Induced Polarization Associates LLC

Marine Induced Polarization

An Electrical In-Water Hydrocarbon

Detection Technology

Presentation
March 29, 2018

Kevin Hand
Induced Polarization Associates
 March 29, 2017 – “If you can’t see spilled oil, how do you find it and clean it up?”

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 Marine Induced Polarization
An Introduction:
• 2016: Induced Polarization Associates LLC was
formed to explore the commercial applications of
Marine Induced Polarization

• Proven technology relating to hydrocarbon

detection

• Investigating the practicality of applications which

Excerpt: Ocean Science benefit the oil spill community
PEER-REVIEWED SCIENCE
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 A Brief History…

• Induced Polarization (IP) has been used on land for more than a half-
century, its initial application aimed at mining for precious metals.
• Recently the focus has been on detection of hydrocarbons and
associated derivatives in the water column, on sea and river beds, or
sequestered in bottom sediments.
• Measurement of non-floating oil substances, both from industrial
sources and collected weather-altered field samples, have been
tested with similar positive results

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How it works

Oil
Transmit Receiver
Depressor Electrodes Electrodes
X X

Sediment
 How it works
• A controlled electrical current is introduced into sea/river water
• The resulting voltage developed between paired receiver electrodes is acquired

(( ( Oil

Cable to
Vessel Depressor (( (
Transmit Electrodes
((
((
X X
Receiver Electrodes

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 How it works

• Acts as a capacitor

Oil Droplets in Water

• The phase shifts between the current

and the voltage are used to identify
anomalies, such as hydrocarbons.

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 How it works
Specifications
• Salinity: Sea Water, Rivers, Lakes
• Minimum Temperature (°C): -2
• In laboratory, detection of oil down to 2 ppm
• Current cable configuration:
 Total length: 160m
 Weight: ~150 lbs.
• Cable’s breaking strength: 6500 lbs.
• Water depth: 1m to Full Ocean Depth
• Penetration in sediment: Down to 20m
 Transmitter/receiver geometries are adjustable
 The distance between receiver electrode pairs
determines depth of penetration.
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 Seawater Field Measurements:
South Africa
• Commercial marine IP
survey in South Africa

• Discovered 2 large &

hidden placer titanium
deposits

• Invisible to ROV or diver titanium

deposits.
• Survey area: 3.5km x 11km

• 25-day survey with 100m

line spacing
South Africa Offshore Survey
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 Seawater Field Measurements: Wycoff
0.05 ∆φ Unpublished data results

• Field trials were conducted at the Wyckoff

superfund site in Puget Sound, WA (2016)
0.00 ∆φ

• Former creosote manufacturing facility

• Pockets of creosote/tar, NAPL and PAH

have either been capped and are Approximate location of
induced polarization transects
randomly extruded to the seabed and/or Wyckoff
transported to the intertidal zones

Image and data from the 2012 EPA Field

Investigation Technical Memorandum Wyckoff
OU-1 Focused Feasibility Study

Eagle Harbor, WA
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Seawater Field Measurements: Wycoff
Comparison Check: Replication Check:
EPA TarGOST Survey Results

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 Freshwater Field Measurements:
Lake Washington
• Field trials were conducted at the
Quendall Terminals superfund site in
Lake Washington, WA (2017)
• Former creosote manufacturing
facility XML2EW

22WE

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 Field Operations Vessel requirements
• Minimum 25 ft.
Deployment & Recovery • Protected area for
electronics
• 4 x 8 ft. deck space
• Ability to travel =< 3 kts

Hand Deployment Cable being towed Hand Recovery

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 Field Operations
Data acquisition

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 Field Operations
Data products Example for Reporting
Example 10-min Product
• Data files
• *.txt
• *.csv
• *.xls
• 3D Voxels
• & Others
• Graphics files
• Georeferenced maps
• *.KMZ
• Shapefiles
• & Others

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 How can Marine IP be useful for Oil Spills?
• Baseline Characterization
• Offshore Spill Response
• Nearshore, River, Fresh Water Incidents
• Legacy Spills
• Potential for Plastics

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 How can Marine IP be useful for Oil Spills?
Baseline Assessments – Categorizing Environmental Liability
Mapping of existing oil seeps
• Extent & Location of existing source releases
Pre-existing contaminations
• Prior E&P activity
• Adjacent operators: source contamination potential

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 How can Marine IP be useful for Oil Spills?
Spill Response
 Mapping of Oil in/on Sediment

 Potential: 3D Mapping of water column

• Real-time data returns of extent

 Potential: Monitoring the movement of spill

• Confirm validity of Trajectory Modeling

 Potential: Shoreline Incursion “ALARM”

• Near-shore / Sensitive Area Warning System

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 How can Marine IP be useful for Oil Spills?
Nearshore, River, Freshwater Incident Response
 IP is capable of strong signal returns in fresh & brackish water environments
• Pipeline river crossings – leak detection
• Static monitoring at inflows / outflows
• Spill response/monitoring in shallow river deltas

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 Marine IP Applications
Impact Assessments and Legacy Spills
Identification of Location & Extent of Contaminated and
Uncontaminated Areas
• Single towed cable + detection into sediment = efficient mapping
• Fills in otherwise interpolated areas between cores
• Enables targeted & reduced sediment sampling

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 Marine IP Applications
Plastics Plastic

Abbreviation (chemical name)

Dielectric Strength

Volts/0.001" @
Dielectric Constant

@ @ @
Dissipation Factor

@ @

 IPA has made preliminary lab measurements

Brand name

0.001" 0.005" 1KHz 1MHz 1GHz 1KHz 1MHz 1GHz

ECTFE (ethylene chlorotrifluoro 5000

suggesting some plastics react to Induced

------- 2.6 2.6 ------ 0.002 0.013 --------
ethylene copolymer) 6000

ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoro-

5000 2500 2.6 2.6 2.4 0.0008 0.005 0.0005
ethylene copolymer) Tefzel

Polarization techniques
FEP (fluorinated ethylene- 2 2
6500 2000 2.05 <0.0002 0.0003 0.0015
propylene copolymer) Teflon FEP 2.5 2.05

PFA (perfluoroalkoxy) 4000 2 2 2

------- 0.0002 0.0002 0.00045
Teflon PFA 5000 2.1 2.1 2.1

PCTFE (polychlorotrifluoro- 3000 2700 2.5 2.3 0.022 0.009

2.3 0.004
ethylene) 3900 3300 2.7 2.4 0.024 0.017

 Potential Applications:
PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) 2200 1000 2 2 2
<0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
Teflon 4400 2000 2.1 2.1 2.1

PVF (polyvinylfluoride) Tedlar 3500 1700 8.5 7.4 ------ 1.6 -------- --------

Microplastics detection & mapping

PVDF (polyvinylidenefluoride)
-------- ------- 8.4 ------ ------ 0.019 -------- --------
Kynar

• (polycaprolactam) Nylon6
(0.002")
------- 3.7 3 ------ 0.016 0.036 --------

Marine debris at sea

1300

PC (polycarbonate) Lexan 6300 2000 2.99 2.93 2.89 0.0015 0.01 0.012

• PET (polyethyleneterephthalate)
7500 3400 3.2 3 2.8 0.005 0.016
0.003

Nearshore contaminations
Mylar 0.008

LDPE (low density polyethylene) 5000 3000 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

• LLDPE (linear low density

polyethylene)
5000 3000 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

• Reef & other underwater critical habitats HDPE (high density polyethylene)

UHMWPE (ultra high molecular

5000

(0.010")
3000

-------
2.3

2.3
2.3

2.3
2.3

2.3
0.0005

0.00023
0.0005

--------
0.0005

--------

Sensitive Areas: Estuaries, Refuges

weight polyethylene) 1300

• PI (polyimide)

PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate)
7000

--------
3600

-------
3.5

3.5
3.4

3
3.3

2.58
0.0025

0.04
0.01

0.03
0.004

0.009
Plexiglas 4 3.5

PP (polypropylene) 8000 2700 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

 Further possibilities:
2.4 2.4 2.4
PS (polystyrene) Styron 5000 ------- 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
2.7 2.7 2.7

3 2.7 0.009 0.006

PVC (polyvinylchloride) -------- ------- 2.8 0.019
3.3 3.1 0.017 0.017

Lab testing is required for expanded sample sets

PVDC (polyvinylidenechloride) 3.9 3 0.052 0.05
-------- ------- 2.7 0.016

• Saran 4.5 4 0.063 0.08

Table A: Dielectric properties of various plastics

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 Comparative Analysis – Level of Effort
Marine IP v. Coring in potentially contaminated soils
Example Survey: Contaminant Delineation of Quendall Terminals Superfund Site
 Survey Efficiency: Able to identify extent of contaminated AND non-contaminated areas
= Efficient, cost-effective, & fast understanding of delineation & extent
 Rate of Collection: Provides verifiable results with reduced vessel costs, significant reduction of
expensive chem analyses, chain-of-custody challenges, etc.
Survey Methodology: Marine IP Coring
Survey Days:
Marine IP Survey 1 0
Sediment Sampling Days 2 18 (estimated for 12 coring, 6 grabs)
Total Vessel Survey Days 3 18

Data Collection: 38 350

# of Samples (estimated: 8 cores, 15 VanVeen Grabs) (actual: 67 Cores, 109 VanVeen Grabs)

Sediment Chemistry: $7,920 $84,000

Note: Costs are ESTIMATES only for exhibiting efficiencies of Marine IP system
Survey Area: .1km2 (.3km x .4km)
Assumptions: Cores/day = 6; Grabs/day = 20; Samples/Core = 4; Lab Chemistry: $240/sample
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 Potential Future Developments
Fueling & Port Monitoring Static Mounts (e.g.: Buoys) Rig Mounts
• Shipping fueling ops • Detection In specific targeted areas • Immediate Leak Detection
• ‘Smart Boom’: instant alert to leaks • High-fidelity modeling when used in • Potential for other identifications:
• Improper ballast discharges unison (e.g.: For regulatory compliance)
 Sewer/effluent discharge
 Operating fluids
 Other contaminants (polarizable)

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 Advantages
• Compliant with USCG/OSRO guideline with respect to non-floating oil
• Unique in its ability to detect hydrocarbons in the water column,
river/seabed and embedded in sediments
• Highly robust and ruggedized
• Easily transportable: small instrument foot print can be mobilized on
a vessel of opportunity as small as 25-ft
• Small environmental footprint: In bottom reference mode bottom
disturbance no greater than medium sized flat fish.
• On-the-fly interpretable real time displays
• Fast output a layered geo-plot for onsite
• Potentially detect and locate leaky outfalls and pipelines

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 Limitations

• Not optimal for sea surface detections

• Current signature library is still limited, though expanding
• Effect of biofouling on static arrays unknown (primarily a receiver
dipole design issue)

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 Conclusions
• Marine IP is an efficient tool for detection & mapping of non-floating
hydrocarbons
• Field-verified technology
• During an incident or for legacy spills, marine IP:
• provides a more complete georeferenced data set
• enables more targeted sediment sampling, reducing costs
• Potential to detect & map oil in water column during incidents
• Potential for oil spill monitoring and early-warning alerts:
• Ports and Docks
• Pipeline leaks
• Intakes, sensitive areas

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Thank you!

For more information:

Induced Polarization Associates, LLC
www.marine-ip.com

Kevin Hand
907.529.6672
[email protected]

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