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MATHEMATICS (ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY) – DAY 5

I. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
An arithmetic progression is a series of numbers having a common difference.

Example 1: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
Therefore from the above given: a = 2, L = 10, d = 4 – 2 = 2, n = 5

Example 2: 20, 18, 16, 14, 12

Therefore from the above given: a = 20, L = 12, d = 18 – 20 = -2, n = 5

Formulas:
! !
A. 𝐿 = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 B. 𝑆 = " [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = " (𝑎 + 𝐿)

Where: L = last term a = first term n = number of terms S = sum of all terms
d = common difference = a2 – a1

Note: d is positive if increasing series of numbers

d is negative if decreasing series of numbers

C. Arithmetic mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of an arithmetic series.
The arithmetic mean of a & b is a + b .
2

II. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

A geometric progression is a series of numbers having a common ratio.

Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256

Therefore from the above given: a = 2, L = 256, r = 4/2 =2, n = 8

Formulas:
B. S = a(1 - r ) = a - rL
n
A. L = arn-1
1- r 1- r

Where: L = last term a = first term S = geometric sum of all terms

n = number of terms r = common ratio = a2/a1

C. Geometric Mean – is the number or quantity between two terms of a geometric series.
The geometric mean of a & b is ab

Sum of Infinite Geometric Series:

If n approaches infinity. S= a Provided r ≠ 1

1- r

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III. HARMONIC PROGRESSION
A harmonic progression is a series of numbers whose reciprocals form an arithmetic progression.

Example: Given in Harmonic Progression ¼, 1/7, 1/10, 1/13 …………

The equivalent Arithmetic Progression is 4, 7, 10, 13, …….

Note: Use the formula of arithmetic progression in getting the nth term and take the reciprocal to obtain the
equivalent Harmonic Progression.

PROBLEMS
1. What is the sum of the following finite sequence of terms? 18, 25, 32, 39, …., 67

2. What is the sum of the following finite sequence of terms? 32, 80, 200,….., 19531.25

3. The second and sixth terms of a geometric progression are 3/10 and 243/160, respectively. What is the first term
of this sequence?

4. A rubber ball was dropped from a height of 36 m, and each time it strikes the ground it rebounds to a height of
2/3 of the distance from which it fell. Find the total distance traveled by the ball before it comes to rest.

5. Find the 10th term of the harmonic progression 6/5, 4/3, 3/2, …….

6. The given sequence 𝑡! = 5!#$ is

A. Arithmetic
B. Geometric
C. Harmonic
D. Neither A nor B

TRIGONOMETRY
I. CLASSIFICATION OF ANGLES

Acute Angle – angle less than 90 degrees.

Obtuse Angle – angle more than 90o but less than 180o.
Reflex Angle – angle more than 180o but less than 360o.
Complementary Angle – angles whose sum is 90o.
Supplementary Angle – angle whose sum is 180o.

II. MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES:

1 degree = 60 min
1 min. = 60 sec
90 deg = 100 grad
p rad = 180 deg
1 rev = 2p rad = 360 deg = 2π rad = 400 grad = 6400 mills

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 RIGHT TRIANGLE
Six Trigonometric Functions:

! "
sin 𝐴 = csc 𝐴 =
" !

# "
cos 𝐴 = sec 𝐴 =
" #

! #
tan 𝐴 = cot 𝐴 =
# !

Pythagorean Theorem: 𝑐 ! = 𝑎! + 𝑏 !

where: a = opposite b = adjacent c = hypotenuse

Perimeter = a + b + c

III. ANGLE OF ELEVATION

Angle of elevation is the angle above the horizontal plane of the

observer.
𝛽 = Angle of Elevation

IV. ANGLE OF DEPRESSION

Angle of depression is the angle below the horizontal plane of the
observer.

х = Angle of Depression

V. LOGARITHMS
A logarithm is a power to which a number (the base) must be raised in order to get some other number.

PROPERTIES AND IDENTITIES OF LOGARITHMS

1. log % 𝑏 = 1 5. log !√𝑥 =

()* + 9. 𝑥 & = 𝑥 % , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 = 𝑏
!

2. log % 1 = 0 + 10. 𝑥 = 𝑒 (, & , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎

6. log ' = log 𝑥 − log 𝑦
3. log % 𝑏! = 𝑛 11. 𝑦 = ln 𝑒 + , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥
7. log(𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑥 + log 𝑦
4. log & 𝑥 = 𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 ' 12. 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
$
8. log 𝑥 ! = 𝑛 log 𝑥 -./

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 VI. EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
Exponential growth and decay are models that usually take the form of:

𝑥 = 𝑥. 𝑒 01
where:
x = amount at any period xo = original amount
k = constant t = time
+"
At half-life: 𝑥 =
"

PROBLEMS

1. If sinα = x, what is secα?

2. Which is true regarding the signs of the natural functions for angles between 90o and 180o?
A. The tangent is positive C. The cosine is negative
B. The cotangent is positive D. The sine is negative

3. The vertical angle to the top of a flagpole from point A on the ground is observed to be 37o11’. The observer
walks 17 m directly away from point A and the flagpole to point B and finds the new angle to be 25o43’. What is
the approximate height of the flagpole?

4. Solve for x: log2 x + log(x – 2) = 3

5. If the log10 of 4 is 0.703x, what is the log10 of ¼?

A. -1.703x B. -0.703x C. 0.297x D. 0.703x

6. A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hours. How long does it take for 90% of the radioactivity to be
dissipated?

7. Experimental data show that a body’s temperature declines exponentially in time according to the expression T(t)
= 50e-0.04t (where 50 is a constant expressed in oC, 0.04 is the cooling rate in min-1, and t is the cooling time
expressed in minutes). How long would it take the body to reach 25oC?

OBLIQUE TRIANGLE

VII. SINE LAW

Relates the sine of the angle.

a b c a sin A c sin C c sin C A + B + C = 180O
= = = = =
sin A sin B sin C b sin B b sin B a sin A

Area of Triangle:
1 1 1
A = a b sin C A = b c sin A A = c a sin B
2 2 2

VIII. COSINE LAW

Relates the cosine of the angle.
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab cos C b2 = c 2 + a2 - 2ac cos B a2 = b2 + c 2 - 2bc cos A

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 Note:

1. In solving angles in a triangle given 3 sides, do not apply Sine Law, instead Cosine Law
since the sine function cannot give an angle of more than 90 degrees.

2. The maximum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of longest side.

3. The minimum angle of triangle will be at the opposite of the shortest side.

IX. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

! "&# $ 9. sin 𝜃 = cos(90° − 𝜃)

1. sin 𝜃 = 5. cot 𝜃 =
"#" $ #() $

! 6. sin" 𝜃 + cos" 𝜃 = 1
2. cos 𝜃 = 10. cos 𝜃 = sin(90° − 𝜃)
#%" $

!
3. tan 𝜃 = 7. tan" 𝜃 + 1 = sec " 𝜃 11. tan 𝜃 = cot(90° − 𝜃)
"&' $

#() $
4. tan 𝜃 = 8. cot " 𝜃 + 1 = csc " 𝜃 12. cot 𝜃 = tan(90° − 𝜃)
"&# $

Addition and Subtraction Formulas:

Sin (x ± y) = sin x cos y ± sin y cos x

Cos (x ± y) = cos x cos y ± sin x sin y

Tan (x ± y) = tan x ± tan y

1 ! tan x tan y

Double Angle Formulas:

sin 2x = 2 sin x cosx

cos 2x = cos2x – sin2x = 2cos2x – 1 = 1 – 2sin2x

tan 2x = 2 tan x
1 - tan 2 x

X. BEARING AND DIRECTIONS

Northwest - 45o between N and W

Northeast - 45o between N and E
Southwest - 45o between S and W
Southeast - 45o between S and E

Example: Find the bearing of the following forces acting as shown.

F1 = N 40o E or 40o E of N F2 = N 60o W or 60o W of N

F3 = S 30o W or 30o W of S F4 = S 50o E or 50o E of S

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PROBLEMS

1. The expression cscθ cos3θ tanθ is equivalent to which of the following expressions?
A. sinθ B. cosθ C. 1 – sin2θ D. 1 + sin2θ

2. What is the value of θ (less than 2π) that will satisfy the following equation? sin2θ + 4sin θ + 3 = 0
A. π/4 B. π/2 C. π D. 3π/2

3. Given triangle with angle C = 28.7o, side a = 132 units and b = 224 units. Solve for angle B.

4. Two ships leave a dock at the same time. One sails northeast at the rate of 8.5 mph, the other sails north at the
rate of 10 mph. How many miles apart are they at the end of 2 hours?

5. An 8-foot pole and an 18 foot pole are braced by two guy wires, each extending from the bottom of one pole to the
top of the other. How far apart are the poles if the guy wires intersect at right angles?

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