ramp
meter operations.

Located on non-metered entrance-ramps. Detects volumes

entering the mainline of a ramp metered roadway. Volume
Entrance Detector
information is entered into a corridor-wide traffic-responsive ramp
metering system.

9.5.7.1 Demand Detection Area

The demand detector detects the presence of vehicles at the ramp meter stop-line.
These detectors are essential for ramp meter operation because they tell the system
when to activate.

The detection area for the demand detector should be approximately 14m, or the
length of approximately 2 vehicles. The demand detection area must cover all
metered lanes. Figure 9-13 displays a typical inductive loop passage
detector/demand detector configuration.

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1.8m

3.6m

3.0m 3.0m
2.1m 1.8m
1.8m

23 m min.
to edge
of gore

Figure 9-13: Typical Demand and Passage Loop Detector Configuration

9.5.7.2 Passage Detection Area

Passage detection area is used to detect vehicles passing through the ramp meter
system. This provides the system with vehicle volumes entering the roadway, and
provides confirmation that the vehicles are obeying the ramp meter signals.
Depending on the type of system, this detection area may be essential to ramp
meter operations.

9.5.7.3 Ramp Queue Detection Area

The ramp queue detection area is essential to a traffic-responsive ramp metering
system. The detector is located at the top of the ramp, near the intersection with the
surface street. It senses when a ramp is at capacity, and if the queue is in danger of
reaching or backing up onto the surface street. Additional detection zones may be
set up at midway points on the ramp in order to detect general queue size.

Queue detection is a crucial input for a traffic-responsive system algorithm, and must
be included in the ramp meter system.

9.5.7.4 Mainline Detection Area

Mainline detection areas are located on the expressway thru lanes just upstream of
the ramp gore area. The zone must include all through lanes. This detection zone
provides essential mainline traffic operation data such as speed and volume. These
data are inputs to the ramp meter algorithm that are necessary to determine the
available capacity of the main line. Available capacity in turn determines the meter
rate.

Figure 9-14 displays typical inductive loop mainline detector configuration. If using
loops, multiple loops must be installed in sequence in order to accurately detect
speeds and vehicle queues.

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3.6m

6.0m 1.8m 3.6m

1.8m

Figure 9-14: Typical Mainline Inductive Loop Detector Layout

9.5.7.5 Exit Ramp Detection Area

Exit ramp detection area is located at some point on the exit ramp of an interchange
equipped with a ramp metering system. The intent of this detection area is to collect
vehicle volume data which is used in many ramp metering system algorithms. While
exit ramp detection is desirable, it may not be a requirement for a functional, traffic-
responsive ramp metering system. The need for exit ramp detection will be
determined by the ramp metering algorithm selected for the project.

9.5.7.6 Entrance Ramp Detection Areas

Entrance ramp detection areas can be located on ramps that are NOT metered, but
are within a ramp metered corridor or system. These detection areas are intended to
collect volume data from vehicles entering the mainline, which decrease its available
capacity. While these volumes are not required, they are inputs to many ramp meter
algorithms.

9.5.7.7 Ramp Meter Signing and Pavement Markings

Ramp meter technology is currently not a typical traffic management method utilized
in Qatar. Drivers are generally not yet accustomed to ramp meters, so any
installation may cause confusion and dangerous conditions if not properly
announced to motorists. If motorists do not know to expect ramp meters, they may
swerve, make other erratic motions, or brake abruptly causing hazardous conditions
to themselves and drivers around them.

Abundant, well placed, clear signage and pavement markings are critical to effective
and safe ramp meter installations. The need for signage increases with the
complexity of the system. For example, ramp meters at high-volume or expressway-
to-expressway interchanges require a network of signage that includes overhead
signs equipped with flashing beacons.

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Standard Ramp Meter Signs

Ramp Management and Control Manual signs must adhere to Ashghal ITS
Specifications - Ramp Metering Systems and QCS 2010-Traffic Signals. Table 9-6
shows several signs that may be used for RMS. Any of these signs may be
equipped with flashing beacons that activate upon ramp meter operation to increase
the visibility of the sign. The use of flashing beacons should be determined on a
project-by-project basis and must be approved by the Client.

Table 9-6: Typical Types and Locations of Signs Used for RMS
Sign Location Application
Placed on the left side of the This warning sign is accompanied by a
frontage road approximately 60 yellow flashing beacon that is activated
RAMP meters upstream of the slip-ramp during metered periods to alert motorists of
METERED entrance point and downstream of the upcoming controlled ramp.
WHEN any signalized intersections or off-
FLASHING ramps.

Positioned near the beginning of the This regulatory sign is used to convert the
FORM dual-lane queue storage reservoir on single-lane on-ramp into a dual-lane queue
2 LINES the right side of the on-ramp. storage reservoir during flow signal
operations.
WHEN
METERED

Placed on both sides of the on-ramp This regulatory sign identifies the stop-bar
STOP at the stop-bar. This sign is placed location and is used to align drivers over the
HERE ON on the signal pole under the post- demand detectors placed upstream of the
mounted configuration. stop-bar.
RED

Can be optionally placed either on This regulatory sign is used to inform

the signal pole or with the “Stop motorists of the intended traffic control.
ONE VEHICLE Here On Red” regulatory sign.
PER GREEN
Placed with the corresponding signal This regulatory sign is used to identify the
RIGHT head. A similar sign with proper lane control and inform motorists of
appropriate language is used for the the traffic control requirements during
LANE left lane. metered periods.
RIGHT
SIGNAL
Note: Signs are shown for illustrative purposes only. All signage must be in accordance with the
Qatar Highway Design Manual (QHDM) and Qatar Traffic Manual (QTM).

Pavement Markings
Ramp metering systems should utilize pavement markings consistent with standard
signalized intersections and expressway ramp operations, including: stop lines,
merge lines, and dashed lane separator lines. Lines may be paint, plastic, or raised
pavement markers. All pavement markers should conform to the guidelines set in
QCS 2010.

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9.6 ITS Enclosure Placement

See manufacturer’s specifications to determine the maximum distance between the

control enclosure and the field device it services.

The ramp controller system consists of an enclosure, controller, load switches, input
files, loop amplifiers, and other miscellaneous devices, very similar to traffic signal
systems. The controller must be capable of meeting the needs and functions
outlined in the ramp metering study. Many standard controllers are available that
meet the general needs of a ramp metering system. The most common controllers
are “Type 170s” or “Type 2070s.” The Model 170 controllers are becoming obsolete,
so new installations should use the Advanced Transportation Controller (ATC) 2070,
except in cases where it will conflict with existing systems and/or system software.

All ramp controller equipment should be housed in a standard NEMA or IP

enclosure. The enclosure must be positioned at the ramp meter location and must
satisfy the following requirements:

 Easily Accessible for Maintenance – access to the controller should not

require special vehicles or equipment.
 Positioned such that maintenance personnel can access the enclosure while
viewing ramp meter signal heads.
 Does not obstruct vehicle sight distance of the ramp or the ramp meter signal
head.
 Protected from errant vehicles – either located outside of “clear zone” or
behind a barrier.
 Facilitate a connection to the TMC or remote location that controls and
monitors the ramp meter.
 A maintainer’s pad should be provided at the front of the enclosure for the
maintenance worker to stand on while accessing the enclosure.

Ashghal ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS

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10 Ducts and Chambers

The requirements for ducting along the Client’s roadways and expressways shall be
6 x 100mm unplasticated polyvinylchloride (UPVC) ducts running parallel to the
expressway in the reserved location within the utilities corridor on both sides of the
expressway. In a circumstance whereby ducts cannot be provided on both sides of
the expressway due to space restraints or other conflicts, use an 8 x 100mm
configuration along one side of the roadway. In both configurations, the top four
ducts shall be designated for ITS power and communications cables, and the bottom
two or four ducts shall be designated for drainage SCADA cabling. Ducts on both
sides of the expressway in the 6 x 100mm configuration is the standard requirement
and shall be followed on all schemes unless an exception is provided in writing by
the Client.

Transverse expressway ducts shall be 6 x 100mm UPVC ducts with a maximum

spacing of 250m between road crossings.

Chambers shall be located adjacent to the ITS equipment, and at both sides for all
expressway crossing locations. Where significant changes of direction of ducting are
required, this will be through a chamber and at a maximum spacing of 150m.

A chamber shall be installed in the median where there is a planned or potential

future need for the provision of communications and power cabling to ITS equipment
in the median.

Sufficient drainage shall be allowed for in the area surrounding each chamber, and
each chamber shall have a sump to prevent flooding of the ITS network through the
conduit system.

For details regarding duct and chamber construction, alignment, location, installation,
marker tape, concrete encasement of ducts, duct assignment, and chamber cover
labeling, refer to Ashghal’s Civil and Structural Standards for ITS.

All duct and chamber materials and works shall be in accordance with Ashghal’s
Civil and Structural Standards for ITS and QCS 2010.

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11 Power

11.1 Power Considerations

The key design steps for an ITS device deployment (electric) power system are:

 Determine the total power requirement based on the manufacturer’s cut

sheets.
 Select a suitable power source based on availability.
 Determine step-up/step-down transformer requirements, where applicable.
The need for transformers will be based on voltage drop calculations.
 Determine meter options. Where possible, arrange a flat rate fee with the
electric utility provider.

11.1.1 Power Requirements

The total power requirement for any deployed device and/or deployment site is the
sum of the power requirements of the following:

 The device(s) (e.g., detectors, CCTV camera, RWIS, LCS, DMS, etc.)
 The enclosure components (refer to ITS Enclosure specification in Ashghal
ITS Specifications - General Provisions for ITS, QGEWC(E) Regulations for
electrical installation, and QGEWC(E) regulations for protective multiple
earthing).
 Convenience outlet per BS1363, 10Amperes, inside the device enclosure.

Select conductor and breaker sizes based on the worst-case scenario, in which all
connected electric components are operating at full-capacity. Do not factor-in both
devices for ancillary services which perform opposing services and are not expected
to operate simultaneously (e.g., heater and air-conditioner). For this preliminary
sizing calculation, assume the expected load drawn from the convenience outlet to
be 8 Amperes at 240V.

A larger conductor size may be necessary to keep the voltage drop over long lengths
to 6.9V or less (refer to section 11.1.3).

See Table 11-1 for typical power requirements for commonly used ITS devices.
Listed power loads are for estimation purposes only; actual power loads should be
obtained from the related manufacturer(s) of the equipment being specified or
provided on each scheme.

Table 11-1: Typical Power Requirements (Device-Only, No Enclosure)

DEVICE TYPE POWER REQUIREMENT
CCTV Typical
CCTV Camera ~ 30 Watts
DMS (450mm Amber LED characters) Maximum / Typical
three 15-character lines, 15-degree view 2800 / 500 Watts
three 15-character lines, 30-degree view 3600 / 700 Watts
three 18-character lines, 15-degree view 3100 / 500 Watts
three 18-character lines, 30-degree view 4400 / 700 Watts
three 21-character lines, 15-degree view 3700 / 600 Watts

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DEVICE TYPE POWER REQUIREMENT

three 21-character lines, 30-degree view 4800 / 800 Watts
DMS (450mm RGB LED characters) (Color) Maximum / Typical
three 15-character lines, 30-degree view 4300 / 650 Watts
three 18-character lines, 30-degree view 5200 / 900 Watts
three 21-character lines, 30-degree view 6200 / 1300 Watts
DETECTOR Typical
Detector ~ 30 Watts
RAMP METER Typical
Detector ~ 30 Watts
Signal Head (LED) ~ 25 Watts
Flashing Beacon (LED) ~ 25 Watts

11.1.2 Power Availability

The standard electrical supply in Qatar is 240V, 50Hz. Occasionally, a higher

voltage/ampere service is required when the point of service is located at a
significant distance from the ITS device.

Emergency means to disconnect power must be available within a convenient

distance from the powered device. In most DMS installations, the power needed to
operate the DMS is fed from the related DMS enclosure, and a power disconnect
switch is usually installed outside the DMS enclosure. An additional power
disconnect switch at the base of the DMS board support structure will not be
necessary for such cases.

Once a power supply is made available in the ITS device enclosure, the electric
power must be converted to the voltage and format (AC or DC) as appropriate for the
used electronic devices.

11.1.3 Voltage Drop

Part of the voltage made available at the point of service is dissipated by the power
cable that brings the electrical power to the intended ITS device. This loss of voltage
over the supply power cable (voltage drop) is proportional to the distance involved:

o VD=2*I*D* Rs, where:

 VD = voltage drop in Volts (V)
 I = Current in Amperes (A)
 D = Distance (between the power source and ITS site) in meters
(m)
 Rs = Specific resistance of the wire in Ohms/meter (O/m, which
varies with involved metallurgy type and effective cross-section
area of conductor)

The standard electrical supply in Qatar is 240V, 50Hz. In some areas, however, the
supply voltage is 220V. For the purpose of voltage-drop consideration, the nominal
voltage is chosen at 230V.

Most electrical and electronic devices are designed to operate at the nominal
voltage, with varying tolerances above and below the nominal voltage. It is a
common practice in the ITS industry to limit the voltage drop to 2.5% or less. The

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voltage drop requirements per the electrical code for 240V, 230V, and 220V are
7.2V, 6.9V and 6.6V, respectively.

At ITS deployment sites that may be located a large distance from the intended
power source, a significant voltage drop becomes an important consideration.

Given a fixed distance between an ITS deployment site and related power source, in
order to keep the related voltage drop within the design limit, a designer has to
decide how to keep the related voltage drop within the design limits. The two most
common methods are the use of larger power conductors or transmitting the electric
power over power cable at a higher voltage. The higher voltage method commonly
involves using a step-up transformer near the power source and a step-down
transformer at the related ITS deployment site. This choice is often dominated by
cost consideration.

General steps for designing power supply arrangements include:

1. Determine the total power requirement (Watt or VA) for the whole enclosure,
including devices which are powered from the enclosure. This should include
the added load of 240 V at 8A that the convenience outlet may draw.
2. Determine the required current (Amperes) that will flow through the power
conductors when all devices are operating at full capacity. In the case of
240V single-phase electric system, the current (I) is calculated as Total Power
requirement (in VA) divided by the product of applicable power voltage and
the power factor. Generally, a power factor of 0.8 is assumed, so the
resulting equation is: Power (VA) = Voltage (V) * Current (A) * Power Factor
(0.8).
3. Determine the wire size from the applicable table in the applicable electric
code that has a higher ampacity rating than the current calculated above. If
no electric code is available, use NEC requirements.
4. Calculate the applicable voltage drop using the formula shown above
(VD=2*I*D* Rs) Aim for a voltage drop of 6.9V or less.
5. Calculate the appropriate size of ground wire through the system using the
system load and the applicable electric code.
6. Choose an appropriate duct size for the power cable and ground wire. Make
sure that the duct is large enough for the power conductors. Power
conductors are not permitted to be placed in the same duct as communication
cables. In order to facilitate ease of cable pulling, and to provide an
acceptable rate of heat dispersion (through duct walls) when conducting lower
current than the rated limit, with three or more conductors the total of cross
section of all enclosed wires must be less than 40% of the actual cross
section area of the duct.

11.1.4 Metering

When necessary, provide metering for power draw to each ITS deployment site from
a power-supply point. In locations that do not use Automatic Meter Reader (AMR)
systems, safe and convenient meter reader access for utility personnel is an
important consideration in selecting the deployment location. Roadways with small
or no shoulders should not be considered for meter location. One way to circumvent

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this limitation is to arrange for non-metered (flat-rate) electric service through

Kahramaa.

Coordinate with the power utility agency early in the design process to
determine metering options. Consider the following power metering
options:

 Metered, with safe and convenient personnel access.

 Non-metered, flat usage rate.
 Metered with AMR, using a drive-by RF data reader.
 Metered with AMR, using a cellular data service.

11.1.5 Installation of Power Cable

Install power cable(s) in ducts and duct chambers separate from those used for the
installation of communications cables. The duct size is 100mm and the maximum
duct fill ratio should be 40 percent.

To facilitate cable pulling, chambers should be installed in a manner that the duct
center line is aligned with the center line of the chamber. Electrical chambers are
typically installed at a maximum separation of 150m to avoid impacting the power
cable because of the pulling tension. The chambers should not be installed in
carriageways, driveways providing access to properties, drainage ponds, or bottoms
of drainage ditches. The cover of the chambers should be labeled in accordance
with the Civil and Structural Standards for ITS. In addition, all chambers must be
earthed according to the electrical code.

The chambers should match the existing sidewalks elevations or surface level to
avoid the potential for pedestrians tripping. Concrete aprons should be provided for
all chambers that are not installed in a sidewalk. The concrete apron should be
sized according to the size of the chamber. In addition, the concrete apron should
be sloped away from the chamber to reduce the intrusion of water into the chamber.

11.2 Power Conditioning

Lightning spikes, transients, and line noise will degrade electronic devices over time.
Power conditioning provides protection from these issues as well as regulating
against sags (brownouts) and surges, thus reducing premature failure, improving
equipment performance, and maintaining the uninterrupted operation of key
equipment.

11.2.1 Voltage Surge Suppression

Lightning strikes are the most common cause of power surges to the ITS field
devices. The resulting voltage surges can propagate long distances along the cable
to the connected devices. In order to protect the related ITS deployment,
appropriate surge protection measures must be provided for the ITS devices. These
measures can be broken down into four components:

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 Lightning rods at the top of or near the support structure.

 Earthing system, usually consisting of one or more earth rod electrodes.
 Surge suppression hardware in the enclosure.
 Earthing conductor bonding the three components described above.

The provision of lightning rods is preferred for deployments involving great heights,
such as CCTV cameras and radio antenna at the top of tall poles, or DMS on
structures that stand out among the surrounding landscape and vegetation. The use
of a lightning rod is usually omitted for deployments involving relatively low heights
and where taller structures are present nearby.

In general, surge suppressors provide protection from energy (electric) surges by

diverting and draining the excess (surge) energy to surrounding soil. It is therefore
pertinent to combine the use of surge suppressors with a properly designed earthing
conductor and an earthing system.

The provision of one or more lightning rods over the ITS device, in conjunction with
an earthing conductor(s), can often help to divert the lightning discharges away from
the field device assembly. Lightning abatement measures such as this are only
effective if the lightning rod, related terminations, and the earthing conductors are
sufficiently robust to conduct and to survive lightning discharges.

Provide lightning rods, earthing system, and diversion hardware for

lightning discharge energy for all installations.

Telecommunications cables and sensor cables from nearby locations, just like the
utility power cable, are subject to the same possibility of lightning strikes. The
requirement for appropriate surge protection measures must therefore be extended
to all cables brought into the enclosure of all ITS deployments.

A proper earthing arrangement must be provided at the support structure, and at the
enclosure for the system. Where the enclosure is installed at or close to the base of
the support structure, both the support structure and the enclosure may be bonded
to the same earthing system.

It is important that the related earthing system is able to disperse the electric charge
from the lightning strike to the surrounding earth mass quickly. This requirement is
translated in the performance requirement on the earthing system to have earthing
resistance of 25 Ohms or less.

The standard is to use a 16mm diameter steel core copper jacketed type earth
electrode, not less than 3.6m long, in 1.2m sections coupled by strong bronze
couplers for earthing. When multiple rods are needed to achieve the required
maximum ground resistance (25 Ohms), space the ground rods at least as far apart
from each other as the length of the rods.

Earth rod electrodes, systems, and testing procedures are specified in QCS 2010,
Section 21, Part 21 (Lightning Protection). The designer should assess the site
environmental conditions to determine if the earthing system identified in QCS 2010

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is sufficient for the device location. Some devices require more robust earthing
requirements, such as CCTV cameras located at the tops of hills and mounted to
high structures.

11.2.2 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

Frequent shutdowns and restarts of the electronic devices generally cause the
electronic device to fail prematurely. Intermittent device shutdowns are generally
triggered by low power-supply voltage, which are often the result of brief drops in
supply voltage (brownouts) lasting seconds, and to lesser degrees complete power
outages (blackouts) lasting more than a few minutes.

The provision of a UPS is part of the power-supply arrangement to help bridge

periods of short and intermittent drops in power voltages. Most commercial UPS
products also include other desired features such as power conditioning. Power
conditioning helps to filter out unwanted fluctuations in power quality and delivers
“clean” power to the connected loads.

A UPS providing four hours of power shall be provided for all ITS field devices and
field communications hubs. Alternatively or in addition, a dual power supply may be
designed for each site.

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12 Communication

The communication protocol for Qatar’s roadway ITS devices should be based
around those used for wide area network (WAN) via Internet Protocol (IP). The
WAN is to be a fiber Ethernet network (possibly multi-Gigabit (where required))
which runs the length of the roadway connecting the ITS devices and subsystems. It
should be constructed as a redundant ring. The data will be carried between nodes
on fiber-optic cables and will be converted to a local telecommunications method
(e.g., fixed via copper circuits, or wireless Wifi, WIMAX, DSRC etc.) in the roadside
enclosures.

The Ethernet WAN ring will be used to carry all control, monitoring, and video
information. The ring topology will provide redundancy (i.e., closed loop) such that
all nodes can be communicated with, even if the ring is cut in a single place.

A telecommunications connection to the TMC for the ITS components implemented

as part of this project will also be provided.

All field-to-center (F2C) and center-to-center (C2C) communications associated with

the ITS will be designed to maximize interoperability. The designer will require
conformance with the AASHTO/ITE/NEMA NTCIP for all F2C and C2C
communications. The use of proprietary communication protocols is not permitted.

Remote ITS field devices may use wireless connection to the nearest location
containing a fiber drop point. The capacity and security of the wireless connection
shall not be inferior to the similar wired connection.

12.1 Communication Design Considerations

Generally, the key design considerations for the F2C communications system for an
ITS deployment are:

 Determine the required communications characteristics, mainly the required

bandwidth (in Kbps or Mbps).
 Investigate what telecommunication options are available at/near the planned
deployment site(s).
 Coordinate with the Client to ensure that their requirements are being met.
 If using public infrastructure, confirm with telecommunication service providers
that the required communications service is available at the deployment
location.
 Compare the related costs, benefits, and security aspects of different
communications options. Select a suitable communications means based on
the options available at the deployment site.
 Incorporate the chosen communication means into the overall design.
 Communications routed through the public internet are acceptable only on a
case-by-case basis. Any connection using public internet must be accepted
by the Client for security reasons.

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12.2 Device/System Characteristics and Requirements

Each ITS system brings with it particular communication needs. The communication
pattern and bandwidth requirement are the two key factors in evaluating what the
system device needs to operate effectively.

Table 12-1 contains the typical bandwidth requirements for various ITS devices.
These requirements must be accommodated by the selected communications
medium.

Table 12-1: Typical ITS System Communication Requirements

Required Bandwidth
System Type Typical Usage Pattern Range
CCTV Camera Continuous 386 Kbps to 1.544 Mbps
DMS Periodic, intermittent, short bursts 9.6 Kbps to 56 Kbps
Continuous, periodic, intermittent,
Vehicle Detector 9.6 Kbps to 115 Kbps
short bursts
Ramp Meter System Periodic, intermittent, short bursts 9.6 Kbps to 56 Kbps

12.2.1 Communication Patterns (Intermittent vs. Continuous)

With the exception of CCTV cameras, a typical communications session between an

ITS device controller and the TMC usually involves a small amount of data (3 Kilobits
or less). Such communications sessions take place only when specific needs arise,
or are scheduled on a periodic basis, typically every ten minutes or longer. A
communications session with such transmission content, and with such a usage
pattern, can easily be supported by low-bandwidth communications means with
bandwidth of 9.6 Kbps to 56 Kbps (such as that afforded with voice-grade dial-up
telephone services). Due to the long pauses between communications sessions, the
communication connection does not need to be engaged all the time or always on; a
“dial-up” arrangement will usually suffice.

CCTV cameras, unless being used to transmit strictly still images, will require an
always-open, continuous communication session and the means to support the
relatively large communications bandwidth is required for the transmission of the
video image. A full T-1 (1.544 Mbps) or E-1 (2.048Mbps) service is typically used for
video transmission to the TMC, though lower bandwidths (such as fractional T1 or E-
1) could be used for video streams with low frame rate (frames-per-second).

12.3 Availability

Potential F2C communication arrangements that are appropriate for ITS systems
are:

 Fiber-optic cable, owned or leased.

 Leased land-line, telephone cable with Frame-relay service at fractional T-1
(E-1) or full T-1(E-1) capacity.
 Broadband radio service, data radio system involving WiMAX, LTE, or
proprietary Radio-Frequency (RF) technologies of comparable performances.

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 Broadband cellular data service, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) data service

involving 4G/LTE technologies.
 Satellite internet, data service through commercial service provider.

Availability of a service is not limited to just the availability of existing infrastructure to

extend to the deployment sites, but also for an actual usable transmission session
when the need for such transmission arises. Commercial communications services
which are “shared use” in nature are very much affected by usage surges which are
typical during and near places of major events or calamity. In a shared-use
arrangement, a potentially large number of users may be sharing a fixed data
bandwidth; therefore, a minimum bandwidth cannot be guaranteed unless special
priority arrangements are made. Where data service with guaranteed (bandwidth,
Quality of Service) performances is offered by the service provider, it is advisable to
acquire this type of arrangements for high-bandwidth data streams such as those
related to video transmission.

Table 12-2: ITS System Communication Capacity

Communication Method Typical Available Bandwidth

Fiber optic cable Up to 40 Gbps per carrier light wavelength
Leased land-line Fractional (1/4 or 1/2) T-1 (E-1), full T1 (E-1), T-3 (E-3)
Broadband radio Up to 100 Mbps, depending on technology used
Broadband cellular Up to 4 Mbps, depending on service plan
Satellite internet Up to 5 Mbps depending on service plan

Every potential communication option presents unique capabilities, risks, and

limitations. Below is a summary of the major design considerations, advantages,
and disadvantages of each.

Unless otherwise specifically stated, use single-mode fiber-optic cable for all
communications backbone infrastructure. Use cellular data services for portable ITS
deployments and for some stationary DMS installations.

12.3.1 Fiber-Optic Cable

Design Considerations:
 Verify that the cable installation through the intended route is feasible.

Advantages:
 Virtually unlimited bandwidth.
 No danger of voltage surges.

Disadvantages:
 Potential difficulties in achieving clear right-of-way for installation.
 High installation cost of infrastructure for the cable.

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12.3.2 Leased Land Lines

Refer to section 12.3.1 for leased fiber-optic cables.

Design Considerations:
 Supports bandwidths limited to T-1 (E-1) over less than 2 km without the use
of repeaters.
 Abatement measures against voltage surges are necessary.
Advantages:
 Lower initial investment.

Disadvantages:
 Recurring usage fees.
 Reliance on service provider for repair services.
 Propagation of voltage surges from third-party system are possible.

12.3.3 Broadband Radio Service

Design Considerations:
 Except for short-range paths that can be visually evaluated, a path study,
performed by a communications consultant or a system integrator, is
recommended for new installations. A path study predicts the signal strength,
reliability, and fade margin of a proposed radio link. While terrain, elevation,
and distance are the major factors in this process, a path study must also
consider antenna gain, feed line loss, transmitter power, and receiver
sensitivity to arrive at a final prediction.
 Abatement measures against lightning strikes are necessary for outdoor
installations.
 Maximum data bandwidth and maximum transmission distance as claimed by
manufacturer are singularly achievable, but not both attainable
simultaneously.

Advantages:
 High bandwidth (up to 300 Mbps, up to 50 km depending on technology used)
 Point-to-point, multi-point, repeater configurations possible, depending on
technology used.
 Low infrastructure costs

Disadvantages:
 A clear transmission path is not always possible.
 Requires a RF license application/acquisition, unless license-exempt RF
bands are used.
 Periodic tree-trimming may be required to maintain clear line-of-sight.

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12.3.4 Broadband Cellular Data Service

Design Considerations:
 Cellular system coverage outside of population centers typically is focused
along major arterial roads, which coincides roughly with areas where the need
for ITS deployments may be the greatest.
 Verify that there is adequate cellular signal strength available at the planned
deployment site. This may simply involve using a portable computer
equipped with a compatible wireless adaptor module and antenna to measure
signal strength and confirm upload bandwidth.
 Verify that Machine-to-Machine (M2M) service, with guaranteed bandwidth, is
available in the related deployment area.

Advantages:
 Allows much flexibility in the planning of device deployment sites.
 Available in majority of the regional expressways.
 Antenna height does not have to be very tall.
 Low set-up and infrastructure costs.
 Where available, M2M service provides guaranteed (high) bandwidth.

Disadvantages:
 Availability of data channels is low in/near densely populated areas.
 Where data transmission is routed through public domain, significant security
measures are required.
 Recurring costs incurred.

12.3.5 Satellite Internet

Design Considerations:
 Verify that there is adequate satellite data signal strength available at the
planned deployment site. This may involve using a portable computer
equipped with compatible wireless adaptor module and antenna to measure
signal strength and confirm upload bandwidth.

Advantages:
 Available practically everywhere.
 Installation costs are negligible.

Disadvantages:
 Availability affected by usage surges.
 Signal quality affected by weather events.
 Significant security measures necessary.
 Line of sight with satellites required – tree trimming may be necessary.

12.4 Communications Interface

An interface is a shared boundary across which information is passed. It is the

hardware or software component that connects two or more other components for
the purpose of passing information from one to another.

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This section discusses the logical communications interface between a TMC and the
roadside devices that the center controls or monitors.

12.4.1 Use of Open Communications Standards

Where available, communications protocols should use open data communications

standards. The benefits of adopting open standards include:

 Interoperability. Interoperability in this context is the ability of the TMC to

exchange information with devices of different types for some common
purpose. Interoperability allows system components from different vendors to
communicate with each other to provide system functions and to work
together as a whole system. Interoperability is desired because it helps to
reduce the total costs (procurement, operations and maintenance) of a
system over its entire life.

Open standards support interoperability. If an open standard is adopted by

the Client, the Client will have a choice from several vendors. This decreases
the implementation and maintenance costs to the Client because there is
competition between vendors, not only to provide the field devices, but also to
maintain the devices. Operational costs may decrease also because the TMC
needs to support only one communications protocol.

In the future, the Client may want to communicate with field devices procured
from different vendors. If a closed proprietary communications interface is
used, the Client will either have to use the same vendor again, or update the
TMC software to support a different vendor’s communications interface, both
of which may be costly. However, with open standards, there are
opportunities that new devices can be added onto an existing communications
channel and mixed with different types of devices on the same line.

 Avoiding Early Obsolescence. By adopting an open standard that is widely

used, the Client can be confident that its equipment remains useful and
compatible long into the future by supporting the open standards even for all
future purchases and upgrades. With closed proprietary protocols,
maintenance support and options for extending the life of procured equipment
is limited to the resources of a few vendors who are familiar with those closed
protocols. Thus, support to maintain that equipment can be very expensive,
or if those vendors are no longer in business, no support will be available as
the system degrades and fails.

12.4.1.1 NTCIP
NTCIP is an example of a family of open standards that will be used in Qatar for
remote control and monitoring of roadside equipment from a TMC. NTCIP defines
open, consensus-based communications protocols and data definitions for the traffic
management industry.

NTCIP has an additional benefit in that it allows a TMC to communicate with a

variety of field devices on the same communications channel. This may be a
significant cost advantage because the communications network is usually the most

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expensive component of a transportation management system, and the use of

NTCIP maximizes that investment. For example, if a CCTV camera is installed near
a DMS, the TMC software could communicate with the CCTV camera using the
same communications channel already in place for monitoring and controlling the
DMS.

The NTCIP Framework, shown in Figure 12-1, uses a layered or modular approach
to communications standards, similar to the layering approach adopted by the
Internet and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The NTCIP family
identifies five layers, or levels, for defining the communications interface between the
TMC and the field device. The five levels are: information level, application level,
transport level, subnetwork level, and plant level.

Functional Area Data Dictionaries

C2C Data Dictionaries (TMDD, ATIS, TCIP, IM) NTCIP Data Dictionaries (1200 Series)
Information
Level
C2C Messages Files Data Objects Dynamic Objects

Application C2C XML (2306) DATEX (2304) FTP (2303) TFTP (2302) SNMP (2301) STMP (2301)
Level

Transport TCP/IP (2202) UDP/IP (2202) T2/NULL (2201)

Level

Subnetwork PPP (2103) Ethernet (2104) PMPP (2101 & 2102)

Level

Plant
Level Dial-Up Telco Fiber Coax Wireless Twisted Pair Leased Line

Figure 12-1: NTCIP Framework

For more information about using NTCIP and the NTCIP Framework, the
Designer should read The NTCIP Guide, which can be downloaded at
www.ntcip.org.

When using NTCIP to define the communications interface for the ramp metering
system, the designer should specify which NTCIP standard(s) to use for each level.
Multiple profiles may be selected for an implementation. For example, at the
subnetwork level, the communications is initially point-to multi point protocol (PMPP),
but Ethernet is expected to be used in the future. Therefore, standards NTCIP 2101
for PMPP and NTCIP 2104 for Ethernet should be specified.

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The five levels include:

 Information Level – The NTCIP information level defines the data to be used
for exchanging information between the TMC and the field devices. It also
defines the functions the system is to support.

 Application Level – The application level standards define the rules and
procedures for exchanging information data. The NTCIP 2300 series defines
the application profiles that can be used. The applicable profiles for managing
ramp metering systems are contained in NTCIP 2301, Simple Transportation
Management Framework (STMF) Application Profile. NTCIP 2302, Trivial File
Transfer Protocol – Application Profile and NTCIP 2303, File Transfer
Protocol – Application Profile, which are primarily used to transfer files, may
also be applicable.

 Transport Level – The transport level standards define the rules and
procedures for exchanging the application data between two points on a
network, including any necessary routing and network management functions.
The NTCIP 2200 series defines the protocol stacks that can be used in
managing the communications network. At least one of the following
transport profiles should be included in the specifications if deploying NTCIP:

o NTCIP 2201, Transportation Transport Profile, which defines the

mechanism for exchanging information data when the devices are
directly connected to the TMC and do not require network services.
o NTCIP 2202, Internet (TCIP/IP and UDP/IP) Transport Profile, which
defines the mechanism for exchanging information data over a network
using the Internet suite of protocols.

 Subnetwork Level – The subnetwork level standards define the rules and
procedures for sharing the same communications line with other devices
using the same subnetwork profile. At least one subnetwork profile should be
included in the specifications if deploying NTCIP. The current applicable
NTCIP subnetwork profiles are:

o NTCIP 2101, PMPP using RS-232 Subnetwork Profile, which defines

how to communicate over a multi-drop serial communications link.
o NTCIP 2103, Point-to-Point Protocol over RS-232 Subnetwork Profile,
which defines how to communicate over a dial-up link or a point-to-
point serial communications link.
o NTCIP 2104, Ethernet Subnetwork Profile, which defines how data is
transferred over Ethernet links.

 Plant Level – The plant level is shown in the NTCIP Framework only as a
means of providing a point of reference to visualize the standards profile when
learning about NTCIP.

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12.4.1.2 Other Communications Interface

If an open standards-based communications interface is not specified for a roadside
system, it is important that the communications interface used and provided by the
vendor be thoroughly documented and made available to the Client. The proper
documentation and licenses provide the Client with the ability to better operate,
maintain, expand, and upgrade the roadside system. For example, it allows the
Client to procure a systems integrator to develop a common hardware and software
platform from which the Client can manage all its transportation resources and
assets, such as from a transportation management center. Without the proper
documentation and licenses, this systems integration effort will be more costly and
difficult.

All of the following conditions should be satisfied, particularly if a non-standards

based communications interface is provided:

 The vendor must provide a perpetual, non-exclusive, irrevocable license, at

no additional cost to the Client to use its communications interface. The
license will allow the Client (or its employees, agents, or contractors) to
reproduce, maintain, and modify the communications interface without
restriction for the Client’s use and benefit; and to use the communications
interface on multiple processors utilized by the Client or entities affiliated with
the Client with no additional licensing fee. The communications interface is
defined so as to include all the data elements/objects that are exchanged
between the TMC and the field devices to perform all the functions described
in the specification.

 The vendor will provide the Client with all documentation, including the source
and object codes, for the communications interface. The documentation will
consist of the source code for the communications interface, and any and all
operator's and user's manuals, training materials, guides, listings, design
documents, specifications, flow charts, data flow diagrams, commentary, and
other materials and documents that explain the performance, function, or
operation of the communications interface. The documentation will include a
description of the data elements/objects required to perform each function
required in the specification, including the conditions and the sequence of
events that the data elements/objects are exchanged between the TMC and
the device. The software documentation defining the data elements/objects
will be in the form of a management information base (MIB), using Abstract
Syntax Notation One (ASN.1).

 Upon providing the Client with the communications interface documentation,

the vendor will provide and perform test procedures that will demonstrate to
the Client that the documentation provided is accurate and correct. The test
procedures will demonstrate that as each function required in the
specifications is performed, that the proper sequence of events, the conditions
and the exchange of data elements/objects occur as written in the provided
documentation. If the performance of the test procedures demonstrates
additional details (or corrections) in the documentation is needed, the vendor
will update the documentation and re-submit the documentation to the Client.

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Appendix A – Design Checklists

Table A1: Vehicle Detector Design Checklist

Detection Purpose YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?

 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS

architecture?
System Needs YES NO N/A
 Does the detector deployment satisfy the precision
considerations established in the system needs?
 Does the detector deployment satisfy the spacing
considerations established in the system needs?
 Does the detector deployment satisfy the accessibility
considerations established in the system needs?
Detector Technology Selection YES NO N/A
 Does the detector technology satisfy the accuracy,
accessibility, and cost requirements established in the
system needs?
Deployment Guidelines YES NO N/A
 Does the detector deployment take steps to minimize
new structures and co-locate devices where
possible?
 Does the detector deployment include sufficient
detector coverage to satisfy system needs?
 Is the detector installed to ensure a detector in each
lane and every 500m on the Expressway network and
on each entry and exit ramp?
 Is the detector installed to ensure a detector at every
approach at traffic signal junctions?
 Is the detector installed to ensure a detector at every
entry/exit to major traffic generating venues and
public car parking facilities?
Enclosure YES NO N/A
 Is an enclosure required at this location?

 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?

 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s

recommended distance to the detector?
 Is the enclosure mounted on an existing structure
(where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate
protection for the enclosure?
 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at the
enclosure’s main door?

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Power Requirements YES NO N/A

 Have the power requirements for the detector and all
of the system components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a reasonable
distance from the detector site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

 Do the standard earthing specifications meet the
needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up options been
determined and accounted for?
Communication YES NO N/A
 Have the communication requirements for the
detector been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been
located and confirmed within a reasonable proximity
to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?

Environmental YES NO N/A

 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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Table A2: CCTV Design Checklist

Detection Purpose YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?

 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS

architecture?
Location/Placement Guidelines YES NO N/A
 Has the camera location been chosen/designed with
consideration to maximizing visibility?
 Has a site for the camera been chosen that considers
the available utilities and the cost/constraints
associated with connection to those utilities?
 Has the site been chosen with consideration to
protecting the camera structure and ensuring that it
will last without undue maintenance necessary to the
structure and the surrounding site?
 Has a site been chosen that makes the best use of
the operational needs of a CCTV camera system
(e.g., Incident Management)?
 Has a site been chosen that satisfies safety
requirements for personnel performing maintenance
on the system?
 Has the site been chosen so that it will minimize
maintenance costs (e.g., there is sufficient shoulder to
park a bucket truck without the need for a full lane
closure and significant MPT)?
 Has the site been chosen where it will not interfere
with pedestrian or bicycle movements?
 Has the site been chosen that leads to 100% CCTV
Camera monitoring coverage of the Qatar Roadway
network, including tunnels and the approaches to
tunnels and at road works?
CCTV Type YES NO N/A
 Is the camera type (PTZ vs. Fixed) appropriate for the
desired location and application?
Camera Mount YES NO N/A
 Have the Client’s standards been followed in the
design of the mount/structure?
 Is a camera lowering system needed?

Enclosure YES NO N/A

 Is an enclosure required at this location?

 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?

 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s

recommended distance to the camera?

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 Is the enclosure mounted on the camera pole or on

an existing structure (where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate
protection for the enclosure?
 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at the
enclosure’s main door?
Power Requirements YES NO N/A
 Have the power requirements for the camera and all
of the system components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a reasonable
distance from the camera site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

 Do the standard earthing specifications meet the
needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up options been
determined and accounted for?
Communication YES NO N/A
 Have the communication requirements for the camera
been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure
been located and confirmed within a reasonable
proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?
Environmental YES NO N/A
 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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Table A3: RWIS Design Checklist

Detection Purpose YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?

 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS

architecture?
Location/Placement Guidelines YES NO N/A
 Has the RWIS and/or AQM Site location been
chosen/designed with consideration to atmospheric
conditions?
 Has a site for the RWIS been chosen that considers
the available utilities and the cost/constraints
associated with connection to those utilities?

 Has the site been chosen with consideration to

protecting the RWIS and/or AQM Site structure and
ensuring that it will last without undue maintenance
necessary to the structure and the surrounding site?
 Has a site been chosen that makes the best use of
the operational needs of a RWIS and/or AQM Site
(e.g., low visibility sites)?
 Has a site been chosen that satisfies safety
requirements for personnel performing maintenance
on the system?

 Has the site been chosen so that it will minimize

maintenance costs and in accordance with QCS
2010, Section 11, Part 1.1.8 (e.g., there is sufficient
shoulder to park a bucket truck without the need for a
full lane closure and significant maintenance and
protection of traffic)?
Sensor Type YES NO N/A
 Are the sensor types appropriate for the desired
location?
Sensor Mount YES NO N/A
 Have the client’s standard been followed in the design
of the mount/structure?
 Is the mounting height appropriate?

Enclosure YES NO N/A

 Is an enclosure required at this location?

 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?

 Is the enclosure mounted on the RWIS pole or on an

existing structure (where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate
protection for the enclosure?

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 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at the

enclosure’s main door?
Power Requirements YES NO N/A
 Have the power requirements for the RWIS and/or
AQM site components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a reasonable
distance from the detector site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

 Do the standard earthing specifications meet the
needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up options been
determined and accounted for?
Communication YES NO N/A
 Have the communication requirements for the
detector been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been
located and confirmed within a reasonable proximity
to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?
Environmental YES NO N/A
 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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Table A4: Over-height and Over-weight Detection Checklist

Pre-Design Planning YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?
 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS
architecture?
Enforcement System Purpose YES NO N/A
 Has a comprehensive Over-height or Over-weight
Detection System Study been performed?
 Do the results of the study support continuing with the
deployment of the project?
Enforcement System Location YES NO N/A
 Is the sensor placed such that enough space is
available to warn drivers and enable them to re-route
as necessary?
 Is the Over-weight detection system installed in a
location to ensure coverage for all key Qatar roadway
network routes and access routes to/from major
generators of truck traffic?
Enforcement System Signals YES NO N/A
 Are the warning signs placed at critical points to allow
drivers to stop or exit the road?
 Are the signs designed in compliance with QTM and
QCS 2010 requirements?
Enforcement System Sensors YES NO N/A
 Does the system design include all of the necessary
detectors?
 Does the complexity/configuration of the system
require additional detection areas and enable them to
re-route as necessary?
Power Requirements YES NO N/A
 Have the power requirements for the system
components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a reasonable
distance from the detector site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

 Do the standard earthing specifications meet the
needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been
determined and accounted for?

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Communications YES NO N/A

 Have the communication requirements for the
detector been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been
located and confirmed within a reasonable proximity
to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 Has the chosen communications option been
reviewed by the Client?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?
Environmental YES NO N/A
 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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Table A5: DMS Design Checklist

Pre-Design Planning YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?

 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS

architecture?
Longitudinal Placement YES NO N/A
 Is the DMS visible and un-obscured?

 Is the DMS placed sufficiently in-advance of any

interchanges that would be used for diversions?
 Is the DMS properly spaced away from existing guide
signs?
 Is the DMS placed to reduce glare/visibility issues
from rising/setting sun?
Lateral Placement YES NO N/A
 Is the DMS structure located beyond the clear zone or
protected by a suitable safety barrier?
 Has the lateral offset of the DMS been accounted-for
when calculating the length of the Reading and
Decision Zone?
Vertical Placement YES NO N/A
 Is the approaching segment of roadway relatively flat
(between 0-4% vertical grade)
Sign Matrix Type YES NO N/A
 Has a sign matrix type been chosen that is consistent
with the visibility and message requirements of the
roadway being deployed on?
Sign Viewing Angle YES NO N/A
 Has a sign viewing angle been chosen that
complements the roadway alignment and the DMS
structure?
Sign Access YES NO N/A
 Are there any traffic, environmental, or safety factors
that warrant a specific type of sign access?
Structure YES NO N/A
 Have visibility, road speed/volume, right-of-way, and
maintenance/cost issues all been considered when
selecting a type of sign structure?
 Is there sufficient vertical clearance for the sign and
the structure?
Enclosure YES NO N/A
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?

 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s

recommended distance to the sign?

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 Is the sign face visible from the enclosure location?

 Does the location and orientation provide adequate

protection for the enclosure?
Power Requirements YES NO N/A

 Have the power requirements for the DMS and all of

the system components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a reasonable
distance from the DMS site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

 Do the standard earthing specifications meet the
needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been
determined and accounted for?
Communication YES NO N/A
 Have the communication requirements for the DMS
been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure
been located and confirmed within a reasonable
proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?
Environmental YES NO N/A
 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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Table A6: LCS Checklist

Pre-Design Planning YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?

 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS

architecture?
Longitudinal Placement YES NO N/A
 Is the LCS visible and un-obscured?

 Is the spacing between LCS appropriate where it

would give drivers enough time to move from lane?
Vertical Placement YES NO N/A
 Is the approaching segment of roadway relatively flat
(between 0-4% vertical grade)
Sign Matrix Type YES NO N/A
 Has a sign matrix type been chosen that is consistent
with the visibility and message requirements of the
roadway being deployed on?
Structure YES NO N/A
 Have visibility, road speed/volume, right-of-way, and
maintenance/cost issues all been considered when
selecting a type of sign structure?
 Is there sufficient vertical clearance for the sign and
the structure?
Enclosure YES NO N/A
 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?

 Is the enclosure located within a reasonable distance

of the LCS?
 Is the sign face visible from the enclosure location?

 Does the location and orientation provide adequate

protection for the enclosure?
Power Requirements YES NO N/A

 Have the power requirements for the LCS and all of

the system components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a reasonable
distance from the DMS site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

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Do the standard earthing specifications meet the

needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements been
determined and accounted for?
Communication YES NO N/A
 Have the communication requirements for the LCS
been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication infrastructure
been located and confirmed within a reasonable
proximity to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?
Environmental YES NO N/A
 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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Table A7: Ramp Meter Design Checklist

Pre-Design Planning YES NO N/A
 Is this deployment consistent with “needs” outlined in
a Concept of Operations?

 Is this deployment consistent with the ITS

architecture?
Ramp Meter Study YES NO N/A
 Has a comprehensive Ramp Meter Study been
performed?
 Do the results of the study support continuing with
the deployment project?
Lane Configuration YES NO N/A
 Do the number of lanes and the vehicles per green
design support the projected ramp volume?
Ramp Meter Location YES NO N/A
 Is the meter placed such that enough stacking space
is available on the ramp to accommodate the queues
it will generate?
 If the ramp meter consists of more than one lane,
does it provide a sufficient distance for the lanes to
merge prior to the merge with the mainline?
 Does the ramp geometry allow sufficient sight
distance to the sign?
Ramp Meter Signals YES NO N/A
 Are the signals vertically spaced such that the driver
can see the signal heads while parked at or just in
front of the stop bar?
 Are the signals designed in compliance with QTM
and QCS 2010 requirements for Mast Arm Signal
Poles, Signal Placement, and Signal Heads?
Vehicle Detectors YES NO N/A
 Does the system design include all of the necessary
detection areas; Demand, Ramp Queue, and
Mainline?
 Does the complexity/configuration of the system
require the additional detection area; Passage, Exit
Ramp, and Entrance Ramp?
Signing and Pavement Markings YES NO N/A
 Do the signs and marking meet the QTM and QCS
2010 standards?
Enclosure Placement YES NO N/A
 Is an enclosure required at this location?

 Can personnel safely access the enclosure?

 Is the enclosure located within the manufacturer’s

recommended distance to the detectors?

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 Is it positioned such that maintenance personnel can

access the enclosure while viewing ramp meter
signal heads?
 Is the enclosure mounted on an existing structure
(where possible)?
 Does the location and orientation provide adequate
protection for the enclosure?
 Has a concrete maintainer’s pad been provided at
the enclosure’s main door?
Power Requirements YES NO N/A
 Have the power requirements for the detector and all
of the system components been determined?
Power Availability YES NO N/A
 Has an appropriate power source been located and
confirmed with the utility company within a
reasonable distance from the detector site?
 Have Step-Up/Step-Down transformer requirement
calculations been performed?
 Have the metering options been determined?

Power Conditioning YES NO N/A

 Do the standard earthing specifications meet the
needs of the system?
 Have the UPS and power back-up requirements
been determined and accounted for?
Communications YES NO N/A
 Have the communication requirements for the
detector been determined?
 Has an appropriate communication source been
located and confirmed within a reasonable proximity
to the site?
 If there are multiple communication options, have the
pros/cons been studied?
 Has the chosen communications option been
reviewed by the Client?
 If using public communications infrastructure, has
service been coordinated with the Client?
Environmental YES NO N/A
 Have all the necessary environmental, community,
and cultural impact studies, processes and concerns
been addressed?

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