Scribd
Upload
107 views13 pages

CVL757: Finite Element Methods: IIT Delhi

This document summarizes lecture notes on finite element methods. It discusses interpolation functions used to approximate values within elements, including linear, quadratic, and cubic interpolation. It presents the shape functions for a linear triangle element and a quadratic triangle element, describing how the displacement field is interpolated within each element from the nodal values.

Uploaded by

Samarth Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
107 views13 pages

CVL757: Finite Element Methods: IIT Delhi

This document summarizes lecture notes on finite element methods. It discusses interpolation functions used to approximate values within elements, including linear, quadratic, and cubic interpolation. It presents the shape functions for a linear triangle element and a quadratic triangle element, describing how the displacement field is interpolated within each element from the nodal values.

Uploaded by

Samarth Garg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

Lecture

7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

IIT Delhi

CVL757: Finite element methods


Lecture 7

N. M. Anoop Krishnan
Block V, Room No. 318
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Email: [email protected]
IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements 1
Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Recap
Ø Bar, beam elements

Ø Element and structure stiffness matrix

Ø Global and local coordinates

Ø Assembly by direct stiffness method

Ø Properties of the stiffness matrix

Ø Formal method for eliminating boundary conditions


IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements
Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Interpolation functions
• The solutions to FE equations provide discrete displacement at
the nodes
• This is interpolated to obtain a continuous function of
displacement along the domain
• Nodal values are interpolated along the element using
polynomial functions to obtain a single-valued continuous
function
• In terms of the generalized d.o.f., ai, field 𝜙 can be written as
'

𝜙 = # 𝑎% 𝑥 % or 𝜙 = 𝐗 𝐚
%()
1 ' 7
where 𝐗 = [1 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 ] and {𝐚} = 𝑎) 𝑎6 𝑎1 … 𝑎'
• 𝑛 = 1 is linear, 𝑛 = 2 is quadratic etc.

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Interpolation functions
• In terms of the nodal values {𝛟𝒆 } can be written as
𝛟< = 𝐀 𝐚
where each row of 𝐀 is [𝐗] evaluated at appropriate nodal
locations
• Thus, 𝜙 = 𝐍 {𝛟𝐞 } where 𝐍 = 𝐗 𝐀 @6 = [𝑁6 𝑁1 … ]
• 𝑁% is called the shape function or basis function
• Note that solving the global equation 𝐊 {𝐃} = 𝐑 we obtain
the nodal values 𝛟𝐞
Degree of continuity:
Cm is used to represent the continuity of a
field/function
𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 0,
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = F is C0 continuous
0 if x < 0

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Interpolation functions
• 𝜙 is interpolated piecewise for each element in the FE mesh
• While 𝜙 is varies smoothly within an element, it may not be
smooth between elements.
• Thus, a field is Cm continuous if its derivatives up to and
including degree m are inter-element continuous.
• For example, 𝜙6 is 𝐶 ) continuous while 𝜙1 is 𝐶 6 continuous.

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Interpolation functions
𝐶 ) interpolation:
𝐶 ) elements are typically used for bar,
plane, or solid bodies. 𝐶 6 elements are used
to model beams, plates, and shells ensuring
interelement continuity of slope.
Consider linear interpolation between
(𝑥6 , 𝜙6 ) and (𝑥1 , 𝜙1 ), where 𝐗 = 1 𝑥 .
Thus,

Inverting [A] and applying, [N] = [X] [A]–1

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Interpolation functions
Consider quadratic interpolation for C0
element, which fits a parabola.
Interpolation between (𝑥6 , 𝜙6 ), (𝑥1 , 𝜙1 ),
and (𝑥O , 𝜙O ), where 𝐗 = 1 𝑥 𝑥 1 .
Thus,

General expression for shape functions N fitted to n points can be written


using the Lagrange interpolation as (bracketed terms are omitted to obtain
kth shape function)

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Properties of shape functions


• All shape functions Ni, along with 𝜙 are polynomials of same
degree
• For any shape function 𝑁% , 𝑁% = 1 when 𝑥 = 𝑥% and 𝑁% = 0 when
𝑥 = 𝑥P for any integer 𝑗 ≠ 𝑖. That is, 𝑁% is unity at its own node
and zero at all other nodes
• 𝐶 ) shape functions sum to unity; that is, Σ𝑁% = 1. This is evident
from 𝜙 = 𝐍 {𝛟𝐞 }, since 𝜙 = 1, when 𝛟𝐞 is a column of 1.
• Lagrange interpolation uses only 𝜙% for curve fitting. This leads
to unrealistic slopes at nodes
• This can be improved including the information slope as well
while fitting curve. This method is called Hermitian interpolation

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Interpolation functions
𝐶 6 interpolation:
Consider a cubic curve 𝜙 = 𝜙(𝑥). Taking a line of length L with
\]
ordinates 𝜙% and slopes 𝐗 = [1 𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑥 O ]
^_ %

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Linear triangle
• In linear triangle, field varies linearly with cartesian coordinates
• Linear displacement produces a constant strain field, so the
element is also known as constant-strain triangle (CST).
• In terms of the generalized d.o.f. ai,
𝑎6
𝜙 = 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑎1
𝑎O
•

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Linear traingle
• Substituting 𝑥6 = 𝑦6 = 𝑦1 = 0,
𝜙6 𝑎6 1 0 0
𝜙1 = [𝐀] 𝑎1 where 𝐀 = 1 𝑥1 0
𝜙O 𝑎O 1 𝑥O 𝑦O
• Solving 𝑎% directly from the equations,
𝜙1 − 𝜙6
𝑎6 = 𝜙6 ; 𝑎1 = ;
𝑥1
xO − x1 𝜙6 𝑥O 𝜙1
aO = − + 𝜙O /𝑦O
𝑥1 𝑦O 𝑥1 𝑦O

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Linear triangle
• The interpolated field 𝜙 = 𝐍 {𝐝} is

• Gradients of the field are

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements


Lecture 7 N. M. Anoop Krishnan

Quadratic triangle (LST)


• In terms of the generalized d.o.f. ai,

IIT Delhi CVL757 – Finite elements

You might also like