Pre-Evaluation of the Potential of Spent Coffee Ground as

Natural Multi-Purpose Liquid

Nuralia Syafiqah Nazri

Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

Johor Branch, Pasir Gudang Campus

Date (8th December 2019)

CHE364: Research Project

Siti Hajar Anaziah Muhamad

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Abstract

The present research aimed to evaluate the use of spent coffee grounds (SCG) from instant

coffee as natural multi-purpose liquid. After the consumption of coffee powder as beverages, people

usually discard the ground’s left after it had been brewed. They discard the SCG because they barely

know that the SCG have its own benefits. Despite discarding the SCG, it can be used to produce

useful products. SCG extracted oil can be used to produce many potential products such as fertilizers,

soap, body scrub, biofuel and absorbent. However, in this study SCG is evaluated to make natural

multi-purpose liquid. Natural multi-purpose liquid was chosen as it is not being commercialized in

industry yet. This project developed new type of multi-purpose liquid without using chemical

processes. An experiment was carried out to prepare the multi-purpose liquid from SCG. The SCG

was gone through hydrolysing process. Firstly, the SCG is being heated in the oven to remove the

moisture. After that, distilled water is added to the SCG and SCG is heated in the oven. The pH of the

solution was taken. Lastly, the solution is filtered and poured into a spray bottle. The sample was

given to the respondents and the testimony data was collected. From the data obtained, it is proven

that the solution gives much positive effects and feedback from the respondent. The highest result is

the multi-purpose is easy to use, environmentally friendly, and able to remove strains or dirt and does

not sticky or permanent. However, further improvement is needed to ensure the final product be able

to give more positive effects towards the consumer.

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Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………2
Table of contents………………………………………………………………………………………..3
List of figures……………..…………………………………………………………………………….4
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………………………….5

1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….....6
2 Methodology…………………………………………………………………………………...9

2.1 Raw Material and ……………………………………………………………………..9

2.2 Sample Preparation..…………………………………………………………………..9

2.3 Questionnaire…...………………………………………………………………….….9

3 Result and Discussion………………………………………………………………………...10

3.1 Demographic…………………………………………………………………………10

3.1.1 Gender………………………………………………………………...……..10

3.1.2 Frequency of Using Multi-Purpose Liquid…………………………...……..11

3.1.3 Application of Multi-Purpose Liquid…………………………………….…11

3.1.4 Skin Condition……………………………………………………..………..12

3.1.5 Scent Likeliness…………………………………………………………..…13

3.2 Testimony……………………………………………………………………………13

4 Conclusion and Recommendation……………………………………………………………16

5 Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………17

6 References……………………………………………………………………………...……..18

Appendix A: Multi-Purpose Liquid Flyer……………………………………………………………..20

Appendix B: Demographic Survey……………………………………………………………………21

Appendix C: Testimony Survey……………………………………………………………………….22

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List of Figures

Figure Title Page

Figure 1 pH test 8

Figure 2 Respondents’ gender 10

Figure 3 Frequency of using multi-purpose liquid in a week 10

Figure 4 Applications of Multi-Purpose Liquid 11

Figure 5 Skin condition of respondents 12

Figure 6 Coffee scent likeliness 12

Figure 7 Percentage of the potential of multi-purpose liquid 13

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List of Tables

Figure Title Page

Table 1 Respondents demographic profile 9

Table 2 Category of testimony 13

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1 Introduction

Coffee is a brewed beverage produced from roasted coffee beans. The coffee beans come

from a plant that grows at 600 to 1800m above the ocean level and is a tropical plant [1]. Roasted

coffee beans are produced when the two green seeds being separated from red cherry-life fruits of

coffee plants are being roasted. Coffee plants were first cultivated from around fifth to eight century

which was introduced in India. The plants were then being planted in more than 70 countries such as

Indonesia, Brazil, Columbia and Central America and it major plantation crops are in India [2]. There

are various types of coffee as it is produced in many countries. The common and popular types of

coffee are Coffea Arabica and Coffea Robusta [3].

Coffee is one of the world’s most popular beverages [3] [4]. It is popular because of its

refreshing properties and other benefits that can be obtained from coffee. The recent study from the

International Coffee Organization stated that 9.3 billion kilograms of coffee was consumed in 2016

globally. Coffee has been consumed for more than 1000 years and is estimated consumed more than

400 billion cups yearly [5]. Some people buy fresh coffee beans and use a coffee grinder to grind the

beans into very small pieces which is almost dust. When the beverages from the coffee has been made

using some filters to keep the grounds out to be drunk, the grounds are said to be spent, meaning they

have been used and are worthless to make more coffee. These small pieces of coffee beans are called

spent coffee ground (SCG).

After the consumption of coffee powder as beverages, people usually discard the ground’s

left after it had been brewed. People barely know that the SCG have its own benefits. Many

researchers and experiments had been done to prove that SCG is beneficial and gives advantages to

human’s life. Many chemical compositions can be determined in the SCG. SCG is lignocellulosic

nature. Lignocellulosic nature is a natural material containing a mixture of carbohydrate polymers

such as cellulose, hemicellulose and aromatic which is lignin [6]. Other than that, SCG is rich in

ashes, minerals, fats, protein, phenolic, soluble and insoluble fibre [7].
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 According to the chemical compounds found in SCG [8], people should reconsider before

discarding the SCG. Recent study stated that almost 50% of the worldwide coffee production is

processed for soluble coffee preparation, which means in about 6,000,000 tonnes of SCG is produced

per year [1] [3]. A massive pollution hazard will occur if the SCG is discharge improperly. The direct

discharge of waste water from coffee industries has a high concentration of organic pollutant such as

melanoidins, diterpenes, xanthines and carotenoids that is harmful for surrounding water bodies,

human bodies and aquatic life [9]. The more SCG being discarded, the more environmental problem

will occur. Awareness of the need for coffee waste reduction must be increased and implemented in

order to save and protect the environment. Therefore, another alternative to reduce pollution caused

by coffee industries is to implement the SCG to be useful to human.

SCG is high in caffeine which could repel away the insect such as mosquitoes. For instance,

the spent coffee ground completely blocked the development of Aedes Aegypti, a species of mosquito

[10]. Several experiments has been made by recent researcher using either mosquito eggs or larvae in

addition with fish food to determine the effect of caffeine towards mosquito by adding caffeine

towards the mosquito eggs or larvae [10]. Based on the previous experiment, CAF decreased the

mating frequency, egg-laying capacity, fertility and longevity of mosquito [10]. Other than that, SCG

also repel Aedes Albopictus, female species of mosquito and inhibit the development of their embryos

[11].

Furthermore, SCG contains phenolic as antioxidant to protect human skin [6]. An experiment

has been carried out to study the concentration of phenolic in SCG and its antioxidant activity by

extraction process [3] [8]. Besides containing phenolic as antioxidant to human skin, SCG is also high

in lipids [2] [7] [5]. This property is suitable to apply on cosmetics products or industries. The SCG is

extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide with high pressure extraction in order to extract lipids [13].

Human skin consists of several layers of lipid and keeps the skin barrier. Lipids from SCG will

improve skin lipids or as known as sebum and will hydrates human skins. From the experiment that

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had been carried out, SCG contains 10% of lipid. By analysing these compounds found in the SCG, it

shows that SCG is beneficial to human.

In addition, SCG contains many minerals compound. Thus, it can be used as natural fertilizer

[3]. SCG contains more organic matter such as nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) than common

fertilizers [8]. The SCG is efficient and good degradable of composting the organic matter and it

release nutrients to the soil for plantation with less environmental effect [14]. Recent experiment has

been carried out in Soil Use and Management (2011) and the SCG could increase the pH of water

above 5.5. Hence, it can decrease the soil acidity which is good for most of the plants to grow.

However, it is not good for the lime-hating plants.

Therefore, the main purpose of this project is to study the potential of SCG to be useful

product. By the properties stated before, it has a possibility to be a natural multi-purpose liquid.

Multi-purpose liquid is chosen in this project as the usage of natural multi-purpose liquid is rarely

consumed. The other purpose of this project is to study the SCG towards many parameters such as the

potential of SCG to remove strains and dirt, be able to fertilize plants, could repel insects and skin-

friendly product. The final product will be tested practically to ensure that it is succeed. Based on

previous study, SCG also could repel insects, remove strains and as fertilizers.

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2 Methodology

2.1 Raw Material Preparation

The spent coffee ground (SCG) was provided and taken from the Starbucks Seri, a coffee

shop as raw material. Then, SCG was dried in an oven at 105ºC for 6 hours to remove moisture

content.

2.2 Sample Preparation

One of the common methods to prepare multi-purpose liquid is by hydrolyzing the SCG [15].

Hydrolysis process is the addition of water (H 2O) into a substance or compound [16]. The dried SCG

is weighted for 20g using analytical balance and is added into a 250mL beaker. 100mL of distilled

water is added into the beaker that contains the weighted SCG. The hydrolysate is stirred using glass

rod then is heated in the oven to a temperature between 90ºC to 110ºC for 30 minutes [17]. Then, the

hydrolysate is filtered to separate the ground from the solution using filter paper and filter funnel. The

pH of the sample was taken using pH meter. Finally, the solution is poured into a spray bottle.

Figure 1: pH test

2.3 Questionnaire

A testimony survey is prepared in computer-based interview system which is google form

[15]. Two sections are prepared in the form which is demographic and testimony section. QR code is

made and is pasted on flyers to allow the respondents to scan and answer the survey. Four respondents

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is selected randomly which are the students and is conducted in the campus. The questionnaire can be

seen in the appendix.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Demographic

The demographic section involves the gender, the frequency of using the multi-purpose

liquid, the application of multi-purpose liquid, respondent’s skin condition and the likeliness of

respondent towards the coffee scent. These backgrounds are important as it play roles to determine the

effectiveness and the potential of multi-purpose liquid during the observation and consumption of

multi-purpose liquid. Each frequency of different category by one person will be contributed 25%.

3.1.1 Gender

Gender Male
Female

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Figure 2: Bar chart of respondents’ gender

Based on the Figure 2, the selected respondents were students and from University Teknology

MARA Pasir Gudang from different faculties. Most of the respondents were selected randomly and

based on the ability of them to be approached and interacted easily [18]. Approximately 75% of

respondents were females and the remaining of 25% were male.

3.1.2 Frequency of using multi-purpose liquid in a week

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 Once

1-3 times

Regularly
Respondents

Less often

Do not use any

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

Figure 3: Percentage of using multi-purpose liquid in a week

From Figure 3, 75% of respondents used the multi-purpose liquid less often in a week. This

shows that the respondents have a little opportunity to apply multi-purpose in college. Other than that,

some respondents who lived outside the college who were exposed with no insects is the other factor

that the respondents rarely used multi-purpose liquid. This data showed the effectiveness of the multi-

purpose liquid in people’s daily life.

3.1.3 Applications of multi-purpose liquid

Respondents
Window

Skin
Respondents

Kitchen

Dining Table
Figure 4. Application of
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Multi-Purpose Liquid.

Figure 4: The application of multi-purpose liquid

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 Figure 4 shows that every respondent applied the multi-purpose liquid at different places such

as skin, window, kitchen and dining table. The application of multi-purpose liquid is depends on the

respondent’s preference by themselves. These places are chosen based on what have been prepared in

the college as all of the respondents are students. Application of the multi-purpose liquid towards the

skin is to identify the potential of the solution to be a skin-friendly product while the application of

the solution on the window, dining table and kitchen is to remove dirt or strain.

3.1.4 Skin Condition

Skin Condition

Normal
50% Skin Allergies
50%

Figure 5: Skin condition of respondents

The skin condition is needed to determine whether the product is suitable for any types of

skin or it is suitable for particular skin type. Based on Figure 5, half of the respondents have skin

allergies while the other half is having a normal skin condition. Besides that, female and male’s skin

condition is different. Male had lower skin-surface pH value than female. Hence, the skin condition

data is important in making a multi-purpose liquid as the lower pH solution could protect human’s

skin from pathogens [19].

Scent Likeliness 3.1.5 Scent Likeliness

No
25%

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Yes
75%
 Figure 6: Coffee Scent Likeliness

From Figure 6, most of the respondents like the scent of coffee from the multi-purpose liquid.

This parameter is also depends on individual preferences.

3.2 Testimony

The testimony section evaluates the potential of the solution and the characteristic or

properties of the solution. The potential and characteristics of the multi-purpose liquid involves

environmental friendly, easy to use or apply, skin-friendly, has therapeutic aroma that is capable to

refresh home, able to remove strains or dirt, can be use on dishes, repel or drive away insects from its

hiding places, does not sticky or permanent and can be used as floor detergent or cleaner. From the

survey form given to the respondents, they are required and instructed to answer the testimony survey

of the multi-purpose liquid sample.

Response
120%

100%

80%
Response
60%

40%

20%

0%
A B C D E F G H I

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 Figure 7: Percentage of the potential of multi-purpose liquid

Table 2: Category of testimony

Category
A Environmentally friendly
B Easy to use
C Skin-friendly
D Has therapeutic aroma that is capable to refresh home
E Able to remove strains or dirt
F Can be used on dishes
G Drive away insects from its hiding place and repel insects
H Does not sticky or permanent
I Can be used as floor cleaner and detergent

Based on Figure 7, the respondents gave some positive feedbacks on the usage of multi-

purpose liquid. Firstly, 75% of the respondents said that the product is environmental friendly. This is

because SCG is natural substance and has high possibility of not giving the negative impact towards

the environment. This is also proven from the process or method to produce the multi-purpose liquid.

In the hydrolyzing method, no chemicals is involves in the process. Hence, the process is save for the

environment [20]. Secondly, all the respondents gave a feedback that the multi-purpose liquid is easy

to use. This is due to its easy-press design and wide angle nozzle of the spray bottle. None of the

respondents applied the product directly towards their skin because they were concerned about their

skin condition as half of them have skin allergies. There is no response or feedback on the skin-

friendly effect. However, from the recent research, extracted coffee solution gives positive and

interesting result towards facial skin care [21]. Beside, from the pH test, the solution resulted a low

pH value which is 5.79 that is not too acidic and suitable for human skins. Next, none of the

respondents said that the product has therapeutic aroma that is capable to refresh home because the

coffee scent is not suitable to be a home refresher. From the confront questionnaire for the

respondents, most of them prefer floral and fruity scent as their home refresher than the coffee scent.

This is because the coffee aroma-lovers are mostly from European countries such as Italy and Spain

[5]. 75% of respondents stated that the product is able to remove strains and dirt. The respondents

apply the liquid on their dirty dining table and windows in the college and it has proven that the

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solution could clean the dirt because the SCG can be an absorbent for removal basic dyes in an

aqueous solution [22] and could also remove dead skin on human skin [13] [20]. Furthermore, 25% of

the respondents stated that the product can be used on the dishes and can as the liquid is a plant-based

product which came from the SCG. Most of the respondents gave the feedback that the product can

repel insects and drive away insects from its hiding place. The coffee scent from the multi-purpose

liquid attracts the insects such as mosquitoes and the insect came out from their hiding place.

Moreover, the coffee scent also could repel the mosquitoes as its scent could block the mosquitoes’

respiration as same as the commercialized insect repellents [11]. From the data obtained, it is proven

that the multi-purpose liquid is quite sticky and its scent is not permanent or long-lasting. This is due

to the amount of water in the solution makes the scent of coffee is easy to be vanished. Half of the

respondent agreed that the multi-purpose liquid could be as the floor detergent as it can remove dirt on

the floor.

4 Conclusions and recommendations

The coffee production is increased by years. The large amount of spent coffee ground (SCG)

requires considerations for the disposal and the adverse effect to the environment. Despite of

discarding the SCG, many useful and potential products can be made from the SCG as it contains a lot

of minerals and benefits in many aspects such as it could repel insects, able to remove strain, biofuel

and natural fertilizer. From the data obtained, SCG is suitable to be a natural multi-purpose liquid.

However, many improvements and further process needed to ensure a quality product is produced and

be commercialized. The product can be improved by adding the detergent formulation that use natural

substances and needed further research.

Some suggestions and recommendations have been given by the respondents. One of the

suggestion is, the amount of coffee needed to be increased as many of the respondents like the scent

of coffee. Next, one respondent suggested to add some lemon scent in the liquid as the lemon could be

home refresher. Use another long-lasting scent to replace the coffee scent is another suggestion by the

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respondent. Lastly, the coffee liquid left a stain after the respondent applies the liquid. So, further

processes is needed to improve the product such as add more coffee scent or use different ways to

extract the coffee oil without using a flammable substances.

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5 Acknowledgements

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude and a very thank you to my supervisor Mrs. Siti

Hajar Anaziah Muhamad for the constant support and guidance from the starting of this final year

project until the final step. All the suggestions, criticism and helps are much appreciated as it helps me

to finish and improve this project.

I would like to thank to the laboratory assistants, Ms. Nurhaslina and Mrs. Sakinah that helps

and guide me in the lab during running my experiments from the beginning until my final product.

They really help me until I successfully get my experiment result.

I would also like to appreciate my friends especially to my lab group member, Muhammad

Hazman Hasnan, Nurin Nasrin and Muhammad Firdaus for sharing the information and help me

during experiments in the lab. They also supported me to keep improving my final year project.

Last but not least, I want to show my gratitude to my parents and a family that always

encourage, support and helps me in the form of financial to ensure my final year project is complete

successfully. They give me advice to not giving up during my project.

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6 References

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[19] E. Boelsma, L. P. L. Van de Vijver, R. A. Goldbohm, I. A. A. Klöpping-Ketelaars, H. F. J.
Hendriks, and L. Roza, “Human skin condition and its associations with nutrient
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[21] P. Esquivel and V. M. Jiménez, “Functional properties of coffee and coffee by-products,”
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Appendix A: Multi-Purpose Liquid Flyers

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Appendix B: Demographic Survey

EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL OF SPENT COFFEE GROUND (SCG) AS

MULTI-PURPOSE LIQUID
This is a survey form to analyze the ability of SCG to be a beneficial product which is multi-purpose liquid. The result from this survey will be
evaluated to identify the ability of SCG to be a potential product which is multi-purpose liquid.

*Required

1. 1. Gender *
Mark only one oval.

Male Female

2. 2. On an average, how frequently do you use multi-purpose liquid in a week? *

Mark only one oval.

Once

1-3 times Regularly Less often

Do not usually use any

3. 3. Where do you usually apply or use the multi-purpose liquid? *

Mark only one oval.

Window Car Wall Floor Skin

Other:

4. 4. Do you have any of the following skin conditions? *

Mark only one oval.

Sensitive skin Eczema

Skin allergies None of the above

5. 5. Do you like the scent? *

Mark only one oval.

Yes No

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Appendix C: Testimony Survey

Skip to question 6.

Product Testimony
1. Please tick based on your experience using this multi-purpose liquid *
Tick all that apply.

Environmentally friendly Easy to use

Skin friendly (does not causing skin irritation or inflammation)

Has therapeutic aroma that is capable to refreshing home Able to remove stains or dirt

Can be used on dishes Can be used near kids

Can be sprayed on plants or soil as fertilizer Drive away the insects from its hiding place
Does not sticky or permanent
Long-lasting scent

Can be mixed with pets shampoo to kill pets’ lice Can be used as floor cleaner or detergent

2. Recommendation

Thank you for your cooperation.

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