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    Statistics Application (Module 2)

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    ai kawaii
    This document discusses sources of data and measurement scales in statistics. It explains that data can come from primary sources collected by researchers or secondary sources from previously published materials. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal for categorization without ordering; ordinal for ranking; interval for recognizing distances between units; and ratio which has an absolute zero point and allows all mathematical operations. Derived variables are also discussed, such as ratios of two measured numbers and proportions that can be converted to percentages.

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    Statistics Application (Module 2)

    Uploaded by

    ai kawaii
    45 views3 pages
    This document discusses sources of data and measurement scales in statistics. It explains that data can come from primary sources collected by researchers or secondary sources from previously published materials. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal for categorization without ordering; ordinal for ranking; interval for recognizing distances between units; and ratio which has an absolute zero point and allows all mathematical operations. Derived variables are also discussed, such as ratios of two measured numbers and proportions that can be converted to percentages.

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    This document discusses sources of data and measurement scales in statistics. It explains that data can come from primary sources collected by researchers or secondary sources from previously published materials. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal for categorization without ordering; ordinal for ranking; interval for recognizing distances between units; and ratio which has an absolute zero point and allows all mathematical operations. Derived variables are also discussed, such as ratios of two measured numbers and proportions that can be converted to percentages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views3 pages

    Statistics Application (Module 2)

    Uploaded by

    ai kawaii
    This document discusses sources of data and measurement scales in statistics. It explains that data can come from primary sources collected by researchers or secondary sources from previously published materials. There are four levels of measurement scales: nominal for categorization without ordering; ordinal for ranking; interval for recognizing distances between units; and ratio which has an absolute zero point and allows all mathematical operations. Derived variables are also discussed, such as ratios of two measured numbers and proportions that can be converted to percentages.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    MODULE 2:

    STATISTICS ANALYSIS WITH SOFTWARE


    APPLICATION
    PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS (PART 2)
    Sources of Data

    1. Primary Source – first hand or original idea. Data was collected


    by the researcher.
    2. Secondary Source – information taken from published or
    unpublished materials previously gathered by other researchers or
    agencies such as books, newspapers, magazines, journals or
    unpublished thesis and dissertations.

    Measurement – the process by which numbers are assigned to variables


    of individual population units. It may entail asking a consumer to rate the
    taste of a product from 1 to 10 or simply asking a teacher how old she is.

    Scale of Measurements

    1. Nominal Scale – uses numbers for the purpose of


    identifying membership in a group or category. The data
    cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme. It cannot be
    used for calculations. Numbers are assigned to different
    categories especially when the data are processed using
    computers.
    Examples:
     Movies are listed according to their genre, such as
    comedy, adventure, and romance
     Gender (male or female)
     Type of disease
     Blood groups (A, B, AB, or O)

    2. Ordinal Scale – it incorporates the classifying and labeling


    function of the nominal scale, but in addition brings to it a
    sense of order. Ordinal numbers are used to indicate a rank
    order, but nothing more. The ordinal scale is used to arrange
    (or rank) individuals into a sequence ranging from the
    highest to the lowest, according to the variable measured.
    Example:
     Categories of patient age may be the basis of
    ordinal scale:
    Rank
    Child 1
    Teen 2
    Adult 3
    Older Adult 4
    Elderly 5
    Older Elderly 6
    Frail Elderly 7

     Good, Better, Best


     On movies:
    Star Wars 4 stars
    Godzilla 3 stars

    3. Interval Scale – as the term implies, in addition to rank


    ordering data, the interval scale allows the recognition of
    precisely how far apart ae the units on the scale. Interval
    scales permit certain mathematical procedure untenable at
    the nominal and ordinal level of measurements. A
    characteristic of interval scale is that it has no absolute zero
    point.

    Example:
     Room temperature

    4. Ratio Scale – is the highest level of measurement, which


    incorporates the properties of the interval, ordinal, and
    nominal scales. A ratio scale includes an absolute zero, it
    gives a rank ordering, and it can be simply applied for
    labeling purposes. Because there is an absolute zero, all the
    mathematical procedures of addition, subtraction,
    multiplication, and division are possible.
    Example:
     Measurement of scores, weight, and height fall on
    ratio scales

    Derived Variables:
    Sometimes observations are processed in order to
    generate a derived number.

    Examples of derived variables are:

    1. Ratio – simple relationship between two numbers


    measured on the same unit.
    Example:
    If the mid-arm circumference of a new-born is 8.7
    cm and the chest circumstance is 29.8 cm, then the
    arm : chest circumstance is 29.8 : 8.7

    2. Proportion – is the ratio of a part to a whole. When


    multiplied by 100, a proportion I converted to
    percentage.
    Example:
    In an eight-hour shift, a worker spends two hours
    engaged upon paper work; the proportion of the time
    spent on the paper work is 2 : 8 or 0.25.

    If a proportion is based upon counts of things, it


    may be referred to as proportional frequency, that is,
    the ratio of the number of individuals in a particular
    category to the total number of categories.

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