Tools for Formative Assessment

-
-

- Techniques to Check for Understanding -

- Processing Activities -

Periodically, distribute index cards and ask students to write on both sides, with these
I d ex ar d
instructions: (Side 1) Based on our study of (unit topic), list a big idea that you understand and
ummaries,
word it as a summary statement. (Side 2) Identify something about (unit topic) that you do not
.

ues IOflS
yet fully understand and word it as a statement or question.
Ask students to display a designated hand signal to indicate their understanding of a specific
concept, principal, or process: I understand_____________ and can explain it (e.g., thumbs
-

2• H a nd s ign als (e.g., thumbs down). I’m not completely sure

up). I do not yet understand
-
-

about (e.g., wave hand).

. A one-minute essay question (or one-minute question) is a focused question with a specific
3. One Minute Essay
goal that can, in fact, be answered within a minute or two.
.

Present students with an analogy prompt: (A designated concept, principle, or process) is like
4 Analogy Prompt
. because
Any of several forms of graphical organizers which allow learners to perceive relationships
5. Web or Concept
between concepts through diagramming key words representing those concepts.
M ap
http://www.graphic.org/concept.html
. . Present students with common or predictable misconceptions about a designated concept,
6. Misconception
principle, or process. Ask them whether they agree or disagree and explain why. The
Che C k
misconception check can also be presented in the form of a multiple-choice or true-false quiz.
7. Student One on one conversation with students to check their level of understanding.
Conference
The Three-Minute Pause provides a chance for students to stop, reflect on the concepts and
ideas that have just been introduced, make connections to prior knowledge or experience, and
seek clarification.
• I changed my attitude about...
8. 3-Minute Pause • I became more aware of...

• I was surprised about...

• I felt...
• I related to...
• I empathized with...
Walk around the classroom and observe students as they work to check for learning.
Strategies include:
9. Observation •Anecdotal Records
•Conferences
•Checklists
A process in which students collect information about their own learning, analyze what it
10. Self-Assessment reveals about their progress toward the intended learning goals and plan the next steps in
their learning.
Exit cards are written student responses to questions posed at the end of a class or learning
11 Exit C a rd
.
activity or at the end of a day.
Check the progress of a student’s portfolio. A portfolio is a purposeful collection of significant
work, carefully selected, dated and presented to tell the story of a student’s achievement or
12. Portfolio Check growth in well-defined areas of performance, such as reading, writing, math, etc. A portfolio
usually includes personal reflections where the student explains why each piece was chosen
and_what_it_shows_about_his/her_growing_skills_and_abilities.
Quizzes assess students for factual information, concepts and discrete skill. There is usually a
13. Quiz single best answer. Some quiz examples are:
• Multiple Choice

Compiled by K Lambert, OCPS Curriculum Services, 4/2012

 • True/False
• Short Answer
• Paper and Pencil
• Matching
• Extended Response
Students record in a journal their understanding of the topic, concept or lesson taught. The
14. Journal Entry teacher reviews the entry to see if the student has gained an understanding of the topic,
lesson or concept that was taught.
In response t o a cue, all students respond verbally at the same time. The response can be
15. Choral Response
either to answer a question or to repeat something the teacher has said.
• Each student in the class is assigned a different letter of the alphabet and they must select a
16. A-B-C Summaries . . .

word starting with that letter that is related to the topic being studied.
17. Debriefing A form of reflection immediately following an activity.
The teacher creates a spinner marked into 4 quadrants and labeled “Predict, Explain,
Summarize, Evaluate.” After new material is presented, the teacher spins the spinner and asks
18. Idea Spinner students to answer a question based on the location of the spinner. For example, if the
spinner lands in the “Summarize” quadrant, the teacher might say, “List the key concepts just
presented.”
. . Inside and outside circles of students face each other. Within each pair of facing students,
19. Inside-Outside . . .

students quiz each other with questions they have written. Outside circle moves to create new
Circle
pairs. Repeat.
20. Reader’s Theater From an assigned text have students create a script and perform it.
21. One Sentence Students are asked to write a summary sentence that answers the “who, what where, when,
Summary why, how” questions about the topic.
Description: A is a kind of_____________ that
Compare/Contrast: and are similar in that they both.... but
22. Summary Frames while
Problem/Solution: , but , so
Cause/Effect: happens because
23. One Word Select (or invent) one word which best summarizes a topic.
Summary
24. Think-Pair- Share! Teacher gives direction to students. Students formulate individual response, and then turn to
Turn to Your a partner to share their answers. Teacher calls on several random pairs to share their answers
Partner with the class.
25. Think-Write-Pair- Students think individually, write their thinking, pair and discuss with partner, then share with
Share the class.
Partner up giver and receiver... Kind of like “Password” or “Pyramid.” Both know the
—

26. Talk a Mile a category, but the receiver has his back to the board/screen. A set of terms will appear based
Minute on the category giver gives clues, while receiver tries to guess the terms. First group done
—

stands up
- How is similar to/different from
- What are the characteristics/parts of
- In what other ways might we show show/illustrate
- What is the big idea, key concept, moral in
- How does relate to
27. Oral Questioning - What ideas/details can you add to
- Give an example of
- What is wrong with
- What might you infer from
- What conclusions might be drawn from
- What question are we trying to answer? What problem are we trying to solve?
Compiled by K Lambert, OCPS Curriculum Services, 4/2012
 -What are you assuming about
-What might happen if
-What criteria would you use to judge/evaluate
-What evidence supports
- How might we prove/confirm
- How might this be viewed from the perspective of
- What alternatives should be considered
-What approach/strategy could you use to ?
A collection of activities from which students can choose to do to demonstrate their
28. Tic-Tac-Toe/ understanding. It is presented in the form of a nine square grid similar to a tic-tac-toe board
Think-Tac-Toe and students may be expected to complete from one to “three in a row”. The activities vary in
content, process, and product and can be tailored to address DOK levels.
Students choose a corner based on their level of expertise of a given subject.
Based on your knowledge of which corner would you choose?
,

Corner 1: The Dirt Road

—(There’s so much dust, I can’t see where I’m goingl Help!!)
Corner 2: The Paved Road (It’s fairly smooth, but there are many potholes along the
way.)
29. Four Corners
Corner 3: The Highway ( I feel fairly confident but have an occasional need to slowdown.)
Corner 4: The Interstate (I ‘m traveling along and could easily give directions to someone else.)
Once students are in their chosen corners, allow students to discuss their progress with others.
Questions may be prompted by teacher.
Corner One will pair with Corner Three; Corner Two will pair with Corner Four for peer
tutoring.
This is a variation on the one-minute paper, though you may wish to give students a slightly
longer time period to answer the question. Here you ask f at the end of a class period, or at a
30 Muddiest tor
•

. natural break in the presentation) “What was the “muddiest point” in today’s lecture?” or,
Clearest) Point . .

perhaps, you might be more specific, asking, for example: What (if anything) do you find
unclear about the concept of ‘personal identity’ (‘inertia’, ‘natural selection’, etc.)?”.
3 things you found out
2 interesting things
1 question you still have
3 differences between —

2 effects of on
1 question you still have about the topic
3 important facts
31 3-2-1
2 interesting ideas
1 insight about yourself as a learner
3 key words
2 new ideas
1 thought to think about
Write 3 questions about the text (unfamiliar words, confusing passages or ideas)
Write 2 predictions based on the text (what will happen next based on the reading)
Make one connection based on the text (connect to something you know or have
experienced)
Display 6 questions from the lesson Have students in groups of 4.
Each group has 1 die. Each student rolls the die and answers the question with the
32. Cubing corresponding number. If a number is rolled more than once the student may elaborate on
the previous response or roll again. Responses may also be written.

Compiled by K Lambert, OCPS Curriculum Services, 4/2012

 The strategy asks learners to respond in 2—10 minutes to an open-ended question or prompt
33. Quick Write posed by the teacher before, during, or after reading.

34. Directed Students summarize in well-chosen (own) words a key idea presented during the class period
Paraphrasing or the one just past.

In two minutes, students recall and list in rank order the most important ideas from a previous
days class; in two more minutes, they summarize those points in a single sentence, then write
35 RSQC2
. one major question they want answered, then identify a thread or theme to connect this
material to the course’s major goal.
Problem/Solution Paragraph

a dilemma that is The problem is

.

This has/have occurred because

resolution is/was possible. To solve it/this, it

will be/has been necessary to
The solution(s) include(s)

Compare and Contrast Paragraph

There are several differences between and . They —

In contrast to
Unlike not_____________
On the other hand,

Description Paragraph
36. Writing Frames
Have you ever has/have very Interesting characteristics.
It/they has/have For instance, it/they
.

has/have enhances
It/they also For these reasons,

Cause and Effect Paragraph

is influenced by . Since
then
Therefore, . This provides explanation for
.The
impact is____________________________________

Sequence Paragraph

The events/process of is The first

Then,_______________
Next,_______________________________

Compiled by K Lambert, OCPS Curriculum Services, 4/2012

37. Decisions, Given a prompt, class goes to the side that corresponds to their opinion on the topic, side
Decisions share out reasoning, and students are allowed to change sides after discussion
(Philosophical
Chairs)
38. Somebody Students respond to narrative text with structured story grammar either orally, pictorially, or
Wanted But So in writing. (Character(s)/Event/Problem/Solution)
Provide 3-5 statements that aren’t clearly true or false, but are somewhat debatable. The
purpose is to help students reflect on a text and engage in discussion with their
peers afterwards. These scales focus on generalizations about characters, themes, conflicts, or
symbolism. There are no clear cut answers in the book. They help students to analyze,
39. Likert Scale synthesize and evaluate information)
One question on a Likert Scale might look like this:
1. The character (name) should not have done (action).

strongly agree disagree agree strongly agree

The teacher makes two sets of cards. One set contains questions related to the unit of study.
The second set contains the answers to the questions, Distribute the answer cards to the
students and either you or a student will read the question cards to the class. All students
40 I H ave th e
check their answer cards to see if they have the correct answer. A variation is to make cards
Question Who . . . . .

into a chain activity: The student chosen to begin the chain will read the given card aloud and
Has the Answer?
then wait for the next participant to read the only card that would correctly follow the
progression. Play continues until all of the cards are read and the initial student is ready to
read his card for the second time.
The teacher poses a question or a task. Students then individually respond on a scrap piece of
paper listing at least 3 thoughts/responses/statements. When they have done so, students
stand up. The teacher then randomly calls on a student to share one of his or her ideas from
. the paper. Students check off any items that are said by another student and sit down when
41. Whip Around
all of their ideas have been shared with the group, whether or not they were the one to share
them. The teacher continues to call on students until they are all seated. As the teacher
listens to the ideas or information shared by the students, he or she can determine if there is a
general level of understanding or if there are gaps in students’ thinking.”
42. Word Sort Given a set of vocabulary terms, students sort in to given categories or create
their own categories for sorting

43. Triangular Prism Students give feedback to teacher by displaying the color that corresponds to their level of
(Red, understanding
Yellow, Green)
Cooperative group activity used to share or collect information from each member of the
44. Take and Pass group; students write a response, then pass to the right, add their response to next paper,
continue until they get their paper back, then group debriefs.

45. Student Data A tool for students to track their learning: Where am I going? Where am I now? How will I get
Notebooks there?
Students are divided into two teams to identify correct answers to questions given by the
46. Slap It teacher. Students use a fly swatter to slap the correct response posted on the wall.

47. Say Something Students take turns leading discussions in a cooperative group on sections of a reading or
video

Students use this strategy to help them remember information that is important to them. They
48. Flag It
will “flag” their ideas on a sticky note or flag die cut...

Compiled by K Lambert, OCPS Curriculum Services, 4/2012

49. Fill In Your Written check for understanding strategy where students fill the blank. (Another term for rate
Thoughts of change is or .)
50. Circle, Triangle, Something that is still going around in your head (Triangle) Something pointed that stood out
Square in your mind (Square) Something that “Squared” or agreed with your thinking.
Students should get in groups of four where one student is A, the next is B, etc. Each student
51. ABCD Whisper will be asked to reflect on a concept and draw a visual of his/her interpretation. Then they will
share their answer with each other in a zigzag pattern within their group.
Students form an inner and outer circle facing a partner. The teacher asks a
. question and the students are given time to respond to their partner. Next, the
52. Onion Ring inner circle rotates one person to the left. The teacher asks another question and
the cycle repeats itself.
ReQuest, or reciprocal questioning, gives the teacher and students opportunities to ask each
other their own questions following the reading of a selection. The ReQuest strategy can be
used with most novels or expository material. It is important that the strategy be modeled
by the teacher using each genre. A portion of the text is read silently by both the teacher and
53. ReQuest/ the students. The students may leave their books open, but the teacher’s text is closed.
Reciprocal Students then are encouraged to ask the teacher and other students questions about what has
questioning been read. The teacher makes every attempt to help students get answers to their questions.
The roles then become reversed. The students close their books, and the teacher asks the
students information about the material. This procedure continues until the students have
enough information to predict logically what is contained in the remainder of the selection.
The students then are assigned to complete the reading
Students respond as whole group, small group, or individually to a topic as to “What they
54. K-w-L & already Know, what they want to learn, what they have learned”. PLUS (÷) asks students to
KWL+ organize their new earnings using a concept map or graphic organizer that reflects the key
information. Then, each student writes a summary paragraph about what they have learned.
Students mark the text to identify a particular concept and chime in, reading the marked text
55. Choral Reading aloud in unison
Students ask questions of one another about an essential question, topic, or selected text. The
56. Socratic Seminar questions initiate a conversation that continues with a series of responses and additional
questions.
57. Newspaper Create a newspaper headline that may have been written for the topic we are studying.
Headline Capture the main idea of the event.
Students sit in groups and each group member is given a number. The teacher poses a
58. Numbered Heads problem and all four students discuss. The teacher calls a number and that student is
Together responsible for sharing for the group.
After teams have generated ideas on a topic using a piece of chart paper, they appoint a
“docent” to stay with their work. Teams rotate around examining other team’s ideas and ask
questions of the docent. Teams then meet together to discuss and add to their information so
59 G a II enj
. a 1k
the docent also can learn from other teams. 6.Graffiti Groups receive a large piece of paper
—

and felt pens of different colors. Students generate ideas in the form of graffiti. Groups can
move to other papers and discuss/add to the ideas.
Students are assigned a chapter or passage to read and create one question and one comment
generated from the reading. In class, students will meet in either small or whole class groups
. for discussion. Each student shares at least one comment or question. As the discussion moves
60. One Question and .

student by student around the room, the next person can answer a previous question posed
0 ne C ommen
by another student, respond to a comment, or share their own comments and questions. As
the activity builds around the room, the conversation becomes in-depth with opportunity for
all students to learn new perspectives on the text.

Compiled by K Lambert, OCPS Curriculum Services, 4/2012