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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are composed of multiple nodes that imitate neurons in the human brain. The nodes are connected by links and interact with each other. ANNs are capable of learning by altering the weight values of the links. Fuzzy logic systems produce acceptable outputs in response to imprecise inputs, similar to how humans reason with uncertainty. Fuzzy logic uses membership functions and if-then rules to map imprecise linguistic variables like "large positive" to outputs through a process of fuzzification, rule inference, and defuzzification. Fuzzy logic is useful for applications that require handling uncertainty, like control systems.

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VIKRAM KUMAR
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153 views4 pages

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Neural Networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are composed of multiple nodes that imitate neurons in the human brain. The nodes are connected by links and interact with each other. ANNs are capable of learning by altering the weight values of the links. Fuzzy logic systems produce acceptable outputs in response to imprecise inputs, similar to how humans reason with uncertainty. Fuzzy logic uses membership functions and if-then rules to map imprecise linguistic variables like "large positive" to outputs through a process of fuzzification, rule inference, and defuzzification. Fuzzy logic is useful for applications that require handling uncertainty, like control systems.

Uploaded by

VIKRAM KUMAR
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Neural Networks

The inventor of the first neurocomputer, Dr. Robert Hecht-Nielsen, defines a neural network
as −
"...a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing
elements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs.”

Basic Structure of ANNs

The idea of ANNs is based on the belief that working of human brain by making the right
connections, can be imitated using silicon and wires as living neurons and dendrites.
The human brain is composed of 86 billion nerve cells called neurons. They are connected
to other thousand cells by Axons. Stimuli from external environment or inputs from sensory
organs are accepted by dendrites. These inputs create electric impulses, which quickly travel
through the neural network. A neuron can then send the message to other neuron to handle
the issue or does not send it forward.

ANNs are composed of multiple nodes, which imitate biological neurons of human brain.


The neurons are connected by links and they interact with each other. The nodes can take
input data and perform simple operations on the data. The result of these operations is
passed to other neurons. The output at each node is called its activation or node value.
Each link is associated with weight. ANNs are capable of learning, which takes place by
altering weight values. The following illustration shows a simple ANN −
Artificial Intelligence - Fuzzy Logic Systems

Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) produce acceptable but definite output in response to
incomplete, ambiguous, distorted, or inaccurate (fuzzy) input.

What is Fuzzy Logic?

Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The approach
of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all intermediate
possibilities between digital values YES and NO.
The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and
produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human’s YES or NO.
The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the human
decision making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as −
CERTAINLY
YES

POSSIBLY YES

CANNOT SAY

POSSIBLY NO

CERTAINLY NO

The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite output.
Implementation
 It can be implemented in systems with various sizes and capabilities ranging from
small micro-controllers to large, networked, workstation-based control systems.
 It can be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both.

Why Fuzzy Logic?

Fuzzy logic is useful for commercial and practical purposes.

 It can control machines and consumer products.


 It may not give accurate reasoning, but acceptable reasoning.
 Fuzzy logic helps to deal with the uncertainty in engineering.

Fuzzy Logic Systems Architecture

It has four main parts as shown −


 Fuzzification Module − It transforms the system inputs, which are crisp numbers, into
fuzzy sets. It splits the input signal into five steps such as −

LP x is Large Positive

MP x is Medium Positive

S x is Small

MN x is Medium Negative

LN x is Large Negative

 Knowledge Base − It stores IF-THEN rules provided by experts.


 Inference Engine − It simulates the human reasoning process by making fuzzy
inference on the inputs and IF-THEN rules.
 Defuzzification Module − It transforms the fuzzy set obtained by the inference engine
into a crisp value.
The membership functions work on fuzzy sets of variables.

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