Module IV Other Techniques of Integration and The Definite Integral

In this module, you will learn another technique of evaluating the integral of
complex fractions by resolving them into simpler, more easily integrable fractions.
Also, the concept of the definite integral (with limits) is introduced here, and a
prescribed formula will be suggested for evaluating definite integrals of common
functions with specified limits.

Unit 7: INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL FRACTIONS

TLO addressed by the module:

TLO 4: Determine whether a function is to be resolved by partial fractions and integrate

appropriately

Engage

Review your lesson in Algebra involving Partial Fractions. Recall the 4 cases of
complex fractions and the techniques on how to resolve them into simple fractions.

Explore

The first step dealing with an integral of this type is to carry out the indicated
division until the numerator is of lower degree than the denominator.

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 The quantity t occurs, it will be assumed that t i f. If t i
f, the quantity t can be factored into real linear factors.
By methods already familiar, we can immediately integrate fractions of the for
td
td t t
The first two lead to powers, if , to logarithms, if t ; the third leads to an
arctangent. We can also integrate

by a trigonometric substitution.
t

DISTINCT LINEAR FACTORS

The simplest case is that in which the denominator can be broken up into
real linear factors, none of which is repeated. In this case we may always rewrite
the given fraction (provided the numerators is of lower degree than the
denominator) as a sum of fractions whose numerators are constants and whose
respective denominators are the factors of the original denominator.

Examples: Evaluate the following:

i
1.
d d d

Solution:
Using partial fractions,
i
t
d d d

To find the values of the undetermined coefficients A, B, and C we clear fractions and get

i t
t i

The polynomials on both sides of the above equation are identical, so we equate
coefficients of like powers of x obtaining
Coefficients of : t
Coefficients of :i ti
Coefficients of f
: t

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 There are several ways for solving such a system of linear equations for the
unknowns , including elimination of variables, or the use of a calculator or
computer. Whatever method is used, the solution is t i , t , and t i.
Hence, we have

i i i
t

t
i i
h h
t h h t

2.

By division,

The factors of the denominator are . Assume

Where are constant to be determined. Clearing of fractions, we find

t t

The polynomials on both sides of the above equation are identical, so we equate
coefficients of like powers of x obtaining
Coefficients of : t f ----equation 1
Coefficients of : t ----equation 2
Coefficients of f
: t ----equation 3
Therefore;
t
@equation 1: tf

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 @equation 2: t a t substitute to equation 1:
tf
h
t fa t a t

t t t at t

We obtain the following values,

h
t ; t ; tt

Thus,

t t

h
t ૛ h h t

Exercises
Evaluate each of the following integrals.

1.

2. t

3.

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 REPEATED LINEAR FACTORS
If the denominator contains a factor d ,these could be combined into a single
fraction with denominator .
In this case, corresponding to the factor d . We assume r partial fractions of
the form

d d

Examples: Evaluate the following:

⿏
1.

Solution
First, we express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions with undetermined
coefficients.
⿏
t ݉ ‫ ݑ ݈ ݑ‬tt ݈ t d

⿏t
t d
Equating coefficients of corresponding powers of gives
t and t t ⿏, or t and t t

Therefore,
⿏ t
t

t t

h
tt ૛  h t

tt ૛ t
h

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 2.

Solution

t
t d

Solve for the

Using Coefficients:
Coefficients of : t ----equation 1
Coefficients of : t f ----equation 2
Coefficients of : t f ----equation 3
Coefficients of f
: t
Therefore,
t h
@ equation 1: t a t a t
@ equation 2: t fa t fa i t fat t h
@ equation 3: t f; : t fa t

We obtain the following values,

t h ; t ; tt h; t

Therefore,

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 t

t
h h
t h t
h h
Exercises
Evaluate each of the following integrals.

1.

2. d

t i
3. i

4.

QUADRATIC FACTORS
Corresponding to a factor in the denominator of the form t with
t
t i f, we assume the partial fraction t
, where and are to be
determined.
Examples:
i
1.

Solution:
The denominator has an irreducible quadratic factor as well as repeated linear
factor, so we write
i
t

Clearing the equation of fractions gives

it
t

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 Equating coefficients of like terms gives
Coefficients of : t f ----equation 1
Coefficients of : t f ----equation 2
Coefficients of : t ----equation 3
Coefficients of f
: t i ----equation 4
We solve these equations simultaneously to find the values of and :
@ equation 1: t fa t
@ equation 3: t ; t a th

@ equation 4: t ia t ia t -----equation 5
@ equation 2: t fa t fa t ---equation 6
Using equation 5 and 6:
@ equation 5: t substitute to equation 6
t a t a t a t ia t t
@ equation 1: t fa t a t a t
Using equation 4: t ia t ia t ia th

We obtain the following values:

t , t h, t t and th

Therefore,
i
t

t
h
t h ࢘ ࢉ૛ h t
h

2.

Solution

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 The form of the partial fraction decomposition is
⿏
t

Multiplying by we have
t ⿏
i i
t ⿏
i
t ⿏
Equating coefficients of like terms:
tf
tf
tf
⿏tf
t
We obtain the following values;
t t tf t and ⿏ t f
Thus,

t t

t t
t ln ln
h h
t ૛ h t
h
h
t ૛ t
h h
Evaluate the following:

1.

i t
2. i f

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 i
3. i

i
4.

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 7? are there any difficulties that you encountered in
the lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the
following topics:

1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: Integration of Rational Fractions, pages 601-612.

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Integration of Rational Fractions, pages 264-272.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google
class or through fb messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate

Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative assessment.

Evaluation

You will have a quiz at the end of Module 3. Unit 5 will cover Part 1 of the quiz.
Please click on the link that will be provided in Google class.

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 Unit 8: EVALUATION of DEFINITE INTEGRALS; WALLIS’ FORMULA
At the end of Unit 8, you must be able to:

TLO 5: Evaluate and solve problems of definite integrals using the appropriate
integrating method

Engage

Review all earlier integration methods that you learned in the previous lessons as
they will be repeated here, the answers will only be extended to include the limits.
Review also the 4 basic operations on fractions as they will be encountered often in
this section.

Explore

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Evaluate f
݈

By integration by parts, we obtain

݈ t t f
t
f f

t t f ݈ f
t ݈ ft t

CHANGE OF LIMITS WITH CHANGE OF VARIABLE

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 t
In the definite integral it is always implied that a and b are the limiting
values of the variable of integration x. If we change the variable by a substitution
t d,
we must either return to the original variable before substituting the limits, or
change the limits to correspond with the change of variable. The latter method is
usually preferable. The new limits are found, of course, from the equation of
substitution t d.

Evaluate f t

Put t . Then t a‫ݓ‬ tf t f and when t t i . Thus

we proceed as follows:

i i
t
t t
t
f f f

i i t i
t ݈ t ݈ t t t
f f f
t 
t t t
tࢉ

WALLIS’ FORMULA
The integral

݉ ݉ t
݉
݈ t t
f
݉ d ݉ d t

in which

t if m and n are both even, t , otherwise.

In words, the value of the integral f

݈ ݉
t is in which

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 = the product, starting with one less than the exponent m, going down 2 at a time,
until 2 or 1 is reached,
=a similar product, starting with one less than the other exponent,
=a similar product, starting with the sum of the exponents,

t if m and n are both even,

t , otherwise.

Examples: Evaluate the following:

Since m and n are both even
1. f
݈ t i

Using Wallis’ Formula, we obtain

i
⿏ t d d ⿏
݈ t t t t
f f i

2. t
t ⿏

Using Wallis’ Formula, we obtain (since m is odd, so we use t h)

⿏
i 
t t ht
t ⿏ t ht

3. f
݈ i
t

Using Wallis’ Formula, we obtain

i
݈ t t t t
f ⿏ t ft 

Exercises:
Evaluate the following:

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 1. f
t t

f
t ݈
f

3. f
݈ t
t t

Explain

What did you learn from Unit 8? are there any difficulties that you encountered in the
lesson?

For your additional readings and supplementary problem solving, refer to the following
topics:
1. From the book “The Calculus with Analytic Geometry”by Leithold, study
The following topics: The Definite Integral, pages 364-368

2. From the book Differential and Integral Calculus by Love and Rainville:
Definite Integrals; Wallis’ Formula, pages 273-282.

If something is still not clear at this point, you may message me through our Google class or
through fb messenger or via text messaging.

Elaborate
Do the assignment at the end of the unit. This is for your formative
assessment.

Evaluation
You will have a quiz at the end of Module 4. Unit 8 will cover Part 2 of the quiz.
Please click on the link that will be provided in Google class.

Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
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Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictly prohibited.
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