Seismic Forces

Seismic Forces
&
Major Building Codes

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 Seismic Forces

Seismic Forces and IBC (ASCE 7-

7-16)
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 IBC 2003 recommends dynamic analysis if:

• Highly irregular in shape;
• framing system;
• Tall structures
 Otherwise for regular and ordinary buildings
• Equivalent static force (most common) is
acceptable.
 Base Shear, V, is the total design lateral force or shear at
the base of a structure..
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 Seismic Forces

Seismic Forces and IBC (ASCE 7-

7-16)
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 How to compute Base Shear?

• In ASCE 7-2016, Section 12.8
• EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE (ELF)
PROCEDURE
• Use Eq. 12.8.1 (ASCE 7-16)
V = CsW (12.8.1)
where Cs = the seismic response coefficient.
W = the effective seismic weight
 To compute effective seismic weight, guidelines are
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provided in Section 12.7.2

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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Summary of guide lines to compute effective seismic

weight as suggested by ASCE 7-16.
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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

Steps involved to compute seismic response coefficient Cs

 1: By using Design response Spectrum (get from the
local building codes or any other source), determine Ss and
S1.
Ss and S1 are, respectively, short-period and long-period (1
second) design spectral response acceleration.
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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

Steps involved to compute seismic response coefficient Cs

 2: Determine approximate time period for the
fundamental mode (first mode) of the given structure by
using Eq. (12.8-7)
Ta = Cthx (12.8-7)
where h is the height from base of the building to its highest
point.
The coefficients Ct and x are determined from Table 12.8-2
at next slide.
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Note: some of the values of Ct and x are different in

previous version of ASCE 7.
To get more detail about computing fundamental period Ta,
refer to Section 12.8.2.1 given in ASCE 7-16.

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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

Computation of coefficients Ct and x.

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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

3: Calculate mapped spectral response acceleration for

given soil types.
SMS = FaSS
SM1 = FvS1

where Fa and Fv are site-specific coefficients and can be

determined from Figure 3.10.7(b) and 3.10.7(c),
respectively.
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4: Calculate 5%-damped design spectral response

acceleration.
SDS = 2/3SMS
SD1 = 2/3SM1

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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

5A: Compute Cs, and take its value lesser of the following
two equations,
CS = SDSI/R
CS = SD1I/(RT)
where R = Response reduction factor (Figure 3.10.8)
I = Importance factor (Figure 3.10.1 or next slide).

5B: The value of CS cannot be less than.

CS = 0.044SDSI > 0.01
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 Seismic Forces

Building Categories
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 There are four categories of building.

Category I: Low hazard to human life, e.g. storage
facilities, Is = 0.80.

 Category III: Substantial hazard to human life, e.g. public

buildings, with for 300 or more people, such as elementary
schools, Is = 1.1.

Category IV: Critical or essential facilities, such as

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hospitals, emergency, fire, and police facilities, Is = 1.2.

 Category II: Office and residential buildings not included

categories I, II, III, and IV, Is = 1.0.

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 Design Loads

Design Loads: Importance Factor

For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 Importance Factors by Risk Category of Buildings as

recommended by ASCE 7-10.
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 Design Loads

Seismic Forces: Practice Problem 1

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 A 100 feet wide by 200 feet long and 50 feet tall hospital
building located in Lahore. The building is a steel frame
building with precast concrete shear walls designed as
“Special reinforced concrete shear wall”. Determine the
base-shear as recommended by ASCE 7-16. Take soil-type
C (dense soil to soft rock).
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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

1: By using Design response Spectrum (get from the local

building codes or any other source), determine Ss and S1.
 Ss = 1.5,
 S1 = 0.4,
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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

2: Determine approximate time period for the fundamental

mode,
Ta = Cthx
 Height h = 54 feet,
 CT = 0.02 and x = 0.75; (12.8-7)
 T = 0.02(54)0.75 = 0.40 sec

 3: Calculate mapped spectral response acceleration for

given soil types.
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SMS = FaSS
SM1 = FvS1

 From 3.10.7(b) and 3.10.7(c),,

o For Ss = 1.5 and soil-type C, Fa = 1.0
o For S1 = 0.4 and soil-type C, Fv = 1.4
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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

 3: Mapped spectral response acceleration (Cont’d):

 SMS = 1.0x1.5 = 1.5.
 SM1 = 1.4x0.4 = 0.56.

4: Calculate 5%-damped design spectral response

acceleration:
SDS 2/3SMS
SD1 = 2/3SM1
SDS = 2/3x1.5 = 1.0
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SD1 = 2/3x0.56 = 0.37

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 Seismic Forces

Base--Shear Computation (ASCE 77--16)

Base
For Academic use only. No commercial use without prior permission of

5A: Compute Cs, and take its value lesser of the following
two equations,
CS = SDSI/R
CS = SD1I/(RT)
 R = 6, Response reduction factor (Figure 3.10.8)
 I = 1.5 Importance factor (Figure 3.10.1, Hospital
with emergency facility).
 CS,1 =1.0x1.5/6 = 0.25 and
 CS,2 =0.37x1.5/(6x0.40) = 0.23
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 Take lesser value, CS = 0.23

5B: The value of CS cannot be less than.
CS = 0.044SDSI > 0.01
 CS,min = 0.044x1.0x1.5 > 0.01
 CS,min = 0.066 > 0.01 and 0.066 > 0.23
 Take CS = 0.23
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