READING AND WRITING

SKILLS Effective Reading Strategies

> Previewing
Reading and Thinking Strategies across Text
> Skimming
Types
> Scanning
Previewing
Importance of Reading -looking at the readily visible parts of the text
-helps to be familiarized with the contents of the
Reading selection and focus on the important information
-is a cognitive process of decoding symbols in the text
to derive meaning from a text Skimming
-you look for the main point and identify the
We read to gain and share ideas that develop it
information and ideas. -reading rapidly in order to get a general
Importance of Reading overview of the material
1. Reading is a complex mental task Scanning
-it utilizes the brain which improves -reading rapidly in order to find specific facts
concentration, improves ability to pay
attention, improve ability to focus for longer
periods of time
2. Reading improves discipline and memory
-helps remember characters, plot, and details
3. Reading builds self-esteem
-expands knowledge
-more knowledge leads to higher confidence Albert Einstein suffered from a
-higher confidence boosts self-esteem reading disorder.
4. Reading improves creativity
-develops the creative side of the brain by Walt Disney suffered from dyslexia.
exposing it to unique ideas
5. Reading improves vocabulary Hellen Keller was deaf and blind but
-will expose you to many words and context she published 12 books.
clues
6. Reading increases imagination Martin Luther King Jr. skipped 9th
-puts brain into different situations and 11th grade, entered college at 15,
-reduces boredom got his PhD at 25. He was one of the
7. Reading broadens horizons youngest people to win Nobel Peace
-gives insight to diversity, other cultures, Prize.
other beliefs, and way of living
8. Reading helps develop a strong sense of Barack Obama is the 44th President
character of USA.
Text He wrotediscourse
as connected 30 books.
-establishes a better understanding of human
nature by putting yourself in the character’s Oprah Winfrey was named the 11th
Text
shoes most up
-made powerful womanhaving
of sentences according to
the property
9. Reading improves school performance Forbes magazine.
of grammatical cohesion
10. Words are our everyday tools -meaning is not found
-avid readers find it easier to communicate Discourse
because of expanded vocabulary -the use of such sentences
-made up of utterances having the property 3. Spider Map/ Semantic Map
of coherence -used to investigate and enumerate
-meaning is derived through the reader’s various aspects of a central idea, which
interaction could be a concept, topic, or theme

Text becomes a connected discourse

when we read.

Techniques in selecting and organizing

information

Brainstorming
-is the most powerful tool in generating
creative and rich ideas 4. Problem-Solution Map
2 Methods of Brainstorming -displays the nature of the problem and
1. Idea List how it can be solved
-involves writing the main topic and
listing related ideas
2. Idea Map
-visual representation of ideas and their
connections with one another
-more structured as it shows how one
idea supports another idea

Graphic Organizers
-are visual representations of concepts that
help us structure information into 5. Timeline
organizational patterns -used to show how events occurred
-present essential information and connect chronologically through a long bar
these pieces of information into a coherent labeled with dates and information
framework 2 Types of Timeline
10 Types of Graphic Organizers 1. Linear
1. Venn Diagram -shows how events happened
-used to compare and contrast ideas and within one period
events

2. Network Tree 2. Comparative

-used to represent hierarchy, -shows two sets of events that
classification, and branching happened within the same
-useful in showing relationships of period
scientific categories, family trees, and
even lineages
 8. Fishbone Map
-shows the factors that cause a specific
event or problem, as well as details of
each cause

9. Cycle
-describes how a series of events
interact to produce a set of results
repeatedly

10. Persuasion Map

6. Plot Diagram
-used to map events in the story

7. Series of Events Chain

-used to show the logical sequence of
events
 -used to map out arguments and 4. Parallel Construction
evidence that prove a viewpoint -requires all entries in each cluster to use the
same structure and format

4 Kinds of Outline According to Structure

1. Topic Outline
-a systematic arrangement of ideas using broad
topics in the form of words or simple phrases as

Outline
-considered as a plan for writing; a summary
that gives the essential feature of a text
-shows how the parts of a text are related to
one another as parts that are of equal
importance, or sections that are subordinate
to a main idea
2 Types of Outlines
1. Alphanumeric Outline headers
-uses both letters and numbers as labels
2. Decimal Outline
- uses only numbers as labels
4 Principles of Outlining
1. Coordination
-requires ideas of the same relevance to be
labeled in the same way
2. Subordination
-shows that minor details have to be placed
under their respective major details
3. Division
-requires that no cluster should contain only one
item

2. Sentence Outline/ Expanded Outline

-uses complete sentences as its entries
3. Thesis Statement 2 Varieties of Description
-the central idea of a multiple-paragraph 1. Objective Description
composition -looks into factual and scientific
-all the other ideas present in an essay revolve characteristics of what is being
around the thesis statement described as objectively as possible
-the writer stays away from
Patterns of development emotional impressions or responses
and instead, describes the scene as it
1. Narration is
-the most basic pattern of development 2. Subjective Description
-describes how, when, and where an event or -a sort of description that the author
occurrence actually happened would normally use to “paint a
-used to tell a story or focus on a set of picture” of how he sees a character,
related events or how he wants the reader to see a
3 Components of Narrative Text character
1. Logical Action -also used in a literary discourse
-are considered the very movements within when there is stereotyped image that
the plot or the narrative that drive the can be attributed to a person, place,
characters forward, be it during the dialogue, or an event
or within a scene
2. Way of Narration
3. Definition
-refers to how the writer presents the story
-explains not just what something means or
3. Terminology
is, but also what something does, what
-places emphasis on the fact that concepts
something is used for, what something looks
are critical to the narrations
>Concrete Terms like, etc.
-can be measured or observed 2 Varieties of Definition
Example: house, dog 1. Scientific Definition
>Abstract Terms -defines concepts in the most factual
-intangible way, which is often used in
Example: love, freedom scientific, proper, or real world facts
>general Terms
-commonly used to denote groups 2. Subjective Definition
Example: furniture -defines the objects in a more
>specific Terms personal way
-refer to individual component of the
-usually derived from the author's
group
Example: chair own experiences and opinion
2. Description -often used by a writer to state
-the pattern of development which goes into something from the point of view of
details about a specific object, person, or the characters or in relation to the
location, in order to firmly set its appearance setting
3 Characteristics of Description
Key Words: as defined by, refers to, to define
1. Has clear focus and sense of
purpose
4. Classification and Exemplification
2. Use sensory details and precise
words
Classification
3. Presents details in logical order
-divides things into groups, classes, or 8. Persuasion
categories -convinces readers to agree to an argument
-organizes ideas into divisions based on or claim about a particular topic
criteria or standards Key Words: again, to emphasize, indeed
Key Words: another, classified as, one kind, the
last group Properties of a Well-Written Text

1. Organization
Exemplification -refers to the arrangement of ideas in a text
-provides examples and illustrations in order Example: creating an outline
to further clarify or explain the concept or
subject matter Outline provides a format in which
-presents the general statement and then ideas can be arranged in hierarchy.
provides specific and concrete examples to 2. Coherence and Cohesion
expound on the main idea -refers to the connection of ideas, between
Key Words: after all, for instance, namely, to sentences, and between paragraphs
clarify Example: using transitional devices
3. Appropriate Language Use
5. Comparison and Contrast -refers to the acceptable style of language in
-organizes ideas based on how events, a text
places, people, things, and concepts are 4.
similar to or different from one another Proper
a. Separately
-involves describing one item first
followed by the second item
b. Side-by-side
-involves discussing both items
based on each point of comparison
Key Words for Comparing: also, as, equally,
similarly
Key Words for Contrasting: on the other hand, Mechanics
conversely, unlike -refers to the conventions of writing such as:
capitalization, punctuation, spelling,
6. Cause and Effect numerals, abbreviations, acronyms, and
-explains why something happens or what contractions.
results a particular event produces
a. Paragraph emphasizing causes Words
b. Paragraph emphasizing effects Morphology
Key Words for Cause: as, being that, due to the -study of words, how they are formed, and
fact relationship to other words
Key Words for Effect: accordingly, as a result, -analyzes the structure of words, root word,
therefore prefixes, and suffixes
7. Problem- Solution Morpheme
-focuses on either a problem or solution in a -smallest grammatical unit in language
particular area or situation
Key Words: but, the problem is, one ways is 2 Types of Morpheme
 1. Free Morpheme - used when words reveal opposite
-can function independently as a word meaning to the unknown meaning
Example: house, food 3. Examples
2. Bound Morpheme -specific details in a text that are used to
-word attached to the root word to give clarify the meaning of a word
another meaning 4. Definition
Example: affixes -usually signaled by a form of the verb
Affix to be, or by commas or dashes
-morpheme attached to a root word 5. Explanation
-words or phrases that explain the
2 Types of Affixes unfamiliar word’s meaning
1. Prefix Simile and Metaphor
-before root word Simile
Example: incorrect, rewrite, uneasy
-identified by the use of “like”, “as”,
2. Suffix
-after root word “similar to”
Example: correctly, forgetful, childish -used to compare dissimilar objects that
share common characteristics
2 Varieties of Suffixes Example: When he walked into the room,
1. Inflectional Suffixes the entire audience looked up, like flowers
-modify the grammatical class turning towards the sun.
of words by signaling a change
in number, tense, degrees of
Metaphor
comparison, but they do not
shift the base form into another
-a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect,
word class directly refers to one thing by mentioning
2. Derivational Suffixes another
-modify either the part of speech -it may provide clarity or identify hidden
or the actual meaning of the similarities between two ideas
word Example: Alex is the black sheep of the
family.

Compound Words
-combination of two words
Example: backward, afterlife

Context Clues
Context Clues
-words, phrases, and sentences that surround
an unfamiliar word and recognize its
meaning Text and Context Connections (Critical
Reading)
5 Types of Context Clues
1. Synonyms
Critical Reading as Looking for Ways of
-used when words are of similar
meaning to the unknown meaning Thinking
2. Antonyms

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nSimple Reading
-involves identifying and recognizing the
meaning of the text
-it gives the basic definition of a text
-central idea is the message being imparted

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-is a more advanced form and u a higher level
of reading
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-is a type of reading whereby
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1. Getting the Main Idea
t e n
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v n -usually found in the beginning, middle, or
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3. Inferring 4 Kinds of Facts

-process used by a reader to understand an 1. Empirical Facts
idea that the author does not state explicitly -facts that can be proven by scientific
-is done by combining the reader’s observation, experience, or
knowledge and background with details and experiment
clues stated by the author
4. Concluding Example: The Philippines is
-is figuring out much more than what an composed of three major islands,
author says directly namely Luzon, Visayas, and
5. Analyzing Sequence Mindanao.
-considers the order of arrangement of
events present in the text 2. Analytical Facts
6. Determining Fact from Opinion -facts that make use of various
>Fact- idea that is proven or true operations in mathematics to prove a
>Opinion- unverified idea statement
7. Understanding Cause and Effect
-involves identifying the event that causes Example: 5 x 3 means 5 + 5 + 5 =
another event 15
8. Comparing and Contrasting
>Comparing- determining how things are 3. Evaluative Facts
same -facts that are supported by laws,
>Contrasting- determining how things are local and international, and ideally
different give order
9. Identifying the Problem and Solution
-involves discussing complex issues and Example: The Philippine
identifying the solution government implements penalty for
those who will violate the Republic
Explicit and implicit claims in a text Acts.

Explicit (explicitus) 4. Metaphysical Facts

-obvious and apparent; directly stated -facts that are assumed to be true
without external evidence
Implicit (implicitus)
-not clearly stated Example: All men were created
Explicit Information equal.
-is any idea that is stated Opinion
-you see the text explained -a statement expressing one's feelings or
-the explicit information will be written in personal judgment
the text, there is no need to look for clues
Claim
Fact -a statement that the author wants the reader
-a statement about the real world reinforced to accept
by reliable evidence 3 Kinds of Claims
-can express explicit or obvious information 1. Claim of Facts
-remains the same -relates to the statement that can be
-a true piece of information verified, no matter how difficult
 -inferred from a reliable source of Context
information -the social, cultural, political, historical, and
-claim that can be proven by other related circumstances that surround the
steadfast information or data text and from the terms from which it can be
better understood and evaluated
Examples: Cancer is not contagious.
The atmosphere has too much Intertext
carbon dioxide. -is the modeling of a text's meaning by
The earth is warming rapidly. another text
-this view recognizes that the text is always
2. Claim of Policy influenced by previous texts
-an argument that asserts the
implementation of a certain policy Any text can be considered a work of
-posits that specific action should be intertextuality because it builds on the
chosen as solution to a particular structures that existed before it.
problem
-begins with “should,” “ought to,” or Intertext does not require citing or
“must” referencing punctuation and is often
-depends on an existing policy, rule, mistaken for plagiarism.
or law

Example: The government must

devote more funds to building
schools than building roads.

3. Claim of Value
- a statement about which is better,
more important, more desirable,
more needed, or more useful
-is based on personal taste or
practices and morality Fan fiction is a great example of
intertextuality. In fan fiction, authors enter
Example: It's more fun in the the fictional worlds of other authors and
Philippines. create their own stories.
It is better to be feared than loved. Hypertext
-is a nonlinear way of showing information
Context of text development -connects topics on a screen to associated
information not related to text such as
Being a critical reader also involves graphics, videos, and music
understanding that texts are always
developed with a certain context. A text is
neither written nor read in a vacuum; its
meaning and interpretation are affected
by a given set of circumstances.
Example: Links

Critical reading as reasoning

Humans learn better when using

Reasoning
hypertexts.
-the action of thinking about something in a >Probability adverbs- probably,
logical, sensible way possibly

Evaluative Statement Purposeful Writing in the Disciplines and for

Professions
-is a way of giving a better explanation to
show the strength and weaknesses of
Academic Writing
something through writing
-any writing done to fulfill a requirement
academically
Formulating evaluative statements
Example: Books, Essay, Research Papers
>These are formulated after reading the text
carefully and critically, understanding its
context, and looking for possible arguments.

6 Characteristics
1. Planning
-there is a certain amount of planning
Determining textual evidences before starting the paper
2. Outline
Counterclaim -help determine the important parts
-the opposition you make about the claim of of the paper
the writer 3. Tone

Hedge
-word or phrase that minimizes negative
impact of criticism
-used to give a courteous tome in writing
May be in the form of:
> Modals- may, would, might, etc.
>Frequency adverbs- usually,
generally, commonly
 -formal tone must be used
Tone- author’s attitude toward the subject
Mood- what readers feel
4. Language
-precise and clear according to the
chosen topic
5. Point of View
-must be third person
6. Approach
-deductive reasoning

Professional Writing
-a style of written communication used in a
workplace environment that
allows professionals to make informed
decisions

They write to:

> Inform- share information to audience
> Persuade- to earn the attention or stand of
audience

Academic writing is used to expand writing

while Professional Writing is used when
applying learnings to real-life situations.
Resume
-personal history of your professional
history which is mostly used when applying
for jobs
-includes what a person wants to express
such as: career goals, education, experience
activities, and honors

A resume provides a summary of your

background including your education,
work, and other qualifications for a job,
admission to a college or university, or a
scholar grant.
4 Types of Resume
1. Chronological
-commonly used
-work history is listed by job title
beginning with recent job
Seeks to:
> showcase a steady
employment history
> look for a position that
matches from past jobs
> have a conventional position
such as a teacher or clerk

-combined functional and

chronological
-includes functional skill categories
and dates
Seeks to:
> obtain the required skills from
unrelated jobs
> are trying to change careers
> have steady work history

2. Functional
-highlights skills without revealing
the dates associated with job history
Works well if you:
> have diverse skills
> have skills not related to the
position available
> have gaps in employment
history

3. Combination
 College Admission
-
Employment
-
Office Correspondence
-

4. Targeted
-highly focused resume intended for
specific job; a capsule of work
experience
-concise, direct, and easy to read
-may focus firmly on one specific
job or work
-content may appear limited