Limiting CV%

Problem: If the most uniform 24 tex polyester staple fibre

yarn has a CV of 20%, (i) what is the lowest CV one would
expect for a 12 tex yarn produced from the same fibre? (ii)
What would be the CV of a 4-ply yarn produced from 12
tex yarn?

Solution-

Given: Yarn count = 24 tex; CVlim % = 20%

CVlim = 100/√N1 = 20
N1 = Number of fibres in cross section of 24 tex yarn = 25
Fibre tex = 24/25 = 0.96 tex
1
 Limiting CV%

N2 = Number of fibres in cross section of 12 tex yarn

= 12/0.96 = 12.5

(i) So, limiting CV% of 12 tex yarn-

CVlim12tex = 100 / √N2 = 100 / √12.5 = 28.28%

(ii) For the CV of a 4-ply yarn produced from 12 tex yarn

CV 4-Ply =CV12tex /√4 = 28.28/ √4=28.28 /2 = 14.14 %

2
 Addition and Reduction of CV%

Problem: Two roving with a CV of 8% each are fed into a

spinning zone and if the spinning unit adds 8% CV, the
CV% of output yarn will be approximately ___________
Solution-

Coefficient of variation (CV) of roving = 8%

∵ Two rovings are fed,
∴ CVFEED % of doubled roving = 8/√2
CVADD = 8%
CVOUTPUT = √ (CVFEED)2 + (CVADD )2

= √ (8/√2)2 + (8)2 = 9.8%

3
 Addition and Reduction of CV%

Problem: The CV% of 3-ply yarn produced using these

single yarns will be approximately

Solution-

CV% of 3-Ply yarn is = = 9.8/√3 = 5.66%

4
 Addition and Reduction of CV%
Problem: Eight ends of slivers, each having a CV of 6%,
are doubled and drawn to produce the resultant sliver of
same hank. If the draw frame introduces 2.12% CV, the
CV% of resultant sliver would be approximately

Solution-

Coefficient of variation of individual sliver (CV) = 6%

∵ 8 slivers are fed,

∴ CV% of D/F input material (CVinput ) = 6/√8 =2.121
CVADD = 2.12%
CVOUTPUT = √ (CV input )2 + (CV ADD)2

= √ (2.121)2 + (2.12)2 = 2.998 ~ 3%

5
 Addition and Reduction of CV%

Problem: Consider the following particulars for a spinning

line producing 30 tex yarn from 150 militex polyester fibre.

Mass CV of card sliver: 3%

Mass CV added at draw-frame: 2%
Mass CV added at speed-frame: 3%
Mass CV added at ring-frame: 7%
Number of doubling at draw-frame: 6
Number of draw-frame passage: 1

(i) Find the mass CV% of roving

(ii) Calculate Index of irregularity of yarn

6
 Addition and Reduction of CV%
Solution-

Mass CV input at draw-frame = 3 / √6 = 1.225%

For, Mass CV output at draw-frame

CVOut-D/F=√[(CVinput-D/F)2+(CVAdd-D/F)2]=√[(1.225)2+(2)2]= 2.345%

For, Mass CV output at speed-frame

∵Mass CV Add-S/F at speed-frame: 3%

Mass Cvinput-S/F at speed-frame = 2.345%

CVOut-S/F=√[(CVinput-S/F)2+(CVAdd-S/F)2]=√[(2.345)2+(3)2]

= √14.499= 3.808%
7
 Addition and Reduction of CV%

(ii) Calculate Index of irregularity of yarn

For, Mass CV output at ring-frame

∵Mass CV added at ring-frame: 7%

And Mass CV input at ring-frame = 3.808%

CVOut-R/F=√[(CVinput-R/F)2+(CVAdd-R/F)2]

= √ (3.808)2 + (7)2 = 7.969

8
 Index of Irregularity

CVOut-R/F = 7.969

∵Index of irregularity of yarn = CVOut-R/F / CV LIM

CV LIM = 100 / √N
N = Number of FIBRE
Number of FIBRE (N) = Yarn tex / Fibre tex
= 30 / 0.150 = 200

So. CV LIM = 100 / √N = 100 /√200 = 7.07

So, Index of irregularity of yarn = CVOut-R/F / CV LIM

= 7.969 / 7.07 = 1.127

9
 Index of Irregularity
Problem: The R/F-I is producing 30 tex polyester with
CV% of 10 %, from 1.5 denier fibre. And the R/F-II is
producing 30 tex polyester with CV% of 8.5 %, from 1.0
denier fibre. Which R/F is performing better?

R/F-I:
Actual Irregularity (V1) = 10%
Number of fibres in yarn cross section = N1
= 30*9/1.5 = 180
Limit Irregularity (V1r) = 100/√N1 = 100/13.4
=7.46

Index of Irregularity = V1/V1r = 10/7.46 = 1.34

10
 Index of Irregularity
Index of Irregularity of yarn from R/F-1= 1.34
R/F-2:
Actual Irregularity (V2) = 8.5 %
Number of fibres in yarn cross section = N2
= 30*9/1.0 = 270

Limit Irregularity (V1r) = 100/√N2 = 100/16.4 =6.1

Index of Irregularity = V1/V1r = 8.5/6.1 = 1.39

üThe higher value of ‘I’ in R/F-2 shows that it has

poor spinning performance 11
 Index of Irregularity
Problem: The following table gives the relevant
processing details used in the production of a 32-tex
yarn spun from 152 mm, 0.5 tex man-made fibre on a
semi-worsted system, together with the CV% of each
product.

Process Draft Doublings CV%

1st Drawing 8.0 8 3.4
2nd Drawing 9.37 6 2.8
3rd Drawing 5.7 2 5.5
Roving 10.0 1 7.5
Spinning 14.1 1 14.9
Calculate the Index of Irregularity and addition of
irregularity at each stage.
12
 Index of Irregularity
Solution:

Given: Yarn count – 32 tex; Fibre linear density -0.5 tex

Type of Fibre - Man-made fibre

(i) Yarn:

No. of fibres in yarn cross-section = 32/0.5 = 64

Limit irrecularity (Vry) = 100/√64 = 12.5

Index of Irregularity (Iy) = 14.9/12.5 = 1.19

CV% of Input material (roving) = 7.5

CV% of Output material (yarn) = 14.9
Addition of Irregularity = √[(14.9)2 – (7.5)2] = 12.87%
13
 Index of Irregularity

Proce Draft Doub Tex CV% Add I

ss
1st 8.0 8 3.4
2nd 9.37 6 2.8
3rd 5.7 2 5.5
Rov 10.0 1 7.5
Spg 14.1 1 32 14.9 12.87 1.19

14
 Index of Irregularity
Solution:

Given: Roving count - 32×14.1 = 451.2 tex; Fibre linear

density -0.5 tex Type of Fibre - Man-made fibre

(i) Roving:

No. of fibres in Roving cross-section = 451.2/0.5 = 902

Limit irrecularity (Vry) = 100/√902 = 3.33

Index of Irregularity (Iy) = 7.5/3.3 = 2.27

CV% of Input material = 5.5

CV% of Output material = 7.5
Addition of Irregularity = √[(7.5)2 – (5.5)2] = 5.1%
15
 Index of Irregularity

Proce Draft Doub Tex CV% Add I

ss
1st 8.0 8 3.4
2nd 9.37 6 2.8
3rd 5.7 2 5.5
Rov 10.0 1 450 7.5 5.1 2.27
Spg 14.1 1 32 14.9 12.84 1.19

16
 Index of Irregularity
Solution:

Given: 3rd D/F Sliver count – 451.2×10 = 4512 tex; Fibre

linear density -0.5 tex Type of Fibre - Man-made fibre

(i) 3rd D/F :

No. of fibres in 3rd D/F sliver cross-section = 4512/0.5

= 9024

Limit irrecularity (Vry) = 100/√9024 = 1.05

Index of Irregularity (Iy) = 5.5/1.05 = 5.23

CV% of Input material = 2.8/√2 = 1.98

CV% of Output material = 5.5
Addition of Irregularity = √[(5.5)2 – (1.98)2] = 5.13%
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 Index of Irregularity

Proce Draft Doub Tex CV% Add I

ss
1st 8.0 8 3.4
2nd 9.37 6 2.8
3rd 5.7 2 4512 5.5 5.13 5.23
Rov 10.0 1 451.2 7.5 5.1 2.27
Spg 14.1 1 32 14.9 12.84 1.19

18
 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis
Problem: Figure below shows a 3/3 drafting arrangement
of a ring frame producing 40 Ne cotton yarn from 1.212 Ne
roving with break draft of 1.115. Identify the positions of
the peaks in the spectrogram of the yarn if (i) Pinion D,
and (ii) Pinion F are defective. Consider that in case of
pinion the defect is due to broken single teeth and in case
of drafting roller the defect is due to roller eccentricity.
The values in the parentheses are number of teeth in case
of pinions and diameters in mm in case of rollers.

20
 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis

Solution:

(i) Pinion D, defective:

For 1 revolution of D, the FR will rotate –
(90 × 121)/(30 ×11) = 33 revolution
i.e. FR Delivery = (π×25.4×33)/1000 = 2.63 m
(ii) Pinion F: For 1 revolution of F, the MR will rotate –
26/26 = 1 revolution
i.e. MR Delivery per revolution = (π×23×1)/1000 = 7.23 cm
Front zone draft = (40)/(1.212 ×1.115) = 29.6
FR Delivery = (7.23×29.6) = 214 cm = 2.14 m 21
 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis
Problem: A 14.7 tex ring spun yarn was tested and
found to have a periodicity with a long wave length of
57.7 m. The total drafts at the draw frame, roving frame
and the ring frame were 6.0, 10.5 and 25.0 respectively.
The roll sizes and draft distribution of the drawing frame
used are as follows:
Roller Draft

Back roll (28 mm) to 3rd roll 1.15

3rd roll (25 mm) to 2nd roll 1.86
2nd roll (25 mm) to front roll Main draft zone (maximum
draft)
Front roll (32 mm) to calendar roll 1.02
(50mm)
Find the faulty/eccentric roller.
22
 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis

Solution:

Periodic wave length of yarn = 57.7 m;

Total draft in R/F = 25;

Periodic wave length of roving = 57.7/25 = 2.308 m;

Total draft roving frame= 10.5;
Periodic wave length of D/F sliver = 57.7/(25 ×10.5) m;

= 0.2198 m = 219.8 mm
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 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis

Solution:

Periodic wave length of D/F sliver = 219.8 mm

Diameter of calendar roll = 50 mm
Circumference of calendar roll = π × 50 = 157.07 mm

NOT matching with wave length of sliver, i.e. wave

length is more

Draft between F and Calendar roll = 1.02

Periodic wave length after F= 219.8/1.02 = 215.5 mm
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 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis

Solution:
Periodic wave length after F= 219.8/1.02 = 215.5 mm
Diameter of F= 32 mm
Circumference of F= π × 32 = 100.53 mm

NOT matching with wave length of after front roll, i.e.

wave length is more

Draft between 2nd roll and F (Main zone draft)

= Total D/F draft, i.e. 6 / (1.02 ×1.86 ×1.15) = 2.75
Periodic wave length after 2nd roll = 215.5/2.75
= 78.4 mm 25
 iv. Spectrogram - Analysis

Solution:
Periodic wave length after 2nd roll = 78.4 mm
Diameter of 2nd roll = 25 mm
Circumference of 2nd roll = π × 25 = 78.5 mm
Matching with wave length of after 2nd roller

Conclusion: The 2nd roll is faulty, i.e. there is

eccentricity in 2nd roll
26
 V. Variance-length Curves
Problem: The nature of B(l) curve is Y= mX + C [Y is
Variance (i.e. square of CV%) and X is log10(Cut length in
cm)]. The variances with 10cm and 1m cut lengths are 49
and 36 respectively. What will be the approximate U% of
that yarn when tested in Evenness tester?

Solution: From the B(l) curve,

Variance (V) = m × log10(Cut length in cm) + C

V = CV2 28
V. Variance-length Curves

Solution: From given conditions,

49 = m × log1010 + C = m + C
36 = m × log10100 + C = 2m + C

By solving the above equations, m = -13; and, C = 62

In Uster evenness tester the Cut length is 1 cm

V = CV2 = -13 × log101 + 62 = 62

So, CV% = √62 = 7.87 %

U% = PMD = CV% / 1.25 = 6.23 % 29