1.

Bearing
Dr. Magnus Karlberg, et al, [45], when rotating machineries supported by bearings with
clearance are subjected to stationary loads it may not loose contact between the shaft and
the bearing. However, even in full contact unwanted dynamics can occur which is of
interest by him. It is found that the clearance give raise to anisotropic pedestal stiffness. It
is further shown that some of the resonance frequencies decrease with the clearance. He
concluded that the large amplitude frequencies depend on the clearance, the system
becomes nonlinear when the clearance is introduced, regular eigenvalue analysis cannot
be performed and when the clearance vanishes, the system becomes linear.

Jean-Jacques Sinou, et al, [46], the study deals with a rotor-stator contact inducing
vibration in rotating machinery. The aim of this study is to apply the Alternate
Frequency/Time Method and the “path following continuation” in order to obtain the
non-linear responses to this problem and they performed orbits of rotor and stator
responses at various speeds. They concluded that this method was applied to a rotor-
bearing-stator system with nonlinear ball bearing including hertzian contact and radial
clearance and complex orbits and evolutions of the local contact between the balls and
the raceways were obtained.

N.Shabaneh [47], he investigated the dynamic behavior of a single rotor-shaft system with
nonlinear elastic bearings at the ends mounted on viscoelastic suspensions. A nonlinear
bearing, the effects of stiffness and loss coefficients of the viscoelastic supports on the
complex natural frequencies are identified for the linear system. The results show that
optimum values of the viscoelastic stiffness and loss coefficient can be achieved for a
specific rotating shaft system to reduce vibrations and increase the operating regions. In
addition, the frequency response of the nonlinear system indicates that a jump
phenomenon takes place for high values of the bearing nonlinear elastic coefficient.

Jiri Tuma, et al, [48], the paper deals with stability of the rotor vibration in a journal
bearing. The vibration signal, describing the rotor motion, is a complex signal. A tool for
analysis is a full spectrum, which results from the Fourier transform of the complex
signal. A tool for analysis is a full spectrum, which results from the Fourier transform of
the complex signal. The full multi-spectra of the rotor run up and coast down are
employed to evaluate a magnitude as a function of the rotor rotation speed. The multi-
spectrum slices serve to verification of the simplified mathematical model of a rotor
system and to analyze the rotor vibration using a procedure based on the Nyquist stability
criterion. He concluded that; the paper describes a powerful analytical tool for rotor
system diagnostics. The full spectrum is a good tool for stability investigation of rotors
supported by fluid film bearings. The paper demonstrates whirl vibration and the
independence of the ratio relating the precession speed to the rotor rotational speed on the
rotor absolute rotational speed. The lumped parameter model of the journal center motion
in the journal bearing gives explanation of the stability margin and the onset of the self-
excited vibration. As it is evident the journal motion in bearing is governed by two
equations of motion, the first one for a small amplitude of vibration (linear model) and
the second one for the fluid-induced vibration (non-linear model).
B.S. Yang, et al, [49], This paper describes the vibration optimum design for the low-
pressure steam-turbine rotor of a 1007-MW nuclear power plant by using a hybrid
genetic algorithm (HGA) that combines a genetic algorithm and a local concentration
search algorithm using a modified simplex method. This algorithm not only calculates the
optimum solution faster and more accurately than the standard genetic algorithm but can
also find the global and local optimum solutions. The objective function is to minimize
the resonance response (Q-factor) of the second occurring mode in the excessive
vibration. Under the constraints of shaft diameter, bearing length and clearance, these
factors play a very important role in the design of a rotor-bearing system. In the present
work, the shaft diameter, bearing length and clearance are chosen as the design variables.
The results show that the HGA can reduce the excessive response at the critical speed and
improve the stability. It also showed accurate and fast results by using design variables in
the parameter sensitivity equation. This algorithm can provide a designer with a wide
range of choice and probability, which can deal with the difficulties of manufacturing
actively.

Ma Wensheng, et al, [50], the stability study has become the most important part of rotor
dynamics analysis. He discussed that labyrinth seals nonlinear dynamics model is built to
evaluate the bifurcation rotor speed of rotor-seals system. It is important to know the
accurate bifurcation rotor speed for predicting the instability of rotor-seals system.
Labyrinth seals geometric dimension effects on system bifurcation are studied in this
paper. Bifurcation rotor speed of rotor-seal system at four seals diameter and four seals
lengths are calculated using Runge-Kutta method. The study results and discussion give
an enhanced cause-effect understanding of pressure effect. It was found that the
difference of seals diameter and seals length is important in determining changes of rotor-
seal system bifurcation. The rotor speed of quasi-periodic will increase with the seals
diameter and seals length increasing. Rotor-seal system is more stability when quasi-
periodic rotor speed is greater. The labyrinth seals non-linear dynamics study results have
shown that the seals diameter and seals length are beneficial to system stability.

Chris Lusty, et al, [51], they discussed a novel topology based on active magnetic bearing
coupling for reducing synchronous vibration in rotors at critical speeds. The topology
consists of a hollow rotor with a flexible concentric secondary shaft running along its
length. Between the two shafts is one or more actively managed couplings. A design of a
test rig to illustrate the effectiveness of the concept is presented, and results of finite
element modeling on the rig are provided. It is shown that for the specific topology
modeled, peak vibration amplitudes are around an order of magnitude lower than those of
a decoupled rotor. A finite element model of a test rig demonstrating a novel concept in
active rotor vibration management has been analyzed. It has been shown that the
technique employed by the rig of selectively coupling a pair of concentric shafts via
active magnetic bearings can be successfully used to substantially reduce synchronous
vibrations caused by out of balance mass of the rotor. Reductions in amplitude of around
an order of magnitude are shown to be possible at both first and second critical speeds. It
is further demonstrated that collisions between the inner and outer shafts are predictable
and avoidable through judicious selection of which frequencies the magnetic couplings
are activated at.
Jian Ping Jing, et al, [52], the dynamic response of the system in unbalanced conditions is
approached by a direct integration method. It is found that a typical ‘‘oil-whip
phenomenon’’ is successfully simulated, and the effect of the refinement of the finite
element mesh is also checked. The rotor-bearing system is also examined by a simple
discrete model. Significant differences are found between these two models. He
concluded that due to the neglect of the effects of mass distribution and other nonlinear
factors, the solutions from simple discrete methods deviate from the truth of the
continuous rotor-bearing system nonlinear vibration. The results from the finite element
method are more accurate than those from the simple discrete method. The vibrational
responses of the rotor in the present study show that oil-whip may take place in the speed
increasing process, and from the view of nonlinear dynamics, oil whirl is a double period
bifurcation and oil-whip is a Hopf bifurcation, and they should be avoided in the design
of this kind of rotors. Due to the nonlinear dynamics response sensitivity to the initial
conditions, a coarse meshing may lead to a stiffening effect and predict higher oil-whip
frequency.

2. Misalignment
Irvin Redmond, et al, [53], they presented a simple model which enables investigation of
two misaligned and flexibly-coupled Jeffcott rotors. This model helps provide some
insight into rotor-system vibration response when shaft misalignment and mass unbalance
are present. They concluded that flexible-element couplings of the disc or diaphragm type
do not exhibit the kinematic characteristics displayed by a Hooke’s-joint, provided
axisymmetric exists in the spring element. When such couplings are subjected to angular
misalignment the driven shaft speed is a fixed proportion of the drive shaft speed.
Angular misalignment leads to the introduction of a steady bending moment on the
driven shaft proportional to the sine of the misalignment angle. The combination of
misalignment and mechanical unbalance results in modified system vibration amplitude
and phase angle characteristics. The change of phase angle can be important when
implementing standard field balancing techniques.

Alok Kumar Verma, et al, [54], this paper inspects the different types of misalignments by
using diagnostic medium such as stator current signature as well as rotor vibration signal
and it is being found that current signature alone can predict the misalignment effect
without use of vibration signal. Diagnostic features obtained by FFT related to
misalignments have been explained. Orbit plots are effectively used to explain the unique
nature of misalignment fault. In this study, shaft displacement and stator current samples
during machine run up under aligned as well as misaligned conditions are measured and
analyzed. Result shows that misalignment is the parameter that is more responsible for
the cause of instability. They concluded that, the experimental investigation undertaken
in this paper has contributed towards improvement in the misalignment diagnosis by the
use of stator current signature and it is being found that current signature alone can
predict the misalignment effect without use of vibration signal. In this experiment,
authors have also investigated the influence of new case of misalignment (with
combination of both parallel and angular misalignment) through stator current signature.
Difference in vibration response along both the horizontal and vertical directions may be
used for diagnosis of the misalignment in the rotors.

Sheng Feng, et al, [55], they studied vibration characteristics of a misaligned rotor with
asymmetric shaft stiffness. The system consists of two shafts connected by a flexible
coupling with parallel misalignment, two rigid disks attached at the middle of each shaft
and one of the shafts has asymmetric stiffness. The governing ordinary differential
equations are derived using Lagrange dynamics and integrated through numerical
methods. The effects of asymmetry, eccentricity and misalignment are studied through
the peak-to-peak lateral vibration amplitude at different rotor speed. Simulation results
show that the amplitude peaks at the natural frequency associated with unbalance and
parallel misalignment, while half the natural frequency associated with the asymmetric
shaft stiffness. The achievements of this study can be listed as; the vibration amplitude
comes to peak nearly ω n /2 when subjected to only asymmetry shaft stiffness. The
vibration amplitude comes to peak nearly ω n when subjected to unbalance or parallel
misalignment. There are two peaks when the system subjected to asymmetry shaft
stiffness and parallel misalignment. For given flexible coupling stiffness, increasing the
asymmetry factor, the peak at first half natural frequency will surpass the other one, while
for certain asymmetry factor, increasing the coupling stiffness, the second peak will
larger than the first one.

3. High speed

Ray Beebe [56], he describes the investigation and identification of the cause as operating
at a very low exhaust pressure. Apparent high noise levels were also a concern when
operating at high exhaust pressure. The outcome of both these investigations was to
derive or confirm allowable operating limits of exhaust pressure. A third case study
emphasizes the importance of knowing plant detail when interpreting vibration levels.
The results of investigations into some disturbing vibration and noise incidents on large
steam turbines showed that; the techniques used for condition monitoring are useful also
for investigation, the full details of machine construction are needed before established
severity standards can be used, overall vibration levels are useful, but more refined
diagnosis would be useful.

H.G. Horst, et al, [57], they described the development of a structural model of a high
speed rotor for the examination of active vibration control in rotor dynamics. Suppression
of lateral bending vibrations of the elastic shaft is realized by means of surface-bonded
piezoceramic actuator patches on the shaft surface. Models for actuator implementation
are derived. To validate the simulation, a rotor test-rig was built. The characteristics of
the system model with implemented actuators are compared to experimental tests. They
concluded that a structural FE-model of a rotor system with attached piezo actuators on
the shaft surface was developed and validated by means of experimental testing. The
actuator response and the system behavior are well predicted by the model although the
dynamics of the foundation are not modeled yet. An optimal feedback controller was
designed to simulate the closed loop response and demonstrate the potential of active
vibration control. In the next steps robust adaptive controllers will be developed and
implemented in the experimental setup. Further experimental tests and simulations need
to be done especially concerning the rotating system, excitation mechanisms and closed-
loop performance.

Livija Cveticanin [58], his paper considers the free vibration of a Jeffcott rotor whose shaft
has a strong non-linear elastic property. An analytic procedure based on the Krylov–
Bogolubov method is developed to solve this differential equation. Two different types of
initial conditions are considered. The obtained solution describes the oscillatory motion
of the rotor center. The influence of the damping, hydrodynamic and gyroscopic force
and the variation of the mass of the rotor on the vibrations of the rotor is then analyzed.
He concluded that considering the rotor with a non-linear elastic shaft, vibration
frequency directly depends on the initial conditions. This depending on the initial
conditions is not the case for the shaft with linear elastic force. The trajectories of the
rotor center are perturbed if internal or external damping forces act. The external
damping force causes the amplitude of vibration to decrease.

Dr. Robert Ehrich [59], he describes elastic balancing procedures and experimental results
for turbo machine rotors. The rotating elements are balanced at full speed in their contract
bearings. Dynamic bearing forces are measured with respect to direction and magnitude.
Balancing weights are attached to the rotor in several planes and the thermally caused
deflections, nonsynchronous vibrations and natural frequencies of bearing supports have
to be accounted for. The rotor sensitivity can be determined by attachment of test
unbalances. Dynamic bearing forces and shaft vibrations are measured and the shock
excitations and log decrement calculations yield the stability limits. High speed balancing
of turbo machinery rotors provides a better assurance for later operation than low speed
balancing. The dynamic bearing forces have proven themselves as measurement criteria
of high speed balancing. Additional natural frequencies of the measuring device can lead
to incorrect results. These influence the balancing operation only as regards higher level
accuracy. Shaft vibrations at the bearings are to be additionally monitored in order to
detect nonsynchronous vibrations. Modal balancing can also be necessary in order to
maintain specified dynamic bearing forces. There must be no differences in temperature
along the rotor before each test or check run.

4. Rotor to stator rub

Mohamed Abuzaid, et al, [60], they showed that the effect of partial rotor-to-stator rubbing
is investigated both experimentally and analytically. It is found that due to rubbing the
measured vibration signal is distorted showing a flattened portion in the waveform.
Spectral analysis indicates that the synchronous component is generally attenuated as a
result of rubbing-introduced-friction. It is also indicated that light rubbing induced
vibrations are characterized by harmonics at frequencies equal to 1x rev., 2x rev., and 3x
rev. whereas, severe rubbing is identified experimentally by a spectrum containing sub-
harmonics at 1/3 and 2/3 of the rotational frequency. Because of the stiffening effect of
rubbing on the rotor, the resonance frequency increases. From the experimental and
analytical results they concluded that; (1) The numerically predicted waveform shows a
considerable resemblance to the experimentally obtained rotor rubbing response (2) Shaft
precessing orbits are largely distorted due to rubbing (3) Friction forces associated with
rubbing introduce dry damping effect into the system, which leads to the attenuation of
synchronous vibration amplitudes. (4) Spectral analysis has shown that rubbing onset
may best be examined by observing super harmonics and sub-harmonics as well. (5)
Rubbing contact angle is a very important parameter to analyze if it is required to
investigate rotor instability.

Paolo Pennacchi, et al, [61], they presented an actual case history of a large turbo generator
unit that was subjected to partial arc rubs. The experimental results are shown and
discussed along with the model-based diagnostic strategy employed to identify the fault
severity and the location of the shaft cross-sections where the heaviest rubs occurred.
Comparisons between experimental data and simulated vibrations caused by the
identified fault are shown to validate the proposed methodology. In general, the friction
forces generated by partial arc rubs or full annular rubs in rotating machines cause a local
heating of the shaft along with a time-varying thermal bow. The results obtained by the
analysis of the rotor-to-stator contacts occurred in a large power unit have been shown
and discussed. This investigation has been carried out using a model-based method
developed in the frequency domain. This diagnostic strategy provided interesting
information about the severity and the development of the fault. This study was very
useful to integrate and confirm the results of a root-cause analysis of the fault.

Jun Jiang, et al, [62], they outlines in this paper the analytical study of the stability of a
more realistic rotor-to-stator contact model, which considers the stator as an elastic body
having finite mass and being elastically supported. The analytical solution, corresponding
to the synchronous full annular rub motion, is first solved, and then the stability condition
of it is derived. The conclusion for the stability analysis of the rotor-to-stator contact
system, systematic parametric studies was performed to find the influence of the system
parameters on the existence and the stability of the synchronous full annular rub motion.
It is found that a sufficient small friction and/or a sufficient large system damping (either
rotor or stator, or both) will assure the stability of the synchronous full annular rub and
thus benefit the dynamical behavior of the rotor-stator system since the vibration
amplitude and the contact forces are much larger when the synchronous full annular rubs
becomes unstable. It is also noticed that a small mass ratio of m s /mr and a small stiffness
ratio of k s / k r and/or a small stiffness ratio of k c /k r have the same effect.

Paul Goldman, et al, [63], the rotor thermal bending due to the rotor-to-stator rubbing can
lead to one of three types of observed rotor lateral motion: (1) spiral with increasing
amplitude, (2) oscillating between rub/no-rub conditions, and (3) asymptotical approach
to the rotor limit cycle. Based on the machinery observations, it is assumed in the
analytical part of the paper that the speed scale of transient thermal effects is considerably
lower than that of rotor vibrations, and that the thermal effect reflects only on the rotor
steady-state vibrational response. They concluded that the thermal/mechanical problem is
partially uncoupled by the assumption that the thermal process is relatively slow. As a
result, the rotor thermal bow remains in the mechanical equations as a parameter which
can be considered a constant. The combination of the Averaging Method and the
assumption that the thermal processes are quasi-static allow the heat transfer problem to
reduce to a victorial ordinary differential equation, with the heat generating equivalent
vector as a forcing function. The heat generating equivalent vector for the rub is
calculated by application of discontinues variable transformation and resonance version
of the Averaging Method to the mechanical part of the problem

5. Steam whirl
Andrew Dimarogonas, et al, [64], they developed a mathematical model for stability
analysis and for the development of a rational stability criterion to be used at the design
stage. In this work, a qualitative study was undertaken for the whirl which appears in
certain turbomachinery at high loads. It was shown that previously used criteria, such as
the Torque Deflection Criterion and the Thomas Criterion are either misleading or
inadequate for prediction of stability behavior. It was shown that the damping of the
bearing alone does not characterize its capability of absorbing energy. Instead, a damping
function was proposed, which takes into account the bearing stiffness, to which stability
is inversely proportional. Further, the onset of instability due to steam whirl, one should
not expect large amplitudes, as predicted by the linear analysis. In fact, limit orbits are
developing which grow with further increase of the load at an accelerated rate.

Ge Li-juan, et al, [65], this thesis analyzes vibration test signal of TUOKETUO Power
Plant 600 MW steam turbine unit through vibration monitoring and signal analysis on the
basis of TN8000 Steam Turbine Vibration Analysis Software. Fault characteristic which
is raised by Steam Flow Excitations is reproduced by acceleration constant speed test and
load test. Steam flow mechanism of excitation caused by vibration fault and fault
sensitive parameter is analyzed, measures reducing unit vibration has been proposed in
line with the conditions. Test results show that: the vibration caused by the vapor stream
excitation occurs mainly in the high-pressure rotor steam inlet end. However, the
vibration signal, which occupies a large percentage of the rotor frequency of a first
critical speed are sensitive to the changes in the loadThe measures reducing steam flow
excitation are as follows: (1) The adjustment of the cylinder and the center of the rotor.
(2) Change open procedures of the governor valve. (3) Increasing bush damping. (4)
Bush with fine stability. (5) To improve the critical speed of the rotor.

Paolo Pennacchi, et al, [66], the original contribution of the paper is the application of a
model-based analysis of the dynamic behavior of a large power unit, affected by steam-
whirl instability phenomena. The model proposed by the authors allows studying
successfully the experimental case. The threshold level of the steam flow that causes
instability conditions is analyzed and used to define the stability margin of the power
unit. The results of the analysis of the stability margin of a large power unit that was
affected by unstable vibrations in on-load operating conditions caused by steam-whirl
instability phenomena have been shown and discussed. The effects on the eigenvalues
and eigenmodes of the machine model caused by seal misalignments and raises of the
steam flow have been simulated. The results of these investigations are in good
accordance with the value of the stability margin obtained on the basis of the
experimental findings.
 6. Torsional

Zdzisław Gosiewski [67], coupling phenomena of lateral-torsional vibrations in rotating

machinery can lead to rotor unstable behavior. The problem is to find the range of
angular speeds for which a machine exhibits stable behavior in the presence of the
coupling of dynamical modes. In the paper, the coupling effect is analyzed in the case of
a simple three- mode rotor model (Jeffcott’s model). In this case, vibrations are described
by three nonlinear equations. To obtain equations of motion, one can apply Lagrange’s
equations. After linearization in the inertial co-ordinate system, rotor vibrations are
described in the rotating co-ordinates system. He concluded that the theory of control
tools has been employed in the analysis of coupled vibrations of the rotor. Using Evans’
method, the unstable regions of vibrations for both coupled systems have been
demonstrated. Analysis of pole and zero locations over a wide range of the rotor angular
speed provides complete insight into the rotor dynamics. The generated results can be
applied for diagnosing the technical state of rotors and also can be used in the control of
rotor vibrations.

Gao Wenzhi, et al, [68], they presented a theoretical study and propose an active vibration
control scheme for controlling torsional vibration of a rotor shaft due to electromagnetic
disturbances or unsteady flow in large steam turbine generator sets. A form of the
conventional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control algorithm has been proposed in
this paper. The optimal LQR control problem is solved for each time interval with the
weighting matrices, through the Ricatti equation, leading to time-varying gain matrices.
They concluded that the state-space equation on the active control of the turbo-generator
shaft system has been constructed. The control algorithms of Linear Quadratic Regulator
(LQR) have been implemented for a discrete shaft system of a 200 MW turbo generator
and influence of the location of control exciters has been analyzed. A series of simulation
calculations on the active control of torsional vibration of large turbo-generator have been
carried out. By analyzing the calculation results we have found that full state feedback
control with LQR has significant effectiveness on attenuation of torsional vibration
energy and response of turbo-generator shaft system.

A.P.Bovsunovskii, et al, [69], the fatigue damage and failure of steam turbine rotors by
torsional vibrations are investigated. Possible causes of the occurrence of torsional
vibrations are discussed. Modeling of torsional vibrations of the shafting of a steam
turbine, which occur under its operating conditions, has been performed, and the cyclic
strength of the shafting under these vibrations has been estimated. The conclusion of
them work has two ways: (1) Analysis of torsional vibrations of the shafting of K-200-
13-3 steam turbine, which occur as a result of short circuit on the turbo generator, shows
that in shafting elements there may be a fatigue damage. (2) Taking into account the
potential danger of the phenomenon and considerable uncertainty of loading parameters.