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    Lysosomes Are Membrane

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    bio stufff i dont know wtf actuall is that ... im just uploading it for only to donwloads my documents that are really heilpfull for me thanks

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    Lysosomes Are Membrane

    Uploaded by

    devil
    30 views2 pages
    bio stufff i dont know wtf actuall is that ... im just uploading it for only to donwloads my documents that are really heilpfull for me thanks

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    Lysosomes are membrane

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    bio stufff i dont know wtf actuall is that ... im just uploading it for only to donwloads my documents that are really heilpfull for me thanks

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    30 views2 pages

    Lysosomes Are Membrane

    Uploaded by

    devil
    bio stufff i dont know wtf actuall is that ... im just uploading it for only to donwloads my documents that are really heilpfull for me thanks

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that function as the "stomachs"

    of eukaryotic cells . They contain about fifty different enzymes that break down all
    types of biological molecules including proteins , nucleic acids, lipids ,
    and carbohydrates . Cells transport material into lysosomes, the material is digested
    by the enzymes, and the digested molecules are moved back into the cytosol for use
    by the cell. Both extracellular materials brought into the cell by endocytosis and
    obsolete intracellular materials are degraded in the lysosome.

    Lysosomes vary in size and shape, but have several common features. They are
    surrounded by a single membrane, have an acidic interior pH level of about 5, and
    carry a high content of digestive enzymes. All of the digestive

    Three routes to degradation in lysosomes.

    enzymes found in the lysosome require an acidic environment to function properly and
    are called acid hydrolases. The low pH of the lysosome is maintained by membrane
    proteins that pump protons (H + ions ) from the cytosol into the lysosome.
    In addition to the proton pumps, the lysosomal membrane contains many other proteins
    that transport the digested molecules out of the lysosome and into the cytosol. Although
    it may seem dangerous for cells to contain enzymes that can digest most biological
    molecules, the contents of the cell are doubly protected from the digestive enzymes of
    the lysosome. First, the enzymes are enclosed in the lysosomal membrane and second,
    even if the enzymes were to leak out of the lysosome, they would not be active at the
    neutral pH of the cytosol.
    Extracellular materials to be degraded in the lysosome are brought into the cell by either
    pinocytosis or phagocytosis. Pinocytosis, which occurs in all eukaryotic cells, is
    the internalization of extracellular fluid and small macromolecules by means of
    smallvesicles that pinch off the inside of the plasma membrane. These small vesicles
    carrying endocytosed molecules are initially delivered to membranous organelles called
    endosomes. It is not precisely clear how molecules to be degraded progress from
    endosomes to lysosomes. Endosomes may actually mature into lysosomes when newly
    made acid hydrolases are delivered to the endosome.

    Phagocytosis, which occurs in only specialized cell types, is the ingestion of large
    particles such as cell debris or whole microorganisms. Phagocytic cells engulf large
    particles by forming a large intracellular vesicle containing the engulfed particle. The
    large vesicle then fuses with a lysosome, resulting in a single membranous organelle in
    which the digestive enzymes break down the ingested particle.

    Intracellular materials, such as old organelles, are brought into a lysosome by a process
    called autophagy. For example, when a mitochondrion comes to the end of its ten-day
    life, it is engulfed by membrane derived from the endoplasmic reticulum . The newly
    enclosed mitochondrion then fuses with a lysosome, resulting in its degradation by the
    acid hydrolases.

    A group of genetic disorders caused by defective lysosomal enzymes demonstrates the


    importance of lysosomes. Called lysosomal storage diseases, these disorders are
    characterized by the harmful accumulation of undigested substances. The accumulated
    materials impair or kill the affected cells, resulting in skeletal or muscular defects,
    mental retardation, or even death.

    Read more: http://www.biologyreference.com/La-Ma/Lysosomes.html#ixzz5oOISGb54

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