Chapter 3

Starting with the

Advanced Sketching

Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
•Draw arcs using various options.
•Draw rectangles, ellipses, and elliptical arcs.
• Draw polygons such as hexagons and pentagons.
• Draw polylines and donuts.
• Draw points and change point style and point size.
• Draw infinite lines and create simple text.
3-2 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

DRAWING ARCS
Ribbon: Home > Draw > 3-Point Toolbar: Draw > Arc
Menu Bar: Draw > Arc Command: ARC or A
An arc is defined as a part of a circle. In AutoCAD, it can
be drawn using the ARC command. You can invoke the
ARC command from the Draw toolbar, as shown in
Figure 3-1. AutoCAD provides eleven different options
to draw an arc. To view these options, click on the down
arrow on the 3-Point button in the Draw panel of the
Figure 3-1 Invoking the ARC
Home tab in the Ribbon; a flyout will be displayed, as
command from the Draw toolbar
shown in Figure 3-2. The default option for drawing an
arc is the 3-Point option. After invoking the ARC
command, other options can be invoked by entering the
appropriate letter in the command window or by
right-clicking and choosing the appropriate option from
the flyout. The option that was used last while creating
the arc will be displayed in the Draw panel.

The 3-Point Option

When you choose the Arc button from the Draw
toolbar, or enter ARC at the Command prompt,
the 3-Point option automatically gets activated.
You can also choose the 3-Point button from the Draw
panel of the Home tab in the Ribbon. On choosing this
button, you will be prompted to specify the start point,
second point, and endpoint of the arc, see Figure 3-3.
The following is the prompt sequence to draw an arc with
a start point at (2,2), second point at (3,3), and an endpoint
at (3,4). (You can also specify the points by moving the
cursor and then specifying them on the screen.)

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and then choose

the 3-Point button from the Draw panel in the Ribbon
(3-Point is the default option).
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,2 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: 3,3 «
Specify end point of arc: 3,4 «
Figure 3-2 The options in the Ribbon
Exercise 1 General for drawing an arc
Draw several arcs using the 3-Point option. The points can be selected by entering coordinates
or by specifying points on the screen. Also, try to create a circle by drawing two separate arcs
and a single arc. Notice the limitations of the ARC command.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-3

Figure 3-3 Drawing an arc using the 3-Point option

The Start, Center, End Option

This option is slightly different from the 3-Point
option. In this option, instead of entering the

Chapter 3
second point, you need to enter the center of
the arc. If you know the start point, endpoint,
and center point of the arc, choose this option.
The arc is drawn in a counterclockwise direction
from the start point to the endpoint around the
specified center. The endpoint specified need
not be on the arc and is used only to calculate
the angle at which the arc ends. Thse radius of
the arc is determined by the distance between
the center point and start point. The prompt
sequence for drawing an arc, shown in Figure 3-4 Drawing an arc using the Start,
Figure 3-4, with a start point at (3,2), center Center, End option
point at (2,2), and endpoint at (2,3.5) is given
next.

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and then enter ARC
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3,2 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C «
Specify center point of arc: 2,2 «
Specify end point of the arc or [Angle/chord Length]: 2,3.5 «

Note
If you choose 3-Point > Start, Center, End from the Draw panel of the Ribbon, the Center
option is automatically invoked. This way you bypass the prompt Specify second point of arc
or [Center/End]. Therefore, you need to specify only the center point.
3-4 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

The Start, Center, Angle Option

This option is the best choice, if you know the included angle of the arc. The included angle
is the angle formed by the start and endpoint of the arc with the specified center. This option
draws an arc in the counterclockwise direction with the specified center and start point
spanning the indicated angle, see Figure 3-5. If the specified angle is negative, the arc is
drawn in the clockwise direction, see Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-5 Drawing an arc using the Start, Figure 3-6 Drawing an arc using a negative
Center, Angle option angle in the Start, Center, Angle option

The prompt sequence for drawing an arc with center at (2,2), start point at (3,2), and an
included angle of 60-degree, as shown in Figure 3-5, is given next.

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and then enter ARC.
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3,2 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C «
Specify center point of arc: 2,2 «
Specify end point of the arc or [Angle/chord Length]: A «
Specify included angle: 60 «

You can draw arcs with negative angle values in the Start, Center, Included Angle (St,C,Ang)
option by entering “-” (negative sign), followed by the required angle at the Specify included
angle prompt (Figure 3-6). The following prompt sequence is displayed, when you invoke
the ARC command:

_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 4,3 «

Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: C «
Specify center point of arc: 3,3 «
Specify end point of the arc or [Angle/ chord Length]: A «
Specify included angle: -180 «

Note
If you choose 3-Point > Start, Center, Angle from the Draw panel of the Ribbon, you need
to specify the start point, the center point, and the angle.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-5

Exercise 2 Mechanical
a. Draw an arc using the St, C, Ang option.
The start point is (6,3), the center point
is (3,3), and the angle is 240-degree.

b. Make the drawing shown in Figure 3-7.

The distance between the dotted lines is
1.0 unit. Create the radii by using the
arc command options indicated in the
drawing.

The Start, Center, Length

Option
In this option, you are required to specify
the start point, center point, and length of
the chord. A chord is defined as a straight Figure 3-7 Drawing for Exercise 2
line connecting the start point and endpoint
of an arc. The chord length needs to be specified so that AutoCAD can calculate the ending
angle. Identical start, center, and chord length specifications can be used to define four

Chapter 3
different arcs. AutoCAD always draws this type of arc counterclockwise from the start point.
Therefore, a positive chord length gives the smallest possible arc with that length. This arc
is known as the minor arc. The minor arc is less than 180-degree. A negative value for the
chord length results in the largest possible arc, also known as the major arc. The chord
length can be determined, by using the standard chord length tables or the mathematical
relation (L = 2*Sqrt [h(2r-h)]). For example, an arc of radius 1 unit, with an included angle
of 30-degree, has a chord length of 0.51764 units. The prompt sequence for drawing an arc,
shown in Figure 3-8 that has a start point (3,1), center (2,2), and the chord length of 2 units
is given next.

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and choose 3-Point > Start, Center, Length from the
Draw panel of the Ribbon.
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3,1 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _c Specify center point of arc: 2,2 «
Specify end point of the arc or [Angle/ chord Length]: _l Specify length of chord: 2 «

You can draw the major arc by defining the length of the chord as negative, see Figure 3-9. In
this case, the arc with a start point at (3,1), center point at (2,2), and a negative chord length
of -2, is drawn with the following prompt sequence.

Command: Choose 3-Point > Start, Center, Length from the Draw panel of the Ribbon
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3,1 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _c Specify center point of arc: 2,2 «
Specify end point of the arc or [Angle/ chord Length]: _l Specify length of chord: -2 «
3-6 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Figure 3-8 Drawing an arc using the Start, Figure 3-9 Drawing an arc using a negative chord
Center, Length option length in the Start, Center, Length option

Note
The points that you have specified for drawing the arcs using different options are quite close to
each other and therefore the arcs created might overlap each other. You can use the ERASE
command to erase some of the previously drawn arcs and gain space to draw new arcs.

Exercise 3 General
Draw a minor arc with the center point at (3,4), start point at (4,2), and chord length of 4 units.

The Start, End, Angle Option

With this option, you can draw an arc by specifying
the start point of the arc, endpoint, and the included
angle. A positive included angle value draws an arc
in the counterclockwise direction from the start point
to the endpoint, spanning the included angle; a
negative included angle value draws the arc in the
clockwise direction, as shown in Figure 3-10. The
prompt sequence for drawing an arc with a start point
at (3,2), endpoint at (2,4), and included angle of
120-degree is given next.

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and choose

3-Point > Start, End, Angle from the Draw panel of Figure 3-10 Drawing an arc using the
the Ribbon. Start, End, Angle option
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3,2 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _e Specify end point of arc: 2,4 «
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: _a Specify included angle: 120 «

The Start, End, Direction Option

In this option, you can draw an arc by specifying the start point, endpoint, and starting
direction of the arc, in degrees. In other words, the arc starts in the direction you specify (the
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-7

start of the arc is established tangent to the

direction you specify). This option can be used
to draw a major or minor arc, in a clockwise
or counterclockwise direction, whose size and
position are determined by the distance
between the start point and endpoint and
the direction specified. To illustrate the
positive direction option shown in Figure 3-11,
the prompt sequence for an arc with a start
point at (4,3), endpoint at (3,5), and
direction of 90-degree is given next.
Figure 3-11 Drawing an arc using the Start,
Command: Turn off the dynamic input and
End, Direction option
choose 3-Point > Start, End, Direction from
the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
_arc Specify start point of arc or
[Center]: 4,3 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/
End]: _e Specify end point of arc: 3,5 «
Specify center point of arc or
[Angle/Direction/Radius]: _d Specify

Chapter 3
tangent direction for the start point of arc:
90 «

To illustrate the option of using a negative

direction degree specification, shown in
Figure 3-12, the prompt sequence for an arc
with a start point at (4,3), endpoint at (3,4), Figure 3-12 Drawing an arc in the negative
and direction of -90-degree, is given next. direction using the Start, End, Direction option

Command: Choose 3-Point > Start, End, Direction from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 4,3 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: e_e Specify end point of arc: 3,4 «
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: _d Specify tangent direction for
the start point of arc: -90 «

Note
With the Start, End, Direction option, if you do not specify a start point but press ENTER at
the Specify start point of arc or [Center] prompt, the start point and direction of the arc will
be taken from the endpoint and ending direction of the previous line or arc drawn on the
current screen. You are then required to specify only the endpoint of the arc.

Exercise 4 Mechanical
a. Specify the directions and coordinates of two arcs in such a way that they form a circular
figure.
3-8 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

b. Make the drawing shown in Figure 3-13.

Create the curves using the ARC
command. The distance between the
dotted lines is 1.0 unit and the diameter
of the circles is 1 unit.

The Start, End, Radius

Option
This option is used when you know the start
point, endpoint, and radius of the arc. The
same values for the three variables (start
point, endpoint, and radius) can result in
four different arcs. AutoCAD resolves this
by always drawing this type of arc in a
counterclockwise direction from the start
point. Therefore, a negative radius value Figure 3-13 Drawing for Exercise 4
results in a major arc (the largest arc
between two endpoints), Figure 3-14(a),
while a positive radius value results in a
minor arc (smallest arc between the start
point and endpoint), Figure 3-14(b). The
prompt sequence to draw a major arc with
a start point at (3,3), endpoint at (2,5), and
radius of -2, Figure 3-14(a), is given next.

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and

choose 3-Point > Start, End, Radius from
the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
_arc Specify start point of arc or
[Center]: 3,3 « Figure 3-14 Drawing an arc using the Start,
Specify second point of arc or [Center/ End, Radius option
End]: _e Specify end point of arc: 2,5
«
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: _r Specify radius of arc: -2 «

The prompt sequence to draw a minor arc with its start point at (3,3), endpoint at (2,5), and
radius as 2, as shown in Figure 3-14(b) is given next.

Command: Choose 3-Point > Start, End, Radius from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 3,3 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: _e Specify end point of arc: 2,5 «
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: _r Specify radius of arc: 2 «

The Center, Start, End Option

The Center, Start, End option is a modification of the Start, Center, End option. Use this
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-9

option, whenever it is easier to start drawing

an arc by establishing the center first. Here the
arc is always drawn in a counterclockwise
direction from the start point to the endpoint,
around the specified center. The prompt
sequence for drawing the arc, shown in
Figure 3-15, that has a center point at (3,3),
start point at (5,3), and endpoint at (3,5) is
given next.

Command: Choose 3-Point > Center,

Start, End from the Draw panel of the
Figure 3-15 Drawing an arc using the Center,
Ribbon.
Start, End option
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]:
_c Specify center point of arc: 3,3 «
Specify start point of arc: 5,3 «
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: 3,5 «

The Center, Start, Angle Option

This option is a variation of the Start, Center, Angle
option. Use this option, whenever it is easier to

Chapter 3
draw an arc by giving the center first. The
prompt sequence for drawing the arc shown in
Figure 3-16, that has a center point at (4,5), start
point at (5,4), and included angle of 120-degree is
given next.

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and choose

3-Point > Center, Start, Angle from the Draw
panel of the Ribbon. Figure 3-16 Drawing an arc using the
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: _c Center, Start, Angle option
Specify center point of arc: 4,5 «
Specify start point of arc: 5,4 «
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord
Length]: _a Specify included angle: 120 «

The Center, Start, Length Option

The Center, Start, Length option is a modification
of the Start, Center, Length option. This option is
used, whenever it is easier to draw an arc by
establishing the center first. The prompt sequence
for drawing the arc shown in Figure 3-17, that has
a center point at (2,2), start point at (4,3), and
length of chord as 3 is given next.
Figure 3-17 Drawing an arc using the
Center, Start, Length option
3-10 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Command: Turn off the dynamic input and choose 3-Point > Center, Start, Length from the
Draw panel of the Ribbon.
_arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,2 «
Specify start point of arc: 4,3 «
Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: _l Specify length of chord: 3 «

Continue Option
With this option, you can continue drawing an
arc from a previously drawn arc or line. When
you choose 3-Point > Continue from the Draw
panel of the Ribbon, the start point and direction
of the arc will be taken from the endpoint and
ending direction of the previous line or arc. When
this option is used to draw arcs, each successive
arc will be tangent to the previous one. Most
often, this option is used to draw arcs
tangent to a previously drawn line. The prompt
sequence to draw the arc which is tangent to an
earlier drawn line, as shown in Figure 3-18, using
the Continue option is given next.
Figure 3-18 Drawing an arc using the
Continue option
Command: LINE «
Specify first point: 2,2 «
Specify next point or [Undo]: 4,3 «
Specify next point or [Undo]: «

Command: Choose 3-Point > Continue option

from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or
[Center]:
Specify endpoint of arc: 4,5 «

The prompt sequence to draw an arc continued

from a previously drawn arc, as shown in
Figure 3-19, is given next.
Figure 3-19 Drawing an arc using the
Continue option
Command: ARC «
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 2,2 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E «
Specify endpoint of arc : 3,4 «
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: R «
Specify radius of arc: 2 «

Command: Choose 3-Point > Continue option from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
Command: _arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]:
Specify end point of arc: 5,4 «
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-11

Tip
You can also invoke the Continue option automatically. To do so, first draw a line or an arc
and choose any option of the ARC command from the Draw panel of the Ribbon. Now,
press ENTER at the Specify start point of arc or [Center] prompt; the Continue option
will be invoked automatically. The endpoint of the line or the arc drawn previously will be
selected as the start point of the arc. Also, you will be prompted to specify the endpoint to
complete the arc.

Continue (LineCont:) Option

This option is used when you want to continue
drawing a line from the endpoint of a
previously drawn arc. When you use this
option, the start point and direction of the
line will be taken from the endpoint and
ending direction of the previous arc. In other
words, the line will be tangent to the arc drawn
on the current screen. This option is invoked
when you press ENTER at the Specify first
point prompt of the LINE command. The
prompt sequence to draw a line, tangent to
an earlier drawn arc, as shown in Figure 3-20,

Chapter 3
is given next. Figure 3-20 Drawing a line from the endpoint
of an arc
Command: ARC «
Specify start point of arc or [Center]: 4,3 «
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: E «
Specify end point of arc: 3.37,3.92 «
Specify center point of arc or [Angle/Direction/Radius]: Specify the center point.

Command: LINE «
Specify first point: «
Length of line: Enter a value or pick a point.

Exercise 5 General
a. Use the Center, Start, Angle and Continue options to draw the figures shown in
Figure 3-21.

b. Make the drawing shown in Figure 3-22. The distance between the dotted lines is 1.0
units. Create the radii as indicated in the drawing by using the ARC command options.

DRAWING RECTANGLES
Ribbon: Home > Draw > Rectangle Toolbar: Draw > Rectangle
Tool Palettes: Draw > Rectangle Command: RECTANG
3-12 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Figure 3-21 Drawing for Exercise 5(a) Figure 3-22 Drawing for Exercise 5(b)

A rectangle can be drawn by choosing the Rectangle button

from the Draw panel in the Home tab of the Ribbon, as shown
in Figure 3-23, or by choosing the Rectangle button from the
Draw toolbar. You can also enter RECTANG at the Command
prompt. In AutoCAD, you can draw rectangles by specifying
two opposite corners of the rectangle, by specifying the area
and the size of one of the sides, or by specifying the Figure 3-23 Invoking the
dimensions of the rectangle. All these methods of drawing RECTANGLE command from
rectangles are discussed next. the Ribbon

Drawing Rectangles Using Two Opposite Corners

On invoking the rectangle command, you are
prompted to specify the first corner of the
rectangle. Here, you can enter the coordinates
of the first corner or specify the desired point
with the pointing device. The first corner can
be any one of the four corners. Next, you are
prompted to specify the other corner. This
corner is taken as the corner diagonally
opposite to the first corner. You can specify
the coordinates for the other corner or simply
move the cursor to specify it, refer to
Figure 3-24. The prompt sequence for drawing
a rectangle with (3,3) as its lower left corner Figure 3-24 Drawing a rectangle by specifying
coordinate and (6,5) as its upper right corner two opposite corners
(Figure 3-24), is given next. It is presumed that
the dynamic input is turned off.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-13

Command: RECTANG «
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 3,3 « (Lower
left corner location.)
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: 6,5 « (Upper right corner
location)

Drawing Rectangles by Specifying the Area and One Side

This option allows you to draw a rectangle by specifying its area and the value of one of the
sides. This can be done by choosing the Area option from the shortcut menu at the Specify
other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation] prompt. The following is the prompt
sequence to use this option:

Command: RECTANG «
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 3,3 «
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: A «
Enter area of rectangle in current units <100.000>: 15 «
Calculate rectangle dimensions based on [Length/Width] <Length>: L «
Enter rectangle length <10.0000>: 5 «

In the above case, the area and length of the rectangle were entered. The system automatically
calculates its width using the following formula:

Chapter 3
Area of rectangle = Length X Width
Width = Area of rectangle/Length
Width =15/5
Width =3 units

Drawing Rectangles by Specifying their Dimensions

You can also draw a rectangle by specifying its dimensions. This can be done by choosing the
Dimensions option from the shortcut menu at the Specify other corner point or [Area/
Dimensions/Rotation] prompt, which then allows you to enter the length and width of the
rectangle. The prompt sequence for drawing a rectangle with a length of 5 units and width of
3 units is given next.

Command: RECTANG «
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 3,3 «
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: D «
Specify length for rectangles <0.0000>: 5 «
Specify width for rectangles <0.0000>: 3 «
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Click on the screen to specify
the orientation of rectangle.

Here, you are allowed to choose any one of the four locations for placing the rectangle. You
can move the cursor to see the four locations. Depending on the location of the cursor, the
corner point which is specified first holds the position of either the lower left corner, the
3-14 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

lower right corner, the upper right corner, or the upper left corner. After deciding the position,
you can then click to place the rectangle.

Drawing Rectangle at an Angle

You can also draw a rectangle which is inclined at an angle. This can be done by choosing the
Rotate option from the shortcut menu, at the Specify other corner point or [Area/
Dimensions/Rotation] prompt, which then allows you to enter the rotation angle. After
entering the rotation angle, you can continue sizing the rectangle using any of the methods.
Once you have specified the rotation angle, next time whenever you draw the rectangle, it
will be drawn at an angle. Set the rotation angle to Zero, if you do not want to draw the
rectangle at an angle. The prompt sequence for drawing the rectangle at a rotation of 45 degree
is:

Command: RECTANG «
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Select a point as
lower left corner location.
Specify other corner point or [Area/
Dimensions/Rotation]: R «
Specify rotation angle or [Pick points]
<current>: 45 «
Specify other corner point or [Area/
Dimensions/Rotation]: Select a diagonally
opposite point.

While specifying the other corner point, you can

place the rectangle in any of the four quadrants.
Move the cursor in different quadrants and select
a point in the quadrant, in which you need to draw
the rectangle. Figure 3-25 shows a rectangle drawn Figure 3-25 Rectangle drawn at an angle
at an angle of 45-degree.

The remaining options of the RECTANG command are discussed next.

Chamfer
The Chamfer option creates a chamfer, which is an angled corner, by specifying the chamfer
distances, see Figure 3-26. The chamfer is created at all the four corners. You can give two
different chamfer values to create an unequal chamfer.

Command: RECTANG «
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: C «
Specify first chamfer distance for rectangles <0.0000>: Enter a value.
Specify second chamfer distance for rectangles <0.0000>: Enter a value.
Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: Select a point as
lower left corner location.
Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation]: Select a point as upper right
corner location.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-15

Note
The first corner point that you specify need not be the location of the lower left corner. While
selecting the other corner, you can select a location such that the first corner point becomes the
lower right corner, the upper left corner, or the upper right corner.

Fillet
The Fillet option allows you to create a filleted rectangle, see Figure 3-27. You can specify the
required fillet radius. The following is the prompt sequence for specifying the fillet.

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: F «

Specify fillet radius for rectangles <0.0000>: Enter a value.

Note that the rectangle will be filleted only if the length and width of the rectangle are equal
to or greater than twice the value of the specified fillet. Otherwise, AutoCAD will draw a
rectangle without fillets.

Chapter 3
Figure 3-26 Drawing a rectangle with chamfers Figure 3-27 Drawing a rectangle with fillets

Note
You can draw a rectangle either with chamfers or with fillets. If you specify the chamfer distances
first and then specify the fillet radius in the same RECTANG command, the rectangle will be
drawn with fillets only.

Width
The Width option allows you to create a rectangle whose line segments have some specified
width, as shown in Figure 3-28.

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: W «

Specify line width for rectangles <0.0000>: Enter a value.

Thickness
The Thickness option allows you to draw a rectangle that is extruded in the Z direction by a
specified value of thickness. For example, if you draw a rectangle with thickness of 2 units,
you will get a rectangular box whose height is 2 units, see Figure 3-29. To view the box,
3-16 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

choose View > 3D Views > SE Isometric from the Ribbon. Next, you can restore the view
back to the plan view by choosing View > 3D Views > Top from the Ribbon.

Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: T «

Specify thickness for rectangles <0.0000>: Enter a value.

Figure 3-28 Drawing a rectangle with a Figure 3-29 Drawing rectangles with
specified width thickness and elevation specified

Elevation
The Elevation option allows you to draw a rectangle at a specified distance from the XY
plane, along the Z axis. For example, if the elevation is 2 units, the rectangle will be drawn
two units above the XY plane. If the thickness of the rectangle is 1 unit, you will get a rectangular
box of 1 unit height, located 2 units above the XY plane, see Figure 3-29.

Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width/<First corner>: E «
Specify elevation for rectangles <0.0000>: Enter a value.

To view the drawn rectangle in 3D space, change the viewpoint by choosing View > 3D
Views > SE Isometric from the Ribbon. Next, to restore the top view, choose View > 3D
Views > Top from the Ribbon.

Note
The value you enter for fillet, width, elevation, and thickness becomes the current value for the
subsequent RECTANG command. Therefore, you must reset the values, if they are different
from the current values. The thickness of a rectangle is always controlled by its thickness settings.

The rectangle generated on the screen is treated as a single object. Therefore, the individual
sides can be edited only after the rectangle has been exploded using the EXPLODE command.

Tip
You can combine different options in one RECTANG command and then draw the rectangle
with the specified characteristics. When you invoke the RECTANG command again, the
previously set options and their values are displayed before the first prompt. This allows you
to change the settings according to the new specifications.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-17

Exercise 6 General
Draw a rectangle 4 unit long, 3 unit wide, and with its first corner at (1,1). Draw another
rectangle of length 2 unit and width 1 unit, with its first corner at 1.5,1.5, and at an angle
of 65-degree.

DRAWING ELLIPSES
Ribbon: Home > Draw >Ellipse Toolbar: Draw >Ellipse
Tool Palettes: Draw > Ellipse Command: ELLIPSE
If a circle is observed from an angle, the shape seen is
called an ellipse, which can be created in AutoCAD using
the ELLIPSE command. An ellipse can be created using
various options and all these options are grouped
together in the Draw panel of the Ribbon, refer to
Figure 3-30. AutoCAD creates a true ellipse, also known
as a NURBS-based (Non-Uniform Rational Bezier
Spline) ellipse. The true ellipse has a center and quadrant
points. If you select it, the grips (small blue squares) will
be displayed at the center and quadrant points of the
ellipse. If you move one of the grips located on the

Chapter 3
perimeter of the ellipse, the major or minor axis will
change, which changes the size of the ellipse. Figure 3-30 Invoking the ELLIPSE
command from the Ribbon
Once you invoke the ELLIPSE command, you will be
prompted to Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center] or Specify axis endpoint of
ellipse or [Arc/Center/Isocircle] (if isometric snap is on). The response to this prompt depends
on the option you choose. The various options are explained next.

Note
The Isocircle option is not available by default in the ELLIPSE command. To display this
option, you have to select the Isometric snap radio button in the Snap and Grid tab of the
Drafting Settings dialog box. The Isocircle option will be discussed in Chapter 23.

Drawing an Ellipse Using the Axis and Endpoint Option

In this option, you draw an ellipse by specifying one of its axes and the endpoint of the other
axis. To use this option, acknowledge the Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]
prompt by specifying a point, either by using a pointing device or by entering its coordinates.
This is the first endpoint of one axis of the ellipse. AutoCAD will then respond with the
prompt Specify other endpoint of axis. Here, specify the other endpoint of the axis. The
angle at which the ellipse is drawn depends on the angle made by these two axis endpoints.
Your response to the next prompt determines whether the axis is the major axis or the
minor axis.
3-18 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

The next prompt is Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]. If you specify a distance, it
is presumed as half the length of the second axis. You can also specify a point. The distance
from this point to the midpoint of the first axis is again taken as half the length of this axis.
The ellipse will pass through the selected point only if it is perpendicular to the midpoint of
the first axis. To visually analyze the distance between the selected point and the midpoint of
the first axis, AutoCAD appends an elastic line to the crosshairs, with one end fixed at the
midpoint of the first axis. You can also drag the point, dynamically specifying half of the
other axis distance. This helps you to visualize the ellipse, refer to Figure 3-31. The prompt
sequence for drawing an ellipse with one axis endpoint located at (3,3), the other at (6,3),
and the distance of the other axis being 1 is given next.

Command: ELLIPSE «
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 3,3 «
Specify other endpoint of axis: 6,3 «
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 1 «

Another example for drawing an ellipse using this option is shown in Figure 3-32 and illustrated
by the following prompt sequence.

Command: ELLIPSE «
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 3,3 «
Specify other endpoint of axis: 4,2 «
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 2 «

Figure 3-31 Drawing an ellipse using the Figure 3-32 Drawing an ellipse using the
Axis and Endpoint option Axis and Endpoint option

If you enter Rotation or R at the Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation] prompt, the
first axis specified is automatically taken as the major axis of the ellipse. The next prompt is
Specify rotation around major axis. The major axis is taken as the diameter line of the
circle, and the rotation takes place around this diameter line into the third dimension. The
ellipse is formed, when AutoCAD projects this rotated circle into the drawing plane. You can
enter the rotation angle value in the range of 0 to 89.4-degree only, because an angle value
greater than 89.4-degree changes the circle into a line. Instead of entering a definite angle
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-19

value at the Specify rotation around major axis prompt, you can specify a point relative to
the midpoint of the major axis. This point can be dragged to specify the ellipse dynamically.
The following is the prompt sequence for a rotation of 0-degree around the major axis, as
shown in Figure 3-33(a):

Command: ELLIPSE «
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: Select point (P1).
Specify other endpoint of axis: Select another point (P2).
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: R «
Specify rotation around major axis: 0 «

Figure 3-33 also shows rotations of 45-degree, 60-degree, and 89.4-degree.

Chapter 3
Figure 3-33 Rotation about the major axis

Exercise 7 General
Draw an ellipse whose major axis is 4 units and the rotation around this axis is 60-degree.
Draw another ellipse, whose rotation around the major axis is 15-degree.

Drawing Ellipse Using the Center Option

In this option, you can construct an ellipse by specifying the center point, endpoint of one
axis, and length of the other axis. The only difference between this method and the ellipse
by axis and endpoint method is that instead of specifying the second endpoint of the first
axis, the center of the ellipse is specified. The center of an ellipse is defined as the point of
intersection of the major and minor axes. In this option, the first axis need not be the major
axis. For example, draw an ellipse with center at (4,4), axis endpoint at (6,4), and length of
the other axis as 1 unit, as shown in Figure 3-34.
3-20 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

The prompt sequence is given next.

Command: ELLIPSE «
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or
[Arc/Center]: C «
Specify center of ellipse: 4,4 «
Specify endpoint of axis: 6,4 «
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]:
1«

Instead of entering the distance, you can enter Figure 3-34 Drawing an ellipse using the
Rotation or R at the Specify distance to other Center option
axis [Rotation] prompt. This takes the first axis
specified as the major axis. The next prompt, Specify rotation around major axis, prompts
you to enter the rotation angle value. The rotation takes place around the major axis, which
is taken as the diameter line of the circle. The rotation angle values should range from 0 to
89.4-degree.

Drawing Elliptical Arcs

Ribbon: Home > Draw > Center > Elliptical Arc Toolbar: Draw > Ellipse Arc
Tool Palettes: Draw > Ellipse Arc Command: ELLIPSE > Arc
AutoCAD allows you to draw elliptical arcs
using the Ellipse Arc button in the Draw toolbar or by
choosing Center > Elliptical Arc from the Draw panel
of the Ribbon, as shown in Figure 3-35. When you
choose this button, the ELLIPSE command is invoked
with the Arc option selected and you will be prompted
to enter information about the geometry of the ellipse
and the arc limits. You can define the arc limits by using
the following options:

1. Start and End angle of the arc.

2. Start and Included angle of the arc. Figure 3-35 Invoking Elliptical Arc
3. Start and End parameters. from the Ribbon

The angles are measured from the first point and in counterclockwise direction, if AutoCAD’s
default setup is not changed. The next example illustrates the use of these three options.

Example 1 General
Draw the following elliptical arcs, as shown in Figures 3-36 and 3-37.

a. Start angle = -45, end angle = 135

Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-21

b. Start angle = -45, included angle = 225

c. Start parameter = @1,0, end parameter = @1<225

Specifying Start and End Angle of the Elliptical Arc [Figure 3-36(a)]

Command: Choose Center > Elliptical Arc from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: A
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: Select the first endpoint.
Switch on the Ortho mode by pressing F8, if it is not already chosen
Specify other endpoint of axis: Select the second point to the left of the first point.
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: Select a point or enter a distance.
Specify start angle or [Parameter]: -45 «
Specify end angle or [Parameter/Included angle]: 135 « (Angle where arc ends.)

Specifying Start and Included Angle of the Elliptical Arc [Figure 3-36(b)]

Command: Choose Center > Elliptical Arc from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: A
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: Select the first endpoint.
Specify other endpoint of axis: Select the second point.
Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: Select a point or enter a distance.

Chapter 3
Specify start angle or [Parameter]: -45 «
Specify end angle or [Parameter/Included angle]: I «
Specify included angle for arc<current>: 225 « (Included angle.)

Figure 3-36 Drawing elliptical arcs

Specifying Start and End Parameters (Figure 3-37)

Command: Choose Center > Elliptical Arc from the Draw panel of the Ribbon.
Specify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: A
Specify axis endpoint of elliptical arc or [Center]: Select the first endpoint.
3-22 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Specify other endpoint of axis: Select the second endpoint.

Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: Select a point or enter a distance.
Specify start angle or [Parameter]: P
Specify start parameter or [Angle]: @1,0
Specify end parameter or [Angle/ Included angle]: @1<225

Figure 3-37 Drawing an elliptical arc by specifying the start and end parameters

Exercise 8 General
a. Construct an ellipse with center at (2,3), axis endpoint at (4,6), and the other axis endpoint
at a distance of 0.75 units from the midpoint of the first axis.

b. Make the drawing, as shown in Figure 3-38. The distance between the dotted lines is 1.0
unit. Create the elliptical arcs using the ELLIPSE command options.

Figure 3-38 Drawing for Exercise 8

Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-23

Note
From now on, all command sequences in this book are given with presumption that the dynamic
input is turned off on your computer.

DRAWING REGULAR POLYGONS

Ribbon: Home > Draw > Polygon Toolbar: Draw > Polygon
Tool Palettes: Draw > Polygon Command: POLYGON

A regular polygon is a closed geometric entity with equal

sides. The number of sides varies from 3 to 1024. For
example, a triangle is a three-sided polygon and a pentagon
is a five-sided polygon. In AutoCAD, the POLYGON
command is used to draw regular 2D polygons. Choose the
Polygon button from the Draw panel in the Home tab of
the Ribbon to invoke this command, refer to Figure 3-39.
The characteristics of a polygon drawn in AutoCAD are
those of a closed polyline having a 0 width. You can change
the width of the polyline forming the polygon. The prompt
sequence is given next. Figure 3-39 Invoking the
POLYGON command from the
Command: POLYGON «

Chapter 3
Ribbon
Enter number of sides <4>:

Once you invoke the POLYGON command, it prompts you to enter the number of sides.
The number of sides determine the type of polygon (for example, six sides define a hexagon).
The default value for the number of sides is 4. You can change the number of sides to your
requirement and then the new value becomes the default value. You can also set a default
value for the number of sides, by using the POLYSIDES system variable.

The Center of Polygon Option

After you specify the number of sides, the next prompt is Specify center of polygon or [Edge],
where the default option prompts you to select a point as the center point of the polygon. If you
specify the center point, then the Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about
circle]<I> prompt is displayed at the Command prompt. A polygon is said to be inscribed
when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its vertices (corners) touch the circle, see
Figure 3-40. Whereas, a polygon is circumscribed when it is drawn outside the imaginary circle
and the sides of the polygon are tangent to the circle (midpoint of each side of the polygon will
lie on the circle), see Figure 3-41. If you want to have an inscribed polygon, choose Inscribed in
circle option from the shortcut menu. The next prompt issued is Specify radius of circle. Here,
you are required to specify the radius of the circle on which all the vertices of the polygon will lie.
Once you specify it, a polygon will be generated. If you want to select the circumscribed option,
choose the Circumscribed about circle option from the shortcut menu at the Enter an option
[Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle]<I> prompt. You can also select these options
from the dynamic preview. After this, enter the radius of the circle. Alternatively, specify the
radius of the circle dynamically by moving the mouse and clicking. The inscribed or circumscribed
3-24 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

circle will not be displayed. The prompt sequence for drawing an inscribed octagon shown in
Figure 3-40, with the center at (4,4) and the radius of 1.5 units, is given next.

Command: POLYGON «
Enter number of sides<4>: 8 «
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 4,4 «
Enter an option[Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle ]<I>: I «
Specify radius of circle: 1.5 «

The prompt sequence for drawing a circumscribed pentagon shown in Figure 3-41 with center
at (4,4) and a radius of 1.5 units, is given next.

Command: POLYGON «
Enter number of sides<4>: 5 «
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 4,4 «
Enter an option[Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle ]<I>: C «
Specify radius of circle: 1.5 «

Figure 3-40 Drawing an inscribed polygon using Figure 3-41 Drawing a circumscribed
the Center of Polygon option polygon using the Center of Polygon option
Note
If you select a point to specify the radius of an inscribed polygon, one of the vertices is positioned
on the selected point. In case of circumscribed polygons, the midpoint of an edge is placed on the
point you have specified. In this manner, you can specify the size and rotation of the polygon.

In case of the numerical specification of the radius, the bottom edge of the polygon is rotated by
the prevalent snap rotation angle.

Exercise 9 General
Draw a circumscribed polygon of eight sides. The polygon should be drawn by the Center of
Polygon method.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-25

The Edge Option

The other method for drawing a polygon is to
select the Edge option. This can be done by
entering E at the Specify center of polygon
or [Edge] prompt. The next two prompts
issued are Specify first endpoint of edge and
Specify second endpoint of edge. Here, you
need to specify the two endpoints of an edge
of the polygon. The polygon is drawn in a
counterclockwise direction, with the two
entered points defining its first edge. To draw
a hexagon (six-sided polygon), as shown in
Figure 3-42, using the Edge option, with the
first endpoint of the edge at (2,4) and the
Figure 3-42 Drawing a polygon (hexagon)
second endpoint of the edge at (2,2.5), the
using the Edge option
prompt sequence is given next.

Command: POLYGON «
_polygon Enter number of sides<4>: 6 «
Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: E «
Specify first endpoint of edge: 2,4 «

Chapter 3
Specify second endpoint of edge: 2,2.5 «

Exercise 10 General
Draw a polygon with ten sides using the Edge option and an elliptical arc, as shown in
Figure 3-43. Let the first endpoint of the edge be at (7,1) and the second endpoint be at
(8,2).

Figure 3-43 Polygon and elliptical arc for Exercise 10

3-26 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

DRAWING POLYLINES
Ribbon: Home > Draw > Polyline Toolbar: Draw > Polyline
Tool Palettes: Draw > Polyline Command: PLINE (or PL)
The term POLYLINE can be broken into two parts: POLY and
LINE. POLY means “many”. This signifies that a polyline can have
many lines. Invoke the PLINE command by choosing the Polyline
button from the Draw panel in the Home tab of the Ribbon,
see Figure 3-44. A polyline is a line that has different features.
Some of the features are listed next.
Figure 3-44 Invoking the
1. Polylines can be thick lines with a desired width. They are
POLYLINE command from
very flexible and can be used to draw any shape, such as a
the Ribbon
filled circle or a doughnut.
2. Polylines can be used to draw objects in any linetype (for example, hidden linetype).
3. Advanced editing commands can be used to edit them (for example, the PEDIT
command).
4. A single polyline object can be formed by joining polylines and polyarcs of different
thicknesses.
5. It is easy to determine the area or perimeter of a polyline feature. Also, it is easy to offset
when drawing walls.

The PLINE command functions fundamentally like the LINE command, except that
additional options are provided and all the segments of the polyline form a single object.
After invoking the PLINE command, the following prompt is displayed:

Specify start point: Specify the starting point or enter its coordinates.
Current line width is nn.nnnn

Current line width is nn.nnnn is displayed automatically, which indicates that the polyline
drawn will have nn.nnnn width. If you want a different width, invoke the Width option at the
next prompt and set it. Next, the following prompt is displayed.

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify the next point or enter

an option.

Depending on your requirements, the options that can be invoked at this prompt are as follows.

Next Point of Line

This option is maintained as the default option and is used to specify the next point of the
current polyline segment. If additional polyline segments are added to the first polyline,
AutoCAD automatically makes the endpoint of the previous polyline segment the start point
of the next polyline segment. The prompt sequence is given next.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-27

Command: PLINE «
Specify start point: Specify the starting point of the polyline.
Current line width is 0.0000.
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify the endpoint of the first
polyline segment.
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: Specify the endpoint of
the second polyline segment, or press ENTER to exit the command.

Width
You can change the current polyline width by entering W (width option) at the last prompt.
You can also right-click and choose the Width option from the shortcut menu. Next, you are
prompted to specify the starting and ending width of the polyline.

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: W «

Specify starting width <current>: Specify the starting width.
Specify ending width <starting width>: Specify the ending width.

The starting width value is taken as the default value for the ending width. Therefore, to have
a uniform polyline, you need to press ENTER at the Specify ending width <> prompt. To
draw a uniform polyline, shown in Figure 3-45, with a width of 0.25 units, start point at (4,5),
endpoint at (5,5), and the next endpoint at (3,3), use the following prompt sequence:

Chapter 3
Command: PLINE «
Specify start point: 4,5 «
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: W «
Specify starting width <current>: 0.25 «
Specify ending width <0.25>: «
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 5,5 «
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 3,3 «
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: «

You can get a tapered polyline, by entering two different values at the starting width and the
ending width prompts. To draw a tapered polyline, shown in Figure 3-46, with a starting
width of 0.5 units and an ending width of 0.15 units, a start point at (2,4), and an endpoint at
(5,4), use the prompt sequence given next.

Command: PLINE «
Specify start point: 2,4 «
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: W «
Specify starting width <0.0000>: 0.50 «
Specify ending width <0.50>: 0.15 «
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 5,4 «
Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: «
3-28 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Figure 3-45 Drawing a uniform polyline using Figure 3-46 Drawing a tapered polyline
the PLINE command using the PLINE command

Halfwidth
With this option, you can specify the starting and ending halfwidth of a polyline. This halfwidth
distance is equal to half of the actual width of the polyline. This option can be invoked by
entering H or choosing Halfwidth from the shortcut menu at the following prompt:

Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: H «

Specify starting half-width <0.0000>: 0.12 « (Specify desired starting halfwidth)
Specify ending half-width <0.1200>: 0.05 « (Specify desired ending halfwidth)

Length
This option prompts you to enter the length of a new polyline segment. The new polyline
segment will be the length you have entered. It will be drawn at the same angle as the last
polyline segment or tangent to the previous polyarc segment. This option can be invoked by
entering L at the following prompt or by choosing Length from the shortcut menu.

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: L «

Specify length of line: Specify the desired length of the Pline.

Undo
This option erases the most recently drawn polyline segment. It can be invoked by entering
U at the following prompt.

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: U «

You can use this option repeatedly until you reach the start point of the first polyline segment.
Further use of Undo option evokes the message All segments already undone.

Close
This option is available when at least one segment of the polyline is drawn. It closes the
polyline by drawing a polyline segment from the most recent endpoint to the initial start
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-29

point. At the same time, it exits from the PLINE command. The width of the closing segment
can be changed by using the Width/Halfwidth option, before invoking the Close option.

Arc
This option is used to switch from drawing polylines to drawing polyarcs, and provides you
the options associated with drawing polyarcs. The prompt sequence is given next.

Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: A «

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second
pt/Undo/Width]: Enter an option.

By default, the arc segment is drawn tangent to the previous segment of the polyline. The
direction of the previous line, arc, or polyline segment is the default direction for the polyarc.
The preceding prompt contains options associated with the PLINE Arc. The detailed
explanation of each of these options is as follows.

Angle
This option prompts you to enter the included angle for the arc. If you enter a positive angle,
the arc is drawn in a counterclockwise direction from the start point to the endpoint. If the angle
specified is negative, the arc is drawn in a clockwise direction. The prompts are given next.

Chapter 3
Specify included angle: Specify the included angle.
Specify endpoint of arc or [Center/Radius]: Specify the endpoint of arc or choose an option.

Center refers to the center of the arc segment, Radius refers to the radius of the arc, and
Endpoint draws the arc.

CEnter
This option prompts you to specify the center of the arc to be drawn. As mentioned before,
usually the arc segment is drawn such that it is tangent to the previous polyline segment; in
such cases AutoCAD determines the center of the arc automatically. Therefore, the CEnter
option provides the freedom to choose the center of the arc segment. This option can be
invoked by entering CE at the Specify end point of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/
Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width] prompt. Once you specify the center point,
AutoCAD issues the following prompt.

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/Length]: Specify the endpoint of arc or choose an option.

Angle refers to the included angle, Length refers to the length of the chord, and Endpoint
refers to the endpoint of the arc.

CLose
This option is used to join the last point of a polyline with its start point in the form of an arc.
This option is available only when you specify two or more than two points for creating the
polyline segments.
3-30 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Direction
Usually, the arc drawn, with the PLINE command, is tangent to the previous polyline segment.
In other words, the starting direction of the arc is the ending direction of the previous segment.
The Direction option allows you to specify the tangent direction of your choice for the arc
segment to be drawn. You can specify the direction by specifying a point. The prompts are
given next.

Specify tangent direction for the start point of arc: Specify the direction.
Specify endpoint of arc: Specify the endpoint of arc.

Halfwidth
This option is the same as for the PLine and prompts you to specify the starting and ending
halfwidth of the arc segment.

Line
This option takes you back to the Line mode. You can draw polylines only in this mode.

Radius
This option prompts you to specify the radius of the arc segment. The prompt sequence is given next.

Specify radius of arc: Specify the radius of the arc segment.

Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle]: Specify the endpoint of arc or choose an option.

If you specify a point, the arc segment is drawn. If you enter an angle, you will have to specify
the angle and the direction of the chord at the Specify included angle and Specify direction
of chord for arc<current> prompts, respectively.

Second pt
This option selects the second point of an arc in the three-point arc option. The prompt
sequence is given next.

Specify second point of arc: Specify the second point on the arc.
Specify endpoint of arc: Specify the third point on the arc.

Undo
This option reverses the changes made in the previously drawn segment.

Width
This option prompts you to enter the width of the arc segment. To draw a tapered arc segment,
you can enter different values at the starting width and ending width prompts. The prompt
sequence is identical to that of the polyline. Also, a specified point on a polyline refers to
the midpoint on its width.

Endpoint of Arc
This option is maintained as the default and prompts you to specify the endpoint of the
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-31

current arc segment. The following is the prompt

sequence for drawing an arc, shown in Figure 3-47,
with start point at (3,3), endpoint at (3,5), starting
width of 0.50 units, and ending width of 0.15 units.

Command: PLINE «
Specify start point: 3,3 «
Current line-width is 0.0000
Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/
Length/Undo/Width]: A «
Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/
CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/
Second pt/Undo/Width]: W « Figure 3-47 Drawing a polyarc
Specify starting width <current>: 0.50 «
Specify ending width <0.50>: 0.15 «
Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/
Second pt/Undo/Width]: 3,5 «
Specify endpoint of arc or [Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/
Second pt/Undo/Width]: «

Tip

Chapter 3
After invoking the PLINE command and specifying the start point, you can right-click to
display the shortcut menu. You can choose any of the options under the PLINE command,
directly from the shortcut menu, instead of entering the appropriate letters at the Command
prompt. Similarly, after invoking the ARC option of the PLINE command, you can right-click
to display the shortcut menu and choose any polyarc option.

Note
If FILL is on or if FILLMODE is 1, the polylines drawn are filled. If you change FILL to off
or FILLMODE to 0, only the outlines are drawn for the new plines and previously drawn
plines are also changed from filled to no-fill. However, note that the change is effective only on
regeneration. Similarly, it works in reverse also.

Also, the PLINEGEN system variable controls the linetype pattern between the vertex points of a
2D polyline. A value of 0 centers the linetype for each polyline segment and 1 makes it continuous.

Exercise 11 General
Draw the objects shown in Figures 3-48 and 3-49. Assume the width of different polylines.

DRAWING DONUTS
Ribbon: Home > Draw > Donut Command: DONUT
In AutoCAD, the DONUT or DOUGHNUT command is issued to draw an object that looks
like a filled circle ring called a donut. Actually, AutoCAD’s donuts are made of two semicircular
3-32 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Figure 3-48 Drawing for Exercise 11 Figure 3-49 Drawing for Exercise 11

polyarcs with a certain width. Therefore, the DONUT command allows you to draw a thick
circle. The donuts can have any inside and outside diameters. If FILLMODE is off, the
donuts look like circles (if the inside diameter is zero) or concentric circles (if the inside
diameter is not zero). After specifying the two diameters, the donut gets attached to the
crosshairs. You can select a point for the center of the donut anywhere on the screen with the
help of a pointing device, and then place the donut. You can place it by clicking your pointing
device. The prompt sequence for drawing donuts is given next.

Command: DONUT «
Specify inside diameter of donut <current>: Specify the inner diameter of the donut.
Specify outside diameter of donut <current>: Specify the outer diameter of the donut.
Specify center of donut or <exit>: Specify the center of the donut.
Specify center of donut or <exit>: Specify the center of the donut to draw more donuts of
previous specifications or give a null response to exit.

The defaults for the inside and outside diameters are the respective diameters of the most
recent donut drawn. The values for the inside and outside diameters are saved in the
DONUTID and DONUTOD system variables. A solid-filled circle is drawn by specifying the
inside diameter as zero (FILLMODE is on). Once the diameter specification is completed,
the donuts are formed at the crosshairs and can be placed anywhere on the screen. For the
location, you can enter the coordinates of the point or specify the point by dragging the
center point. Once you have specified the center of the donut, AutoCAD repeats the Specify
center of donut or <exit> prompt. As you go on specifying the locations for the center
point, donuts with the specified diameters are drawn at specified locations. To end the DONUT
command, give a null response to this prompt by pressing ENTER. Since donuts are circular
polylines, the donut can be edited with the PEDIT command or any other editing command
that can be used to edit polylines.

Example 2 General
You will draw an unfilled donut shown in Figure 3-50 with an inside diameter of 0.75 units,
an outside diameter of 2.0 units, and centered at (2,2). You will also draw a filled donut and
a solid-filled donut with the given specifications.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-33

The following is the prompt sequence to draw an unfilled donut shown in Figure 3-51.

Command: FILLMODE «
New value for FILLMODE <1>: 0 «
Command: DONUT «
Specify inside diameter of donut<0.5000>: 0.75 «
Specify outside diameter of donut <1.000>: 2 «
Specify center of donut or <exit>: 2,2 «
Specify center of donut or <exit>: «

The prompt sequence for drawing a filled donut, shown in Figure 3-51, is given next, with an
inside diameter of 0.5 units, outside diameter of 2.0 units, centered at a specified point.

Command: FILLMODE «
Enter new value for FILLMODE <0>: 1 «
Command: DONUT «
Specify inside diameter of donut<0.5000>: 0.50 «
Specify outside diameter of donut <1.000>: 2 «
Specify center of donut or <exit>: Specify a point.
Specify center of donut or <exit>: «

Chapter 3
Figure 3-50 Drawing an unfilled donut using Figure 3-51 Drawing a filled donut using the
the DONUT command DONUT command

To draw a solid-filled donut, shown in Figure 3-52,

with an outside diameter of 2.0 units, use the
following prompt sequence.

Command: DONUT «
Specify inside diameter of donut <0.50>: 0 «
Specify outside diameter of donut <1.0>: 2 «
Specify center of donut or <exit>: Specify a point.
Specify center of donut or <exit>: «

Figure 3-52 Solid-filled donut

3-34 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

PLACING POINTS
Ribbon: Home > Draw > Point Toolbar: Draw > Point
Tool Palettes: Draw > Point Command: POINT
The point is the basic drawing object. Points are invaluable in
building a drawing file. To place a point anywhere on the screen,
AutoCAD provides the POINT command.

Command: POINT «
Current point modes: PDMODE=n PDSIZE=n.nnnn
Specify a point: Specify the location where you want to place the
point.

You can invoke the POINT command from the Draw toolbar or
from the Ribbon (Multiple Point option), as shown in Figure 3-53. Figure 3-53 Invoking the
You can place as many points as you desire in a single command. POINT command from the
Then, press ESC to exit from the POINT command. If you invoke Ribbon
this command by entering POINT at the Command prompt or
use the Point > Single Point option from the menu bar, you can draw only one point in a
single point command.

Note
It is possible to have a temporary construction marker for the point known as blip. A mark
appears on the screen where you place the point. Then this blip mark can be cleared, once the
screen is redrawn using the REDRAW command, and the point is left on the screen. The
visibility of a blip can be controlled using the BLIPMODE system variable.

Changing the Point Type

Ribbon: Utilities > Point Style Command: DDPTYPE

The point type can be set from the Point Style dialog box, as shown in Figure 3-54. To invoke
this dialog box, choose Utilities > Point Style from the Ribbon; the Point Style dialog box
will be displayed. There are twenty combinations of point types in this dialog box. You can
choose a point style in this dialog box, which is indicated by highlighting that
particular point style. Next, choose the OK button. Now, all the points will be drawn in the
selected style, until you change it to a new style. The type of point drawn is stored in the
PDMODE (Point Display MODE) system variable. You can also change the point style by
entering a numeric value in the PDMODE variable.

Figure 3-55 shows the PDMODE values for different point type areas.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-35

Figure 3-54 The Point Style Figure 3-55 Different point styles for PDMODE values
dialog box

Exercise 12 General

Chapter 3
Check what types of points are drawn for each value of the PDMODE variable.

Changing the Point Size

Ribbon: Utilities > Format > Point Style Command: DDPTYPE

The size of a point can be set from the Point

Style dialog box by entering the desired point
size in the Point Size edit box, refer to Figure
3-54. You can generate the point at a specified
percentage of the graphics area height or define
an absolute size for the point. An absolute size
for the point can be specified by selecting the
Set Size in Absolute Units radio button in the
Point Style dialog box and then entering a value
in the Point Size edit box. The point size can
also be set by changing the value of PDSIZE
(Figure 3-56). The variable PDSIZE governs the Figure 3-56 Changing the point size using
size of the point (except for the PDMODE the PDSIZE variable
values of 0 and 1). You can set the size in absolute
units by specifying a positive value for the PDSIZE variable. If the Set Size Relative to
Screen radio button is selected in the Point Style dialog box, the size is taken as a percentage
of the viewport size. This can also be set by entering a negative value for the PDSIZE variable.
For example, a setting of 5 makes the point 5 units high; a setting of -5 makes the point 5
percent of the current drawing area.
3-36 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Exercise 13 General
a. Try various combinations of the PDMODE and PDSIZE variables.

b. Check the difference between the points generated from negative values of PDSIZE and
the points generated from positive values of PDSIZE.

DRAWING INFINITE LINES

The XLINE and RAY commands can be used to draw construction or projection lines. These
are the lines that aid in construction or projection and are drawn very lightly, when
drafting manually. An xline (construction line) is a 3D line that extends to infinity at both
ends. As the line is infinite in length, it does not have any endpoints. A ray is a 3D line that
extends to infinity at only one end. The other end of the ray has a finite endpoint. The xlines
and rays have zero extents. This means that the extents of the drawing will not change, if you
use the commands that change the drawing extents, such as the ZOOM command with the
All option. Most of the object snap modes work with both xlines and rays, with some limitations:
You cannot use the Endpoint object snap with the xline because, by definition an xline does
not have any endpoints. However, for rays you can use the Endpoint snap on one end only.
Also, xlines and rays take the properties of the layer, in which they are drawn.

Tip
Xlines and rays plot like any other objects in a drawing may create confusion. Therefore, it is
a good idea to create the construction lines in a different layer altogether, such that you can
recognize them easily. You will learn about layers in later chapters.

Drawing XLINE
Ribbon: Home > Draw > Construction Line Toolbar: Draw > Construction Line
Tool Palettes: Draw > Construction Line Command: XLINE
You can choose the Construction Line button from the Draw panel
in the Home tab of the Ribbon to invoke the XLINE command, refer
to Figure 3-57. The prompt sequence on invoking the XLINE
command is as follows:

Command: XLINE «
Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bsect/Offset]: Specify an option or
select a point through which the xline will pass.

The various options of the command are discussed next.

Figure 3-57 Choosing
Point the Construction Line
If you use the default option, AutoCAD will prompt you to select two button from the Ribbon
points through which the xline shall pass at the Specify a point and
the Specify through point prompts. After you select the first point, AutoCAD will dynamically
rotate the xline through the specified point, as you move the cursor. When you select the
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-37

second point, an xline will be created that passes through the first and second points
(Figure 3-58).

Command: XLINE «
Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: Specify a point.
Specify through point: Specify the second point.

You can continue to select more points to create more xlines. All these xlines will pass through
the first point you had selected at the Specify a point prompt. This point is also called the
root point. Right-click or press ENTER to end the command.

Horizontal
This option will create horizontal xlines of infinite length that pass through the selected
points. The xlines will be parallel to the X axis of the current UCS, see Figure 3-59. As you
invoke this option, the horizontal xline gets attached to the cursor. You are prompted to
select only one point through which the horizontal xline passes. You can continue selecting
points to draw horizontal xlines and right-click or press ENTER to end the command.

Vertical
This option will create vertical xlines of infinite length that pass through the selected points.
The xlines will be parallel to the Y axis of the current UCS, see Figure 3-59. As you invoke

Chapter 3
this option, the vertical xline gets attached to the cursor. You are prompted to select only one
point through which the vertical xline passes. You can continue selecting points to draw
vertical xlines and right-click or press ENTER to end the command.

Figure 3-58 Drawing xlines Figure 3-59 Horizontal and vertical xlines

Angular
This option will create xlines of infinite length that pass through the selected point at a
specified angle (in Figure 3-60, the angle specified is 38-degree). The angle can be specified
by entering a value at the keyboard. You can also use the reference option by selecting an
object and then specifying an angle relative to it. The Reference option is useful, when the
actual angle is not known but the angle relative to an existing object can be specified.
3-38 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Command: XLINE «
_xline Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: A «
Enter angle of xline (0) or [Reference]: R « (Here you use the Reference method for
specifying the angle)
Select a line object: Select a line.
Enter angle of xline <0>: Enter angle (the angle will be measured counterclockwise with respect
to the selected line)
Specify through point: Specify the second point.

Bisect
This option will create an xline that passes through the angle vertex and bisects the angle
you specify by selecting two points. The xline created using this option will lie in the plane
defined by the selected points. You can use the object snaps to select the points on the existing
objects. The following is the prompt sequence for this option, refer to Figure 3-61.

Command: XLINE «
_xline Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: B «
Specify angle vertex point: Enter a point (P1).
Specify angle start point: Enter a point (P2).
Specify angle end point: Enter a point (P3).
Specify angle end point: Select more points or press ENTER or right-click to end the command.

Figure 3-60 The angular xlines Figure 3-61 Using the Bisect option to draw xlines

Offset
The Offset option creates xlines that are parallel to the selected line/xline at a specified
offset distance. You can specify the offset distance by entering a numerical value or by selecting
two points on the screen. If you select the Through option, the offset line will pass through
the selected point. This option works like the OFFSET editing command. The prompts at
the command line are as follows.

Command: XLINE «
_xline Specify a point or [Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset]: O «
Specify offset distance or [Through] <Through>: Press ENTER to accept the Through
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-39

option or specify a distance from the selected line object at which the xline shall be drawn.
Select a line object: Select the object to which the xline is drawn parallel at a specified distance.
Specify through point: Select a point through which the xline should pass.

If you specify the offset distance, and after you have selected a line object, you are prompted
to specify the direction in which the xline is to be offset. You can continue drawing xlines
or right-click or press ENTER to end the command.

Drawing RAY
Ribbon: Home > Draw > Ray Command: RAY

A ray is a 3D line similar to the xline construction line, with the difference being that it
extends to infinity only in one direction. It starts from a point you specify and extends to
infinity through the specified point. The prompt sequence is given next.

Command: RAY «
Specify start point: Select the starting point for the ray.
Specify through point: Specify the second point.

Press ENTER or right-click to exit the command.

Chapter 3
Note
When you trim an xline, it gets converted into a ray, and when a ray is trimmed at the end that
is infinite, it gets converted into a line object.

WRITING A SINGLE LINE TEXT

Ribbon: Annotation > Multiline Text > Single Line Text Command: TEXT
The TEXT command lets you write a single line text in the drawing. Although you
can write more than one line of text using this command, but each line will be a
separate text entity. After invoking this command, you need to specify the start point
for the text. Then you need to specify the text height and also the rotation angle. The characters
appear on the screen, as you enter them. When you press ENTER, after typing a line, the
cursor automatically places itself at the start of the next line and repeats the prompt for
entering another line. You can end the command by pressing the ENTER key. You can use
the BACKSPACE key to edit the text on the screen while you are writing it. The prompt
sequence is given next.

Command: TEXT «
Current text style: "Standard" Text height: 0.2000 Annotative: No
Specify start point of text or [Justify/Style]: Specify the starting point of the text.
Specify height<current>: Enter the text height.
Specify rotation angle of text <0>: «
Enter the first line of text in the text box displayed in the drawing window.
Enter the second line of text in the text box displayed in the drawing window.
Press ENTER.
3-40 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Note
The other commands to enter text are discussed in detail in Chapter 7.

To move the objects, use the MOVE command and then select the objects, specify the base point,
and the second point of displacement. The MOVE command is discussed in detail in Chapter 5.

Self-Evaluation Test
Answer the following questions and then compare them to those given at the end of this
chapter:

1. A negative value for a chord length in the Start, Center, Length option of the ARC
command results in the largest possible arc, also known as the major arc. (T/F)

2. In the ARC command, if you do not specify a start point but just press ENTER or choose
the Continue option, the start point and direction of the arc is taken from the endpoint
and ending direction of the previous line or arc drawn on the current screen. (T/F)

3. If the PELLIPSE is set to 1, AutoCAD creates a true ellipse, also known as NURBS-based
(Non-Uniform Rational Bezier Spline) ellipse. (T/F)

4. The start and end parameters of an elliptical arc are determined by specifying a point on
the circle whose diameter is equal to the minor diameter of the ellipse. (T/F)

5. The ________ option of the RECTANG command allows you to draw a rectangle at a
specified distance from the XY plane along the Z axis.

6. If the FILLMODE is set to _________, only the outlines are drawn for the new polyline.

7. You can get a ________ polyline by entering two different values at the starting width and
the ending width prompts.

8. In case of a(n) ___________ polyline, the vertices are not stored as separate entities, but
as a single object with an array of information.

9. If you invoke the __________ command from the Draw panel of the Ribbon, you can
draw as many points as you desire in a single command.

10. The size of a point is taken as a percentage of the viewport size, if you enter a ___________
value for the PDSIZE variable.
Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-41

Review Questions
Answer the following questions:

1. Using the Start, End, Angle option of the ARC command, a negative included angle
value draws the arc in a clockwise direction. (T/F)

2. When the Continue option of the ARC command is used to draw arcs, each successive
arc is perpendicular to the previous one. (T/F)

3. If you specify the chamfer distances first and then specify the fillet radius in the same
RECTANG command, the rectangle will be drawn with chamfers only. (T/F)

4. Using the RECTANG command, the rectangle drawn is treated as a combination of

different objects; therefore, the individual sides can be edited independently. (T/F)

5. Using the Start, Center, Length option of the ARC command, a positive chord length
generates the smallest possible arc (minor arc) with this length, and the arc is always less
than

(a) 90-degree (b) 180-degree

Chapter 3
(c) 270-degree (d) 360-degree

6. Which one of the following options of the RECTANG command allows you to draw a
rectangle that is extruded in the Z direction by the specified value?

(a) Elevation (b) Thickness

(c) Extrude (d) Width

7. Which of the following commands draws a line anywhere in 3D space, which starts from
a point that you specify and the other end extending to infinity?

(a) PLINE (b) RAY

(c) XLINE (d) MLINE

8. If the old 2D polylines should not get converted to lightweight polylines, when opening
the drawings in AutoCAD 2010, and also the new polylines drawn should be 2D polylines,
the PLINETYPE variable should be set to which of the following values?

(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3

9. Which of the following values should be assigned to the PDMODE variable such that a
cross mark (X) is generated through the specified point?

(a) 1 (b) 3
(c) 5 (d) 7
3-42 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

10. A polygon is said to be __________, when it is drawn inside an imaginary circle and its
vertices (corners) touch the circle.

11. If additional polyline segments are added to the first polyline, AutoCAD automatically
makes the __________ of the first polyline segment the start point of the next polyline
segment.

12. To create a solid filled circle by the DONUT command, the value of the inside diameter
of the circle should be __________.

13. With the DONUT command, you can draw a solid-filled circle by specifying the inside
diameter as __________ and keeping the FILLMODE on.

14. The visibility of blips can be controlled using the __________ system variable.

15. An absolute size for the point can be specified by entering a __________ value for the
PDSIZE variable.

16. The __________ option of the XLINE command creates xlines of infinite length that are
parallel to the Y axis of the current UCS.

17. You can use the __________ key to edit the text on the screen, while you are writing it
using the TEXT command.

Exercises
Exercise 14 Mechanical
Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-62. The distance between the dotted lines is 1.0 unit.
Create the radii, using appropriate ARC command options.

Figure 3-62 Drawing for Exercise 14

Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-43

Exercise 15 Graphics
Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-63. The distance between the dotted lines is 1.0 unit.
Create the arcs, using appropriate ARC command options.

Figure 3-63 Drawing for Exercise 15

Chapter 3
Exercise 16 Mechanical
Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-64. The distance between the dotted lines is 0.5 unit.
Create the ellipses, using the ELLIPSE command.

Figure 3-64 Drawing for Exercise 16

3-44 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Exercise 17 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-65 using the LINE, CIRCLE, and ARC commands.
The distance between the dotted lines is 1.0 unit and the diameter of the circles is 1.0 units.

Figure 3-65 Drawing for Exercise 17

Exercise 18 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-66 using the LINE, CIRCLE, and ARC commands or
their options. The distance between the grid lines is 1.0 unit and the diameter of the circle is
1.0 unit.

Figure 3-66 Drawing for Exercise 18

Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-45

Problem-Solving Exercise 1 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-67. Create the radii by using the arc command options
indicated in the drawing. (Use the @ symbol to snap to the previous point. Example: Specify
start point of arc or [Center]: @)

Figure 3-67 Drawing for Problem-Solving Exercise 1

Chapter 3
Problem-Solving Exercise 2 Mechanical
Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-68. Create the radii by using the arc command options.
The distance between the dotted lines is 0.5 units.

Figure 3-68 Drawing for Problem-Solving Exercise 2

3-46 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Problem-Solving Exercise 3 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-69. Create the radii by using the ARC command options.
The distance between the dotted lines is 1.0 unit.

Figure 3-69 Drawing for Problem-Solving Exercise 3

Problem-Solving Exercise 4 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-70 using the POLYGON, CIRCLE, and LINE commands.

Figure 3-70 Drawing for Problem-Solving Exercise 4

Starting with the Advanced Sketching 3-47

Problem-Solving Exercise 5 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-71 using the draw commands. Note, Sin30=0.5,
Sin60=0.866. The distance between the dotted lines is 1 unit.

Figure 3-71 Drawing for Problem-Solving Exercise 5

Chapter 3
3-48 AutoCAD 2010: A Problem-Solving Approach

Problem-Solving Exercise 6 Mechanical

Draw the sketch shown in Figure 3-72 using the draw commands. Also, draw the hidden lines
and centerlines as continuous line. Note that the dimensions are given only for your
reference. **

Figure 3-72 Drawing for the Problem-Solving Exercise 6

Answers to Self-Evaluation Test

1. T, 2. T, 3. F, 4. F, 5. Elevation, 6. 0, 7. tapered, 8. optimized, 9. Multiple Point, 10. negative