SOCIAL GROUP
DEFINITION
Any number of people with
similar norms ,values and
expectations who interact with
one an other on regular basis.
CONTINUE
A group is a collectivity of people
sharing some common interest
and having some basis for
interaction.
e.g. family, friendship,
associations, organizations,
clubs etc.
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL
GROUP
1-Two or more than two
persons
2-Mutual interaction
3-Common goals
GROUP SIZE AND RELATIONSHIPS
GROUP SIZE AND RELATIONSHIP
FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL
GROUP 1- To
achieve
collective
7-Continuit objects 2- Increase
y of human in individual
race force
6-To fulfill 3-
the basic Transmittin
needs g culture
4-
5- Social Developme
solidarity nt of
personality
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
Following elements play an important role in
the creation and division of social groups.
1-Duration of interaction
2-Frequency of
interaction
3-Intensity of interaction
4-Focus of interaction
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUPS
3- according to organization
A-formal
B-informal
PRIMARY GROUP
Charles Horton Cooley (1902)
coined the term primary group
to refer to a small group
characterized by intimate , face
to face association and
cooperation e.g. family,
children's play groups,
neighborhood, pair of lovers
CHARACTERISTICS OF
PRIMARY GROUP
1. Face to face interaction
2. Sentiments of loyalty
3. Close cooperation
4. Emotional involvement
5. identification
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY
GROUP
6- Small in size
7- Relationships are informal
8- Long period of interaction
9- Intimacy
10- We feeling
SECONDARY GROUP
The concept of secondary group
was presented by MacIver.
Secondary group is a product of
industrial society. In
these societies people are
contacted with large
associations, organizations,
institutions etc.
CONTINUE----
In which relations are less
intimates, impersonal and
temporary. Term secondary
group is used for such
associations organizations and
institutions.
DEFINITION OF SECONDARY
GROUP
A formal, impersonal group in
which there is little social
intimacy or mutual
understanding (Richard
T-Schaefer sociology 10th edition
p:133)
DEFINITION OF SECONDARY
GROUP
A number of people who interact
on a relatively temporary,
anonymous and impersonal
basis is called secondary group
(Ian Robertson)
CHARACTERISTICS OF SECONDARY
GROUP
•Usually large in size
•Often temporary
•Relatively short duration of interaction
•Little social intimacy or mutual understanding
CONTINUE----
•Relationship generally superficial
•Formal relationships
•Limited objectives
•Division of labor
The termIN GROUP
In group
and out
group
An In group
coined by
is simply any
W.G
group some
Sumner
one belongs
to and feels
emotional
attachment
to the
members.
OUT GROUP
•An out group is one that some one does not belong
to and feels competition and/ or hatred towards.
•These two are different for each individual e.g.
Rival gang, rival teams or their fans.
•Members use words like my, our etc for in group
and words like your , their etc for out group.
CONTINUE--------
•Members use titles, external symbols, and dress to distinguish
them selves from the out group.
•Members tend to clash or compete with members
of the out group.
•This competition with the other group can also
strengthen the unity with in each group.
CONTINUE--------
•In group members feel distinct and
superior seeing themselves as better
than people in the out group.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
IN-GROUP
•Common feelings
•Ethnocentrism
•Sympathy
•Superiority
•Solidarity
PRESSURE GROUP
•A group of people who seek to exert pressure on legislators,
public opinion etc… in order to promote their own ideas or
welfare.
•Pressure group is a collection of individuals who
hold a similar set of values and beliefs.
•They take action to promote change.
CONTINUE--------
•Pressure group often represent view points of people who are
dissatisfied with the current conditions in society.
•They often represent alternative view points that are not well
represented in the mainstream population.
CONTINUE----
•Pressure group seeks to express their shared beliefs and values
and influence change with in communities and sociopolitical
structures such as govt. and corporations.
CONTINUE----------
political parties
Pressure group is seeks to create P.G attempt to
different from change by being influence political
political parties. elected to public parties.
office.
where as political
P.G may be better parties tend to
able to focus on
specialized issues. address a wide
range of issues.
DEFINITION OF REFERENCE
GROUP
•People whose attitudes, behavior, beliefs, opinions, preferences
and values are used by an individual as the basis for his or her
judgment.
•Reference group is a concept referring to a group to which an
individual or an other group is compared.
CONTINUE----------
•Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and their own behavior a reference group.
•It is important for determining a person’s self-identity, attitudes
and social ties.
•It becomes the basis of reference in making comparisons or
contrasts and in evaluating one’s appearance and performance.
CONTINUE-----------
•Robert K.Marton hypothesized
that individuals compare
themselves with reference
groups of people who occupy the
social role to which the individual
aspires.
FORMAL GROUP
It is a group which has formal organization, role and status, people
have their entrance and exit according to certain rules and
regulations and there is a written code of conduct for the group.
Members are given punishment for violating the rules and
regulations of the norms of the group. All the members have roles to
play. For example, Pakistan Army, professor Association, trade
Union, clubs etc
INFORMAL GROUP
•It is that type of group which has no
organization and no rules and
regulations.
•Members are scattered and become united when needed. For
example, GupShup group, people walking in bazaar etc.
