Gamaliel - 12 Judges

CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems

INTRODUCTION
An Operating System ( OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer
hardware. An operating system is a program that handles many of the foundational activities
such as file management, memory management, machine management, input and output
processing, and external computer control such as disk drives and printers.

EVOLUTION OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

SERIAL PROCESSING - VINCENT

-Before 1950, programmers directly interacted with the hardware when there was no
operating system at that time. Then the programmer readied for the next program. The
Serial Processing Operating Systems are those which Performs all the instructions into a
sequence manner or the instructions those are given by the user will be executed by using
the FIFO Manner (which means First in First Out.)

Ang serial transmission ay mas mabagal kaysa sa parallel transmission na binibigyan ng

parehong frequency frequency. Sa isang parallel na paghahatid maaari kang maglipat ng
isang salita bawat pag-ikot (hal. 1 byte = 8 bits) ngunit may isang serial transmission na
isang bahagi lamang nito (hal. 1 bit).
Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems
Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems
BATCH PROCESSING - FRANK
-The term "batch processing" originates in the traditional classification of methods of production
as job production, batch production, and flow production.
-before 1960 it is very hard to execute a program
-Programs called monitors were developed which could process a series, or "batch", of programs

-Examples of monitors were IBM's Fortran Monitor System, SOS (Share Operating System),
and finally IBSYS for IBM's 709x systems in 1960

MULTIPROGRAMMING - CHESTER
a rudimentary form of parallel processing in which several programs are run at the same
time on a uniprocessor. Since there is only one processor, there can be no true
simultaneous execution of different programs. Instead, the operating system executes part of
one program, then part of another, and so on. To the user it appears that all programs are
executing at the same time.

TIME SHARING SYSTEM - JOHN LLOYD

-A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources. In other words,
time sharing refers to the allocation of the computer resources in time slot to several
program simultaneously.

The time sharing system were developed to provided an interactive use of the computer
system. A time shared system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each
user with a small portion of a time shared computer, this short period of time during that the
user gets attention of the CPU is known as a time slice or a quantum.

PARALLEL SYSTEM - BARRO

are the interface between parallel computers (or computer systems) and the applications
(parallel or not) that are executed on them. They translate the hardware’s capabilities into
concepts usable by programming languages.

Great diversity marked the beginning of parallel architectures and their operating systems.
This diversity has since been reduced to a small set of dominating configurations: symmetric
multiprocessors running commodity applications and operating systems (UNIX and Windows
NT) and multicomputers running custom kernels and parallel applications. Additionally, there
is some (mostly experimental) work done towards the exploitation of the shared memory
paradigm on top of networks of workstations or personal computers.
Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM - LOUIE
A distributed system is a system whose components are located on different networked
computers, which communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages to one
another.[1] The components interact with one another in order to achieve a common goal.
Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are: concurrency of components, lack
of a global clock, and independent failure of components. Examples of distributed systems
vary from SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer
applications.

Distributed computing also refers to the use of distributed systems to solve computational
problems. In distributed computing, a problem is divided into many tasks, each of which is
solved by one or more computers, which communicate with each other via message passing

Example on how the Distributed System work:

A distributed system, also known as distributed computing, is a system with multiple

components located on different machines that communicate and coordinate actions in order
to appear as a single coherent system to the end-user.

FOR EXAMPLE ALAM NAMAN NATIN NA ANG FACEBOOK AT

GOOGLE IS A VERY VERY LARGE SCALE SERVICES.

AT ETONG MGA SERVICES NA ETO AY NAKAKA TANGAP NG

MARAMING MARAMING REQUEST ALL OVER THE WORLD PARA
MA ACCECESS.
Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems

*THE ARROW REPRESENT THE REQUEST

SO MERON TAYONG ISANG PROBLEMA KUNG GUSTO MO MAG

SERVE NG GANON KARAMING TAO AT THE SAME TIME SYEMPRE
IMPOSIBLE YON. WE CANNOT BUILD A COMPUTER NA KAYANG
MAG SERVE SA BUONG MUNDO NG SABAY SABAY.

SO KAPAG NADAMI NA ANG MGA REQUEEST THEN MAG

DADAGDAG TAYO NG COMUTER ITS NOT SCALABLE.

*THE COMPUTER REPRESENT ON HOW TO DISTRIBUTE THE

LOAD
Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems

THE IDEA OF DESTRIBUTING SYSTEM IS WE DESTRIBUTE THE

LOAD FOR EX. THE NUMBER OF REQUEST THAT WE GET ON
INTERCONNECTED AS SEPARATE COMPUTER SILA YUNG MGA
COMPUTER NA SABAY SABAY NAG RURUN NG APPLICATION MAG
KAKA CONNECT SA INTERNAL NETWORK CONNECTED TO EACH
OTHER AT SILA YUNG NAG MAMANDO NG IBAT IBANG DIFFERENT
PORTIONS OF LOAD.

SO THIS WAY WE CAN SIMLY SCALE UP KUNG MADADAGDAGAN

PA ANG MGA REQUEST WE JUST SIMLPY ADD MORE COMPUTER
TO OUR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

AT MERON ITONG ISANG ADVANTAGE NA LET SAY IF WE GET A

LOT OF REQUEST TAPOS BIGLA NALANG TUMIGIL YUNG ISANG
COMPUTER

SO ANG MANGYAYARE AY KAPAG NALAMAN NG IBANG

COMPUTER NA TUMIGIL NA YUNG ISANG COMPUTER SO THEY
HANDLE THE SPECIFIC MACHINE WORK LOAD

AND THE APPLICATION KIND OF THEM IN A VIRTUAL MACHINE SO

THAAT IS A MASSIVE ADVANTAGE WHEN IT COMES TO
SCALABILITY AND BULDING APPLICATIONS

THAT CAN FULFILL A MILLION OF USERS AT THE SAME TIME.

Types of distributed systems

Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems
Distributed systems generally fall into one of four different basic architecture models:

1. Client-server—Clients contact the server for data, then format it and display it to the
end-user. The end-user can also make a change from the client-side and commit it
back to the server to make it permanent.
2. Three-tier—Information about the client is stored in a middle tier rather than on the
client to simplify application deployment. This architecture model is most common for
web applications.
3. n-tier—Generally used when an application or server needs to forward requests to
additional enterprise services on the network.
4. Peer-to-peer—There are no additional machines used to provide services or
manage resources. Responsibilities are uniformly distributed among machines in the
system, known as peers, which can serve as either client or server.

SOURCES:

https://www.notesjam.com/2017/09/evolution-of-operating-system.html

http://lloogg.com/history-and-evolution-of-operating-systems/#:~:text=The%20first
%20operating%20system%20was,systems%20included%20in%20its%20computers.

https://www.studytonight.com/operating-system/evolution-of-os

https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/ArshadAli76/evolution-of-operating-system

http://cs.gordon.edu/courses/cs322/lectures/history.html#:~:text=In%20the%201970s
%20and%20especially,more%20jobs%20on%20the%20computer.
Gamaliel - 12 Judges
CSS Manuscript: Evolution of Operating Systems
https://brainly.in/question/8008416#:~:text=A%20time%20sharing%20system%20or,slots
%20to%20several%20programs%20simultaneously.&text=Each%20user%20uses%20the
%20resources,%2Di.e.%20memory%2C%20CPU%20etc.