Science 5124 (Physics) Final-1 PDF
Science 5124 (Physics) Final-1 PDF
MEASUREMENTS
1. Identify basic units and derived units.
Answer:
International System of Units (SI)
Quantity SI unit symbol
Time second s
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
kelvin K
Temperature
Derived units
QUANTITY SI UNIT SYMBOL
Acceleration (m·s−2)
Frequency hertz Hz
Energy joule J
Power watt W
Force newton N
Pressure Pascal Pa
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The names of metric units are formed by adding a prefix to the basic unit of
measurement.
To tell how large or small a unit is, you look at the prefix.
To tell whether the unit is measuring length, mass, or volume, you look at the base.
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n is determined by counting the number of places the decimal point has been moved.
It is positive if it is moved to the left and negative if it moves to the right.
Example 1 .00000031 in scientific notation.
Move the decimal place to the right to create a new number from 1 up to 10.
So, Z = 3.1.
Determine the exponent, which is the number of times you moved the decimal.
In this example, you moved the decimal 7 times; also, because you moved the decimal
to the right, the exponent is negative. Therefore, n = –7, and so you get
-7
Put the number in the correct form for scientific notation is 3.1 x 10
Example 2. 300 000 000 in scientific notation
Z=3
n=8
scientific notation = 3 x 108
Significant figures
Use of significant figures is one way of indicating the accuracy of measurements
They are figures in numbers known with certainty plus the first digit that is uncertain
Rules/examples
All non-zero figures are significant e.g. 449.5 has 4 sig. figures
All zeros in between non zeros are significant e.g. 103. 006 has 6 sig. figures
All zeros to the right hand side of the decimal point are not e.g. 0.00753 has 3
significant figure i.e. 753.
Zeros to the right of the decimal point following a non-zero figure are significant e.g.
0.07020 has 4 sig. figures i.e. 7020
A measuring tape measures long lengths i.e. 0 to 100m .It has an accuracy of 0.1 cm
A metre rule is the most commonly used to measure length in the laboratory.
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Useofrules todeterminelength:
Study the markings on the rule (cm and mm)
Align the rule to the object to be measured.
Take the reading by placing the eye correctly as shown in the diagram to
prevent error by parallax. Parallax error is the error caused due to reading
from the side of the Tape or the Rule. For accurate measurement, the eye
must always be placed vertically above the mark being read.
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To measure gently grip the object with the straight edges of outside or inside jaws.
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i. Zero the instrument before taking measurements
ii. Lubricate moving part
iii. Do not store the instrument in a dump place to avoid rusting
2 Micrometer
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Parallax Error
Precautions
i. Zero the instrument before taking measurements
ii. Lubricate moving part for easy sliding.
iii. Do not store the instrument in a dump place to avoid rusting.
iv. Clean the anvil and the spindle to remove dust particle because it can take the
measurement of even dust particles.
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A unit of time is any particular time interval, used as a standard way of measuring or
expressing duration.
The International System of Units (SI), is the second (s).
It is calculated in a variety of ways such as seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, and
etc.
Atomic clock Used to measure very shorty time intervals of about 10 -10 seconds
Digital stopwatch Used to measure short time intervals of minutes and seconds to an accuracy
of ±0.01 s±0.01 s
Analogue stopwatch Used to measure short time intervals of minutes and seconds to an accuracy
of ±0.1s±0.1s
Ticker-tape timer Used to measure short time intervals of 0.02 s
Watch Used to measure longer time intervals of hours, minutes and seconds
Pendulum clock Used to measure longer time intervals of hours, minutes and seconds
Radioactive decay clock Used to measure LONG time intervals of years to thousands of years
Analogue/Digital Clocks
Can be read in hours, minutes and seconds.
How to use:
The clock is set to commence at a particular time or the start time is noted.
The time event is then allowed to occur, and at the end of the event, the end time is
noted. The difference provides the required time interval.
Accuracy: ± 1 s
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Stopwatch and Stopclock
In manual timing, the clock is started and stopped by a person pressing a button.
In fully automatic time, both starting and stopping are triggered automatically, by
sensors.
Pressing the top button starts the timer running, and pressing the button a second time
stops it, leaving the elapsed time displayed.
A press of the second button then resets the stopwatch to zero. The second button is
also used to record split times or lap times.
When the split time button is pressed while the watch is running, the display freezes,
allowing the elapsed time to that point to be read, but the watch mechanism continues
running to record total elapsed time.
Pressing the split button a second time allows the watch to resume display of total
time.
Precautions
Inaccurate reading of the time when using an analogue stop watch (stop clock),
parallax error should be avoided.
Repeat the experiment to get an accurate reading by taking an average of the readings.
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Human reaction error can also generate a difference in the time recorded and
original time.
Ticker Tape Timer
The procedure to deducing the state of motion from the resulting tape is best explained using
an example. The 3 tapes, X, Y and Z, have a length of 1 m from the first dot to the last dot.
The dots are made by a ticker tape timer with a time interval of 0.1 seconds.
For X, the dots are evenly spaced. Since the length is 1 m, the spacing between each dots is
0.2 m. We can calculate the speed of the object using
Speed=Distance X time=0.20s X 1m =2m/s
Hence, X represent the tape from an object that is moving at constant speed.
For Y, the spacing between the dots increases as time passes. Since the dots are made with a
fixed time interval, the time in the formula above is fixed. We will get an increasing speed as
the distance between the dots increases. Hence, Y represent the tape from an object that
is accelerating.
For Z, the spacing between the dots decreases as time passes. Using the same reasoning as
above, Z represent the tape from an object that is decelerating.
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Periodofa Pendulum(T=t/n)
A simple pendulum makes use of a swing (oscillation) of the metallic bob to measure time
period.
Note:
The oscillation refers to a swing of bob from left to right and back to the starting position.
The Time period of the pendulum is the time taken for one complete oscillation.
Once you have found T1 repeat the experiment for next four times to find T2 T3 T4
T5
To get an accurate reading of time period take average of the 5 time periods
i.e. T1+T2+T3+T4+T5/5
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T r ip le bea m ba la nce co ns ist o f t hr ee beams w it h kno wn masses
st uck o n each beam
Method:
Put the solid substance to be measured on the scale pan.
Start sliding the bigger mass until the pointer is pushed bellow the zero
mark.
Keep sliding the other masses to and fro until the pointer points towards
the points towards the zero mark
Sum up the readings of the three masses to get the total mass of the
object.Therefore, the mass of the object in the pan is 335.1 grams (300
grams + 30 grams + 5.1 grams).
Precau t i on s:
Clean the pan and the beams to remove dust
Zero the scale (the pointer must point at the zero mark) before
measurement is started.
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VOLUME AND DENSITY
The volume of the liquid is the number in mL that matches up with the bottom of
the meniscus.
solids(regular)
Measuring the Volume of a Rectangular Solid
Step 1: Gather a rectangular solid (e.g. a wooden block), a ruler, and a calculator.
Step 2: Place the object on a flat surface and measure the length, width, and height
of the object with the ruler.
Step 3: Use the formula
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Volume=Length x Width x Height to calculate the volume of the object.
Solids (irregular)
Measuring the Volume of a Small, Irregular solid
Step 1: Gather a small irregular solid (e.g. a pebble), and a graduated cylinder.
Step 2: Place the graduated cylinder on a flat surface.
Step 3: Pour some water into the graduated cylinder and read the meniscus at eye
level. Record the volume of the water.
Step 4: Drop the object into the graduated cylinder and try not to make a splash! If
the object floats, get a long object (e.g. a pencil) and push the object down,
remember not let go!
Step 5: Read the new meniscus at eye level and record it.
Step 6: Subtract the volume of the water from the volume of the water with the
object it in it. This is called Volume by Displacement.
The number that you get from subtracting is the volume of the small, irregular
solid.
Step 3: When water stops coming out of the overflow can, place a graduated
cylinder underneath the spout of the overflow can.
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Step 4: Put the object in the overflow can and try not to splash! Catch the water
that comes out in the graduated cylinder.
This is called Volume by Overflow.
Step 5: Place the graduated cylinder on a flat surface and read the meniscus at eye
level.
In simple cases we will be provided with two quantities. They are, mass and volume.
Convert the given mass of the object in kg if not in this unit.
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Now convert the volume in cubic meter if not in the given unit.
Simply divide mass by volume to find the density.
The units of the answer are kg/m3.
Example 1.
A block of ice with volume 5.5m3 has a mass of 5060kg find the density of ice.
Solution
Volume of block=5.5m3
Mass of block=5060kg
Density=mass /volume =5060/5.5m3.
= 920kg/m3.
14. Explain relative density
Answer:
Relative density is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of a given
reference material. It has no units. It is just a number which shows how many times
the material is denser than the standard substance (water =1000kg m -3, for solids and
liquids and hydrogen =0.1kg m-3 for gases).
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15. Demonstrate how to calculaterelativedensityusingtheappropriate formula
Answer:
Examples:
A globe of steel has a mass of 12g and a volume of 15.2cm³, find its relative density.
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Example
The mass of density bottle is 19g when dry and empty, 45g when filled with water and 40g
when full of liquid x. calculate the density of the liquid x.
MECHANICS
Speed, velocity and acceleration
16. Explain the terms used in mechanics.
Distance, Displacement, Velocity, Speed and Acceleration
Answers
i. Distance is the total path length traveled from one location to another.
It is a scalar quantity measured in metres (m).
ii. Displacement is the distance between two locations measured along the shortest
path connecting them, in specified location. It is a vector quantity. The SI unit is
metre m).
iii. Speed is the distance traveled per unit time or the rate of change of distance. It is a
scalar quantity measured in metres /second (m/s).
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iv. Velocity is the speed in a given direction or the rate of change of displacement. It
is a vector quantity. The SI units are metres /second (m/s).
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
NB.
1. Constant velocity means the object is not accelerating. Acceleration is zero.
2. Constant acceleration means the object is increasing its velocity.
17. Demonstrate interpretation of graphical representation:
Graphs of Motion
Answer:
If the line is diagonal then its moving with a constant speed and if it is anything other than a
straight line then the speed is varying.
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A body is said to be in uniform motion when the body covers the equal distance in
equal time intervals.
Graph for uniform motion
In uniform motion, the distance time graph would be a straight line, because the equal
distance is covered in equal units of time.
The three bodies A, B and C, are all in uniform motion but they have different slopes
because the slope of a distance-time graph determines the speed of that body.
The steeper the slope the greater will be the speed of the body. From the above graph,
body A has the highest speed and body C has the least speed.
It is the graph of velocity against time; it shows us how the velocity changes with
respect to time. The slope of a velocity-time graph determines its acceleration.
A flat horizontal line in a velocity-time graph states that the body is moving at a constant
velocity.
Constant acceleration
If the straight line has a slope, then that indicates the body is changing its velocity at a
constant rate, or it means that the body has constant acceleration.
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In this graph, the bodies has uniform motion, their velocity does not change with respect to
time.
Uniformly accelerated
In the velocity time graph below velocity changes at a constant rate with respect to time. This
is uniformly accelerating motion.
The graph is a straight line with its slope indicating the amount of acceleration.
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i. final velocity and
ii. the distance it cover in 10s.
Solution
Where v = final velocity, u = intial velocity, a = acceleration and t = time
Data: u = 0 m/s, a = 5m/s2, t = 10s
Solution:
v = u + at,
v= 0m/s + 5m/s2 X 10
V = 50m/s
ii. s = ut + ½ at2
s = (0m/s X 10s) + ½ X 5m/s2 X (10s)2
s= 250m
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21. Explain consequences of over speeding
Answers:
Reaction time: the time it takes between a people perceiving a danger and reacting
to it is compromised.
Braking distance: the distance a car travels before stopping when the brakes are
applied depends on a number of variables. These include slope or grade of the
roadway, the frictional resistance between the road and the car's tyres and high speed.
Impact on a pedestrian: The impact speed increases rapidly as the travel speed
increases, because the brakes are unable to bring the car to a stop in time.
Impact on a large object: increases as the velocity increases.
Less control: At higher speeds cars become more difficult to manoeuvre, due
to inertia. It is inertia that keep a passenger moving when the car suddenly stop
(unless restrained by a seatbelt).
Killer speed: the risk of being involved in a casualty crash increases dramatically
with increasing speed. The risk doubled with every 5 kilometres/hour above the speed
limit.
22. Demonstrate that the acceleration of free fall for a body near the earth is
constant.
Answer:
A stone and a piece of paper, both of the same weight released at the same height do
not touch down at the same time. The stone reaches the ground first because it
experiences less air resistance due to its smaller surface area. However, when air
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resistance is neglected, they will both touch the ground at the same time because
acceleration of free fall for a body near the earth is constant. It is approximately
10m/s2.
FORCES
24. Explain what force is.
Answer:
Force is defined as a Pull or push.
It can also be said to be any influence that causes an object to undergo a certain
change concerning movement, direction or shape.
It is a vector quantity measured in Newtons.
25. Explain the effect of forces on bodies.
Answers:
Force causes: motion of objects, change of direction of a moving object, stoppage,
acceleration, change of shape of objects it acts on, stretche and compression of
objects
26. Demonstrate mass as a measure of inertia.
Answer:
Inertia is the ability of a body to resist change of state.
If it is in motion it would want o continue in that state or a state of rest if it is at rest
unless it is acted upon by an external force.
The greater the mass the greater the inertia.
27. Demonstrate the relationship between force and acceleration
Newton's second law of motion indicate that the relationship between force and
acceleration is directly proportional. If the force applied to an object is increased,
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the acceleration of that object increases by the same factor. In short, force equals
mass times acceleration.
A constant force produces a constant acceleration
Force = mass X acceleration
F = ma
28. Demonstrate the relationship between mass and acceleration
The relationship between mass and acceleration is one where if one increases, the
other decreases. For the same force, a body with a larger mass will accelerate less
than a body with a smaller mass. They are inversely proportion i.e. acceleration is
inversely proportional to mass, provided that the force applied remains constant.
𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 =
𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
33. Perform calculations on force.
Acceleration is directly proportional to the force for a constant mass
Use theformula(force =massxacceleration)
Example:
Calculate the acceleration of a 200kg body pushed along a holizontal surface with a
20N force.
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
a = 20N/ 200kg
a = 0.1m/s2
Extension
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(cm)
Formula:
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 =
𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
MOMENT OF FORCES
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Answer:
For a body to be in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about a point is
equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments about the same
point.(Inequilibrium,totalanti- clockwisemoment= total closemoment)
39. Demonstrate the verification of the principle of moments.
Answer:
Moments Acting On A Seesaw
Both people exert a downward force on the seesaw due to their weights.
Person A’s weight is trying to turn the seesaw anticlockwise whilst person B’s weight is
trying to turn the seesaw clockwise.
Person A’s Moment = Force x perpendicular distance from fulcrum
1000 x 1 = 1000 Nm
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Moment = Fd
= 10 x 0.50
= 5.0 Nm
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steering wheel
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Chemical Energy
Electrical Energy
Atomic Energy
49. Explain qualitatively and quantitatively the terms gravitational potential and
kinetic energy.
Answer:
Gravitational potential (energy due to position) or stored energy or energy
possessed by objects at rest
Kinetic energy(energy due to motion) or energy possessed by objects in motion
NB: Gravitational potential energy(EP = mgh)
𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
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Electric energy in a bulb to heat and light energy
Hydroelectric power: potential to kinetic to magnetic to electrical energy
53. Explain nuclear fusion and fission in terms of energy releasing processes.
Answer:
Fusion is called 'fusion' because the energy is produced by fusing together light
atoms, such as hydrogen, at the extremely high pressures and temperatures which
exist at the centre of the sun (15 million ºC). ... When deuterium and tritium nuclei
fuse, they form a helium nucleus, a neutron and a lot of energy.
Fission(producing energy)
Fission is the splitting of heavy nuclei (such as uranium) – in two smaller nuclei. This
process needs less energy to 'bind' them together – so energy is released.
Fission happens quite easily – and is used to generate electricity in conventional
nuclear power stations.
54. Describe the conservation of energy.
Answer:
Principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed but changes from one form into another.
55. Demonstrate the solving of energy problems using the mass- energy equation.
Answer:
E = mc2: Meaning. ... Equivalence of the mass and energy is described by Einstein's
famous formula E= mc2. In words, energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of
light squared. Because the speed of light is a very large number, the formula implies
that any small amount of matter contains a very large amount of energy.
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𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
SIMPLE MACHINES
58. Describe a simple machine.
Answer:
Simple machine is any device which enable a large weight to be overcome by a
small effort
59. Identify different types of simple machines.
Answer:
Levers,
pulleys,
gears
inclined plane (ramp)
wheel and axle
screw
hydraulic press
60. Describe the distances moved by the effort and the load in a simple machine.
Answer:
Distance moved by effort is greater than distance moved by the load
61. Explain the terms Mechanical advantage (MA), Velocity Ratio (VR) and Efficiency.
Answer:
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Mechanical advantage (MA)
Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the load to effort. The dividend is the factor by
which a given machine multiplies the effort applied to make doing work easy
𝐿𝑂𝐴𝐷
𝑀𝐴 =
𝐸𝐹𝐹𝑂𝑅𝑇
distancemovedby effort
𝑉𝑅 =
distancemovedby load
Efficiency
𝑀𝐴
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑉𝑅
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑀𝐴
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100
𝑉𝑅
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iii. The efficiency of the above pulley system
PHYSICS 11
63. Explain the assumption of the kinetic theory
Matter is composed of very tiny, discrete particles (atoms or molecules)
1. Describe quantitatively the molecular model of matter
The arrangement and movement of particles and strength of intermolecular
forces determine which physical state (solid , liquid or gas) the substance is in
64. Demonstrate the application of the kinetic theory to explain rates of diffusion, Brownian
motion, evaporation and cooling effect of evaporation
Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas
of low concentration. Both gases and liquids will mix spontaneously without
mechanical or outside help
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The rate of diffusion depends on the temperature and the density of the
substance involved
Brownian motion provides an evidence of the continuous random motion of
molecules in air OR it is the random movement of microscopic particles
suspended in a liquid or gas. The movement is caused by collision of the
molecules of the surrounding gas or liquid.
Evaporation is defined as the change of a liquid into a gas at the surface. It
occurs more at any temperature, but occurs more rapidly at higher temperature
because heat gives more kinetic energy to the molecules and they escape from
the surface faster
65. Demonstrate the kinetic theory to explain gas pressure
When a gas is enclosed in a container it exerts a pressure on the container. This
gas pressure is caused by the collision of the gas particles with the walls of
the container
Boyle’s law states that for a fixed mass of a dry gas at constant temperature,
the product of its volume and pressure is constant.
66. Demonstrate the effect of varying pressure on volume leading to Boyle’s law
The pressure of a gas of constant volume increases when
I. There are more molecules in the gas
II. The molecules have a greater mass ( PV = a constant at constant
pressure)
CHANGES OF STATE
(A) Melting: solid to liquid
When a solid is heated the particles gain heat energy and their kinetic energy
increases they vibrate faster and the spaces between them get larger
(B) Vaporization : liquid to gas
When a liquid is heated the particles gain heat energy and their kinetic energy
increases the force of attraction between the particles is weakened.
(C) Freezing : solidifying liquid to solid
When a liquid is cooled the particles lose heat energy and their kinetic energy
decreases they move slower and the space between them get smaller
(D) Condensation : gas to liquid
When a gas is cooled the particles lose heat energy and their kinetic energy
decreases they move slower.
67. Describe temperature
Temperature is the degree of hotness
Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particle in a
substance
68. Describe quantitatively thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases
Thermal expansion is the process of particles in a substance moving further
apart because they have been heated
When molecules get heat energy they have more kinetic energy. They move or
vibrate more. Then they need larger space between them.
69. Identify some of everyday application and consequences of thermal expansion.
Thermal expansion is used n thermometer
Used in bimetallic strip
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CONSEQUENCES OF THERMAL EXPANSION
The expansion of materials may cause bad influences if a solid or a liquid is prevented
from expanding, very large forces are exerted. This force can destroy something egg
bridge, buildings and roads.
70. Explain how a physical property which varies with temperature may be used for the
measurement of temperature
Two different materials e.g. copper and iron are used. The wires are soldered or just
twisted tightly together at the end. When the two are placed in different temperatures
an electric current flows around the circuit. The amount of current depends on the
difference in temperature. If one of the junction is placed into the known.
71. demonstrate the construction of the following,
i) Laboratory thermometers
ii) Clinical thermometers both thermometers are calibrated by using the lower and up
fixed points
72. The experiment below shows the calibration of thermometer using the lower fixed
point.
The reading on the thermometer is 0℃ indicating the lower fixed point. Pure ice is used because
it has in impurities that can affect the melting or boiling points.
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The upper fixed point can be determined using the experiment below.
73. When the water boils, the thermometer records the highest mark of 100. This is the
upper fixed point of the thermometer.
The diagrams below show structures of clinical and laboratory thermometers.
Laboratory thermometer
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Describe the suitability of alcohol and mercury for use in liquid in gas thermometers.
- Suitability of thermometric liquids includes (properties)
Should be easily and cleanly seen i.e. do not wet the glass tube.
Should be able to expand and contract evenly or rapidly.
Should not stick to the glass
74. Describe the relationship between the Celsius and Kelvin scale.
Celsius and Kelvin scale
(K =t+ 273)
77. From boyles law: the volume of a fixed mass of dry air inversely proportional to the
pressure exerted on it at constant temperature.
Hence Boyle’s law mathematically is.
78. Demonstrate the use of idea gas equation to solve simple numerical problems.
Idea gas law equation is,
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The following are experiment showing conduction, convection and radiation.
A simple demonstration of the different conducting powers of various metals is shown
below. A match is fixed to one end of each rod using a little melted wax. The other
ends of the rods are heated by a burner. When the temperatures of the far ends reach
the melting point of wax, the matches drop off. The match on copper falls first,
showing it is the best conductor, followed by aluminum, brass and then iron.
A
B
80. Liquids and gases also conduct heat but only very slowly. Water is a very poor
conductor, as
shown in part B. The water at the top of the tube can be boiled before the ice at the
bottom melts.
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81. Demonstrate the uses of bad and good conductors of heat.
Cooking utensils are made of good conductors of heat. E.g. pots, pans
Building materials, hair, blankets, handles of electric kettles are made of bad
conductors. They slow down the conduction process
They are used in thermos or vacuum flasks, electric kettles, land and sea breeze and greenhouse
effect.
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84. Demonstrate the refraction of light.
The bending of light when it passes from one material (called a medium) to another is called
refraction.
86. Demonstrate the passage of light through parallel sided transparent material.
- From the experiment, the table below should be completed.
- By using n = the refractive index of a given material can be found.
87. Demonstrate refractive index (n) in terms of real and apparent depth
- Refractive index of a substance is given by;
90. Describe how to determine the focal [point, focal length optical centre and principle
axis of a lens.
By using the method known as plain mirror method,
The image formed is inverted.
The lens formula is also used
By lens formulae
1/f = 1/u +1/v
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By using Characteristics of image in terms of the position, size and nature of images
formed by converging lenses.
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Ultra- 10 – 3.5 x 10 Hot object Fluorescent, In hospitals to
violent mercury photographit, kill microbes
vapour photocells
GRADE 12
PHYSICS 5124
UNIT: MAGNETISM
97. Describe the properties of magnets?
Ans. Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.
Magnets have two poles; north and south poles.
When suspended freely the magnet always lie in the north south direction
98. Demonstrate induced magnetism?
Ans. When you stroke a needle with a permanent magnet several times lift the
magnet every time you reach one end will make the needle to become
magnetized. And you also use electrical method to magnetize a steel bar. Place a
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bar of unmagnetised in a solenoid and switch on D.C current and after a while it
will be observed that the steel bar will be magnetized.
99. Demonstrate the methods of demagnetizing of a magnet?
Ans. The methods to demagnetize a magnet include;
(i) Electrical method
(ii)Hammering,
(iii) Heating
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106. Describe the electric charging and discharging of objects?
Ans. (i) Electric charging can be done by friction (when a glass rod is rubbed
against with fur it acquires positive charges.
((ii) induction. (When a negatively charged rod is brought near the metal
cap electrons are repelled to the metal on the metal cap)
Discharging of objects by static electricity.
(i) Objects can be discharged by touching the metal cap with the finger.
The electrons flow to the earth if the electroscope is negatively
charged or electrons flow from the earth if the electroscope is
positively charged.
(ii) Bringing the cap of the charged electroscope near a water tap.
(iii) Putting a bare flame of a candle close to the cap
107. Explain the relationship between current and static electricity?
Ans. The relationship between current and static electricity in terms of effects as
static electricity produces same effects as current electricity. The effects include
lighting.
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110. Differentiate between potential difference (PD) and electromotive force
(EMF)?
Ans. The difference is in terms of work done per unit of charge in driving charge
in a circuit and through a component. In (PD) energy is lost while in (EMF)
energy is gained.
111. Explain the meaning of resistance?
Ans. Resistance is the opposition to the flow of charge.
112. Describe what the internal resistance of a cell is?
Ans. This is the resistance of a cell offered by the electrolyte in cells or batteries.
113. How to determine the resistance in a simple circuit?
Ans. 1/R= 1/R1 + 1/R2). This formula is for series circuit.
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116. Investigate the heating effect of an electric current?
Ans. When the switch is closed, current flows and after some time the resistance
wire feels hot but the copper wire remains cold.
117. Explain the need for earthling metal cases and for double insulation?
Ans. The reason for this is to prevent electric shock and also as a safety
precaution.
118. Describe the meaning of three wires found in the cable?
Ans. The three types of wires: Live (brown), earthing (green and yellow) and
neutral is blue.
earth live
fuse
neutral
cord grip
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Ans. Applications of electromagnetics include electric bell, relay switches and
simple motor
Simple motor
axle
Relay machine
magnet
coil
N S
split-ring
commutator
carbon brush
axle
magnet
coil
N S
slip rings
carbon brush
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124. Describe the nature of forces between parallel currents?
Ans. There is attraction and repulsion between parallel currents
Series Circuit
125. Describe the factors that affect the magnitude and direction of induced EMF?
Ans.
(i) Speed of either magnet or coil
(ii) Strength of magnet
(iii) Number of turns of a coil
126. State the direction of current produced by an induced EMF?
Ans. To determine the direction you use Fleming right hand law
127. Describe a simple AC and D.C generators?
Ans. It consists of a rectangular coil made of insulated copper wire which rotates
between permanent magnets. It has slip rings (fixed to the coil and rotates with
it). It has two brushes (carbon) which are contacts that rub against slip rings. It
produces alternating current.
A DC generator is known as a dynamo. It consists of split rings (fixed to the coil and
rotate with it). It produces direct current.
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128. Explain the conversion of an A.C generator to a D.C generator?
Ans. A rectifiers an electric device which coverts a.c. current to D.C. There are a
number of rectifiers such as vacuum tube diode, Mercury – arc – valve, copper
and selenium oxide rectifier, semi-conductors, silicon controlled etc.
129. Demonstrate the principles of mutual induction?
Ans. Principles of mutual induction says that changing current in one coil gives
rise to current in the other
130. Explain the advantages of high alternating potential difference power
transmission?
Ans. The advantage is that it helps reduce power losses in cables.
131. Describe the effects of improper management of transformers?
Ans. The effects include overheating, low voltages and also high voltages.
132. Describe what thermionic emission is?
Ans. The removal of electrons from the atoms by applying heat energy. Therefore,
thermionic emission is the evaporation of electrons from the metal that is heated.
133. State properties of cathode rays?
Ans.
(i) They can be deflected by electric and magnetic fields
(ii) They travel in a straight line
(iii) They are electron beam
(iv) They carry a positive charge
134. Describe the uses of cathode-ray oscilloscope?
Ans. They are used in picture tubes in television receivers, electrocardiographs,
computers and oscillators.
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ATOMIC PHYSICS
135. Describe the structure of an atom?
Ans. An atom is a smallest particle of an element which take part in a chemical
reaction and it is made of up of nucleus and electrons. The nucleus is made of
protons and neutrons.
Neutron
protons
Electron
137. Describe the characteristics of Alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (ϒ)
Ans.
RADIATIO PENETRATIO IONISATIO CHARG MAS NATURE STOPPE
N N N POWER E S D BY
POWER
ALPHA Weak Strong 4amu Helium Piece of
+ paper
BETA Medium Medium 0 electron 5mm of
- aluminum
foil
GAMMA Strong Weak Electromagneti Lead
c energy concrete
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138. Describe the methods of detecting radioactive emissions?
Ans. You can detect radioactive emission by using Geiger Muller (G.M) tube,
photographic film, scintillation counter and Cloud chamber, Gold leaf,
Ratemeter.
Photographic film gets exposed.
G.M. tube contains Argon /Neon. Charged particles of alpha and beta ionize
the Argon and Neon atoms. The electric field accelerates the ions leading to
further collisions. This collision produces more ionization to give a pulse on
the meter connected to output.
139. Explain the origin and effects of background radiations?
Ans. Causes of background radiations are;
(i) Cosmic rays
(ii) Radioactive elements under rocks
140. Describe what radioactive decay is?
Ans. Radioactive decay is the disintegration of nucleus by alpha, beta and
gamma emissions.
141. Describe what nuclear fusion and fission is?
Ans. Nuclear fusion occurs when nuclei of light elements are forced togather at a
high temperature and releases enormous energy while nuclear fission is the
splitting process of nucleus.
142. Explain uses of radioactive substances?
Ans. Radioactive substances are used;
in treatment of cancer,
as tracers to check the flow of liquids underground,
to sterilize hospital utensils detection of certain metals
143. Define half-life?
Ans. Half-life is time taken for half the nucleus of a radioactive element to decay.
144. Describe the safety precautions necessary when handling or storing
radioactive substances?
Ans. Use protective materials such as gloves, goggles, overalls and lead shields.
145. Explain the effects of radioactive substances on the environment and health?
Ans. The effects include radiation pollution and health hazards.
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